ASSIGNMENT

ON
LABORATORY
EQUIPMENTS

P.G Research Laboratory (Food Technology)

SUBMITTED BY
Anchal Srivastava ,B.Tech 2nd Year
Registration no. 170107005

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY

HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KANPUR
INDEX

1.Fluidized bed dryer

2.Incubator (Memmert type)
3.Hot air oven(Memmert type)
4.Bomb Calorimeter
5.Automated Fibre extraction system
6.Compressor
7.Freeze dryer
8.Muffle Furnace
9.Deep freezer
10.Vertical Autoclave
Fluidized bed dryer
Fluid bed dryers, as their name suggests, are used for drying materials such as granules, tablets,
powders, fertilizers, and plastics. They are particularly popular in production industries like:

• Chemical
• Pharmaceutical
• Food
• Dairy
• Metallurgical
• Dyes
• Other process industries

Fluid bed dryers work on the principle of fluidization, a

process in which hot gas or air is introduced into the spaces
between solid particles. Upward forces on the particles
increase as the air’s velocity increases causing them to equal
the gravitational forces below a state of fluidization now exists
as the particles are suspended in what appears to be a

A typical fluidized bed dryer consists of the following

components:-
1 Air preparatory unit.
2 Product container.
3 Exhaust filter.
4 Exhaust blower.
5 Control panel.
6 Air distribution plate.
7 Spray nozzle.
8 Solution deliver.
Incubator (Memmert Type)

In the laboratory, the Memmert incubator I is ideal for all applications with temperatures +80–
specifically for incubating living cultures at +37 °C. The finely-
tuned control technology, critical temperature overshoots
are completely ruled out, valuable loads are therefore up
carefully in this highly precise microbiological incubator.
Forced air convection may destroy the protective layer from moist
air.The perfect combination of all-round surface heating and
temperature control system ensures that incubation generally
takes place without forced air circulation. Provided the chamber is
fully loaded and forced air circulation is required, it can be
precisely adjusted inFluid bed dryers, as their name suggests, are
used for drying materials such as granules, tablets, powders,
fertilizers, and plastics. They are particularly popular in production
industries like 10% steps from 0 to 100%. The chamber of the
incubation INplus and IFplus, including all installations and sensors
can be sterilised at +160°C in a 4- hour programme to guarantee
optimum hygiene

Hot air oven ( Memmert type)

A hot air oven is used to sterilize equipment and materials used
in the medical field. A hot air oven is a type of dry heat
sterilization. Dry heat sterilization is used on equipment that
cannot be wet, and on material that will not melt, catch fire, or
change form when exposed to high temperatures. Moist heat
sterilization uses water to boil items or steam them to sterilize
and
does not take as long as dry heat sterilization. Examples of
items that are not sterilized in a air are surgical dressings,
rubber items, or plastic material. Items that are sterilized in a
hot air oven include: Glassware (petri dishes flasks, pipettes,
and test tubes) Powders (starch, zinc oxide, and sulfadiazine)
Materials that contain oils Metal equipment (scalpels, scissors,
and blades) Glass test tubes can be sterilized using a hot air oven Glass test tubes can be
sterilized using a hot air oven Hot air ovens use extremely high temperatures over several hours
to destroy microorganisms and bacterial spores. The ovens use conduction to sterilize items by
heating the outside surfaces of the item, which then absorbs the heat and moves it towards the
center of the item.The commonly-used temperatures and time that hot air ovens need to
sterilize materials is 170 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes, 160 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes,
and 150 degrees Celsius for 150 minutes.

Bomb Calorimeter

To more efficiently measure the heat released by

combustion reactions, chemists use a
bombcalorimeter, which is a sealed vessel that
contains a smaller container called a "bomb." The
bomb (not related to a military weapon) is a
container designed to withstand high pressure,
and is equipped with valves for adding gases and
electrical contacts for initiating combustion
reactions. The basic principle is the same: A
chemical reaction heats a quantity of water in an
insulated container. In this case, however the
reaction takes place inside a sealed container, or
bomb. The bomb contains the chemical to be
analyzed and enough oxygen to make sure the
sample burns completely. The bomb sits
submerged in a container of water, and ignition
wires start the combustion. Because the reaction
takes place in a rigid, sealed container
no pressure-volume work is done by the reaction;
all the energy will be released as heat, and none as work. In other words, a bomb calorimeter
always measures the heat that is released by a reaction, but in this case the heat represents not
the change in enthalpy (ΔH), but the change in internal energy (ΔU). Conveniently, there are
simple calculations that can be done to convert the internal energy change into the enthalpy
change chemists need.
Automated Fibre Extraction System

