TYPES OF CLAIMS

◼ Explain what claim is.

◼ Distinguish explicit claims from implicit claims based on
OBJECTIVES OF THE
observation/picture analysis/written text.
SESSION
◼ Identify claims of fact, policy and value presented in written
texts.
◼ Write claims based on the data given.
 ◼ The invasion of Ukraine has placed Russia on the verge of
bankruptcy. Interest rates have doubled, the stock
market has closed, and the rouble has fallen to its lowest
level ever.
◼ The military costs of war have been exacerbated by
an unprecedented level of international sanctions, sustained
by a large coalition of countries. Russian citizens, now
EXPLICIT VS IMPLICIT unable to spend at IKEA, McDonald’s or Starbucks, are not
CLAIM allowed to convert any of the money they do have into
foreign currency.
◼ Generous estimates suggest the Russian economy could
shrink by 7% next year, instead of the 2% growth that was
forecast before the invasion. Others say the drop could be
as much as 15%.
 1. The invasion of Ukraine has placed Russia
on the verge of bankruptcy.
2. Ukraine and Russian War affect the
economic state of the Philippines.

EXPLICIT VS IMPLICIT
3. Generous estimates suggest the Russian
CLAIM economy could shrink by 7% next year,
instead of the 2% growth that was
forecast before the invasion.
CLAIM OF FACT

◼ is a statement about how things were in the past, how they

are in the present, or how they will be in the future. A fact
claim is not a fact; it only claims to be a fact.
◼ What makes it arguable is that the speaker has no direct
way of establishing the truth of the claim.
◼ For example, "The Earth is round" is a fact claim. "In our
right-handed world, left-handed people are discriminated
against" is a fact claim. A persuasive speaker must provide
arguments which build a case in favor of the claim, showing
that the claim is probably true.
CLAIM OF FACT

◼ is an argumentative thesis which makes a quantifiable

assertion; in other words, it is an argument (claim) about a
measurable topic (fact).
◼ Did it happen?
◼ Does it exist?
◼ Is it true?
◼ Is it a fact?
CLAIM OF FACT

◼ These are central to court room debate since lawyers

argue about what happened in order to prove innocence or
guilt.
◼ Historians also argue about what happened as they sort
through historical evidence to try to establish historical fact
EXAMPLES

◼ Women are as effective as men in combat.

◼ The ozone layer is becoming depleted.
◼ Increasing population threatens the environment.
◼ Bigfoot exists in remote areas.
◼ Men need women to civilize them.
◼ Note that all these claims are statements of fact, but not
everyone would agree with them.
◼ They are all controversial.
◼ The facts in these claims need to be proved as either
absolutely or probably true in order to be acceptable to an
audience
CLAIMS OF VALUE

◼ Is it good or bad?
◼ How bad?
◼ How good?
◼ Of what worth is it?
◼ Is it moral or immoral?
◼ Who thinks so?
◼ What do those people value?
◼ What values or criteria should I use to determine its
goodness or badness?
CLAIM OF VALUE

◼ It is often necessary to establish criteria for

goodness or badness in these arguments and
then to apply them to the subject to show
why something should be regarded as either
good or bad.
EXAMPLES

◼ Public school are better than private schools

◼ Science Fiction novels are more interesting to read than
romance novels
◼ Dogs make the best pets
◼ Mercy Killing is immoral
◼ Computers are a valuable addition to modern society
◼ Viewing television is a wasteful activity
◼ Contributions of homemakers are as valuable as those of
professional women
◼ Animal rights are as important as human right
CLAIMS OF VALUE EXAMPLES

1. Bullying will never be right.

2. Security is more important than privacy.
4. In the midst of pandemic, restriction is much better than
individual freedom.
4. Fake news is not worthy of our attention.
5. Discriminating our front liners who save our lives does not
make sense.
CLAIM OF POLICY

◼ What should we do about it?

◼ How should we act?
◼ What should our future policy be?
◼ How can we solve this problem?
◼ What concrete course of action
should we pursue to solve the
problem?
CLAIM OF POLICY

◼ When you claim that all new students should attend

orientation or that all students who graduate should
participate in graduation ceremonies, you are making claims
of policy.
◼ A claim of policy often describes a problem and then
suggests ways to solve it
CLAIM OF POLICY

◼ We should stop spending so much on prisons and start

spending more on education
◼ Children in low-income families should receive medical
insurance from the government
◼ Social security should be distributed on the basis of need
rather than as an entitlement
 Attainment of Compentecies

Face to Face with remedial classes (100%)

Face to Face (90%)

CREATE 3 CLAIMS Blended (80%)

OUT OF THE FIGURE Online (70%)
GIVEN
Modular (60%)
THANK YOU