Evidentiality

1. Indirect/Inferential/Circumstantial Evidence: indicates information was not

personally experienced but was inferred from indirect evidence

- Information inferred from direct physical evidence (It seems…, It appears…, I

assume…, I suppose…, I presume…, etc.)

- Generic/Gnomic: Information inferred by general knowledge

- Expectational: Information inferred from personal experience with similar

situations (From my experience…, etc.)

- Speculative/Alethic: Information inferred from past deferred realization (It is

possible that…, it is probable that…, evidently…, apparently…, obviously…, It
would be the case that…, It must be the case that…, as far as I understand…, as I
can see…, Upon reflection…, etc.)

2. Reportative/Narrative/Renarrative Evidence: indicates information was not

personally experienced but was reported from event witnesses

- Felicitous (Neutral) Hearsay: indicates reported information without confirming

its accuracy and without taking responsibility.

- Mirative (Admirative) Infelicitous Hearsay: indicates reported information

without confirming its accuracy but expresses surprise and acceptance of a
previously unexpected state of affairs.

- Dubitative Infelicitous Hearsay: indicates reported information without

confirming its accuracy but expresses doubt, uncertainty and rejection of
statement perceived as dubious.

- Quotative/Confirmative: indicates reported information that is confirmed as

accurate but might still be open to contextual interpretation.

3. Direct/Egophoric/Witnessed/Perceptual Evidence: indicates information that

was personally experienced through direct observation or other sensory
experience.