The usability of animal feed and its impact on animal health

depend in large part on the proportions of the different fibre
fractions that it contains. In the field of biogas production,
the fiber fractions of substrates in fermenters are
determined in order to distinguish the carbon-
hydrates contained therein and to control the fermentation
process accordingly. This extensive fiber analysis reproduces
the various steps of the digestive process in an animal’s
stomach
. The feed samples are treated with different detergents. The
samples are boiled in detergent
and washed (except for ADL) and then rinsed and filtered multiple times. The undissolved
residue is dried, weighed and then incinerated. The loss in mass during incineration
corresponds to the crude fiber, ADF, NDF or ADL content in the sample. The FibreBag method
developed by C. Gerhardt makes dissolving and filtering the components significantly easier and
ensures more reliable, reproducible analysis results compared to the classic filter method using
frits and filter beds. The high-precision textile and the large surface area of the filtration bags
provide the ideal digestion and filtration conditions.
The fully automated fibre extraction unit is based on the FibreBag method. The system
performs the boiling, washing, rinsing and filtration processes to determine crude fibre, ADF,
ADFOM , NDF, NDF OM and aNDF OM in a self-contained system for 12 samples at a time, using
pre-programmed methods.
Fibre extraction unit considerably reduces the working time for each analysis and the
consumption of chemicals – while taking up minimal space.
Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing

its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the
pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through
a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also
reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively
incompressible.
An air compressor is a device that converts power(using an
electric motor, diesel or engine, etc.) into potential energy
stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air ). By one of several
methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a
storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure
reaches its engineered upper limit the air
compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the
tank until called into use. The energy contained in the compressed air can be used for a variety
of applications
, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank
pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the
tank. An air compressor must be differentiated from a pump because it works for any gas/air,
while pumps work on a liquid.

Freeze dryer

Freeze dryer and lyophilizer are synonymous names for the

same equipment. A freeze dryer executes a water removal
process typically used to preserve perishable materials, to
extend shelf life or make the material more convenient for
transport. Freeze dryers work by freezing the material, then
reducing the pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen
water in the material to sublimate.

A freeze dryer works in three phase

Freezing Phase - Freeze dryers use various methods to
freeze the product. Freezing can be done in a freezer
, a chilled bath (shell freezer), or on a shelf in the freeze dryer. The freeze dryer cools the
material below its triple point to ensure that sublimation, rather than melting, will occur. This
preserves the material’s physical form. Primary Drying (Sublimation) Phase
A freeze dryer’s second phase is primary drying(sublimation), in which the pressure is lowered
and heat is added to the material in order for the water to sublimate.
Secondary Drying (Adsorption) Phase
A freeze dryer’s final phase is secondary drying(adsorption), during which the ionically-bound
water molecules are removed. By raising the temperature higher than in the primary drying
phase, the bonds are broken between the material and the water molecules. Freeze dried
materials retain a porous structure. After the freeze dryer completes its process, the vacuum
can be broken with an inert gas before the material is sealed. Most materials can be dried to 1-
5% residual moisture.

Muffle furnace

A muffle furnace is a furnace in which the subject material

is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of
combustion, including gases and flying ash. After the
development of high-temperature heating elements and
widespread electrification in developed countries, muffle
furnaces quickly moved to electric designs. Today, a
muffle furnace is (usually) a front-loading box-typeoven or
kiln for high- temperature applications such as fusing glass
, creating enamel coatings, ceramics and soldering and
brazing articles. They are also used in many research
facilities, for example by chemists in order to determine
what proportion of a sample is non-combustible and non-
volatile (i.e., ash). Some digital controllers allow
RS232 interface and permit the operator to program up
to 126 segments, such as ramping, soaking, sintering, and more. Also, advances in materials for
heating elements, such as molybdenum disilicide , can now produce working temperatures up
to 1,800 degrees Celsius (3,272 degreesFahrenheit), which facilitate more sophisticated
metallurgical applications.
Deep freezer

A deep freezer works by drawing the heat out of the

freezer compartment. To start the process, the
refrigerant--in gas form--goes into the compressor
where the compression process causes it to get very hot.
The hot gas moves through more coils and starts to cool
off. This causes the gas to turn into a liquid. Gas is forced
into an expansion valve while in the liquid form. This
valve has a very small opening which--when the
refrigerant is forced through it--turns into a very cold
mist. As the mist goes through the coils under the
freezer compartment, it starts to evaporate and turn
back into a gas. The temperature of the mist is around -
27 degrees at this point, and it takes the heat from the
freezer compartment with it. The refrigerant starts to
warm up again as it draws out the heat, and it is sent back to the compressor to start the
process over again. Each time the refrigerant goes through it cycle, it takes
more heat from the freezer compartment until there is none left. This is what leaves you with
frozen food.
Vertical Autoclaves

Vertical autoclaves are also known as top loading sterilizers that come in cylindrical shape.
These are widely used in hospitals, Operation Theater (OT),
microbiology laboratory for sterilization of various medial and
cultures. The working of vertical autoclave is simple to
understand; to open, a radial locking mechanism is fitted at
top of the lid; a foot lever (pedal) is attached at the bottom.
User has to press the pedal and lift the lid.
Various types of vertical autoclave machines are made as
per budget and intended use. Economy models come with
powder coated MS exterior and stainless steel interior. Deluxe
models are double walled vertical autoclaves and made with
inner and exterior both of stainless steel; while the Triple
Walled models have another chamber and all three walls are
made of thick gauge of stainless steel sheets. At Steric ox, we
make every vertical steam sterilizer following ASME guidelines
in order to ensure that they are safe for users and samples.