ABSTRACT

A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may be
defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical energy
from one form to another for example one voltage to another. The electrical energy is
generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 kv, through higher voltage to 33 kv are also possible
due to economic considerations, low voltage is converted to high voltage like 66 kv, 132 kv,
220 kv, 400 kv, 765 kv for transmission purpose. This can be done with the help of the
transformer. The consumers’ apparatus are made for low voltage so this voltage is again to be
stepped down to the required voltage at the substation. An electrical substation is a subsidiary
station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is
transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow
through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in
voltage in several steps. The designing of a sub-station which depends upon many factors-
selection of site, orientation of switchyard, alignment of feeders, position of control room &
allied auxiliaries, placement of electrical equipment, case of operation.

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 Chapter-1

INTRODUCTIO
N
The network of electricity supply to the consumer is very complex one comprising of
generating plant, transmission and sub-transmission lines, grid sub-station etc. each element
of the network has got direct bearing on the quality and continuance of electric power but
G.S.S. is the pivotal point. In pure electrical engineering terminology a G.S.S. is called node.

1.1 Introduction Of R.S.E.B.:-

Electrical energy occupies the top grade in energy hierarchy. It find innumerable used in
home, industry, Agriculture etc. and even in the transport.

Rajasthan state electric board started functioning from 1st July 1957.
But it has been divided into 5 companies namely.

• RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD

(RRVPNL)

• RAJASTHAN VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD

(RVPNL)

• JAIPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (JVVNL) AJMER VIDYUT

VITRAN NIGAM LTD (AVVNL)

• JODHPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (Jd.VVNL)

1.2 Grid Sub-Station

A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may be
defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical energy
from one form to another for example one voltage to another.

The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 kv, through higher voltage to
33 kv are also possible due to economic considerations, low voltage is converted to high
voltage like 66 kv, 132 kv, 220 kv, 400 kv, 765 kv for transmission purpose. This can be

2
done with the help of the transformer.

3
The consumers’ apparatus are made for low voltage so this voltage is again to be stepped
down to the required voltage at the sub-station.

Grid is a technical word used for the inter-connection of power received from more than one
place. An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant
and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. The designing of a sub-station
which depends upon many factors- selection of site, orientation of switchyard, alignment of
feeders, position of control room & allied auxiliaries, placement of electrical equipment ,
case of operation.

Fig.1.1 132 KV G.S.S. TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR (RAJASTHAN)

The 132 KV G.S.S TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR is situated at the MIA.The G.S.S. Its surface
area is about 1700m 800m.This sub-station now comes under
RAJSTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASRAN NIGAM LIMITED. This
G.S.S. was established on 1988. The supply of electric of the 132 KV TELCO CIRCLE
ALWAR is taken from NTPC Anta station through 132 KV lines in double circuit. Here two
incoming lines. A 132 KV line is going to alwar from TELCO CIRCLE, ALWAR.
The number of 132 KV outgoing feeder from TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR is eight.
There are eight outgoing feeder of 33 KV and six outgoing feeder of 11 KV.There are the 132
KV power transformer.
There are oil circuit breaker, vacuum circuit braker,SF6 circuit barker etc. There are battery
room, control room and P.L.C.C. room.
1.3 Single line diagram

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment

4
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope
of the mentioned Work.

As in the case of 132 KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, State
Electricity Board's C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering
P.T & C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer,
all protective devices/relays and other special equipment like NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS,
SDR etc. as per design criteria. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through
various instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning.

Fig.1.2 132 KV SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GSS, TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR

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 Chapter-2
COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION
2.1 Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical
flow Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation Circuit breakers are
made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up
to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city
In any circuit, carrying a large amount of current, if a contact is opened then normally a spark
is produced due to fact that current traverses its path through air gap Arcing is harmful as it
can damage precious equipment media are provided between contacts
This is one of the important equipment in power system It protects the system by isolating
the faulty section while the healthy one is keep on working Every system is susceptible to
fault or damages while can be caused due to overloading, short-circuiting, earth fault etc thus
to protect the system and isolate the faulty section C B are required Apart from breaking and
making contacts, a C B should be capable of doing
Continuously carry the maximum current at point of installation
Make and break the circuit under abnormal and normal
condition
Close or open the faulty section only where fault exists
There are different arc quenching media:-
Air blast
Oil
SF6 gas
Vacuum

In 220 kV G S S , SF6 gas circuit breaker are used, as for greater capacity G S S , SF6 type
breakers are very efficient
2.1.1Air blast circuit breaker

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 Fig.2.1 air blast circuit breaker
Air blast circuit breakers are normally only used at low voltage levels but are available with
high current ratings up to 6000 A and short circuit ratings up to 100 kA at 500V.The air blast
circuit breakers according to type of flow of blast of compressed air around the contacts are
three namely (i)Axial(ii)Radial(iii)cross flow of blast air type.
2.1.1.1 Construction & working:
The physical size of such units, which contain large arc chutes, quickly makes them
uneconomic as voltages increase above 3.6kV. Their simplicity stems from the fact that they
use ambient air as the arc quenching medium.
As the circuit breaker contacts open the arc is formed and encouraged by strong thermal
convection effects and electromagnetic forces to stretch across splitter plates. The elongation
assists cooling and deionization of the air/contact metallic vapour mixture. The long arc
resistance also improves the arc power factor and therefore aids arc extinction at current zero
as current and circuit breaker voltage are more in phase. Transient recovery voltage
oscillations are also damped thus reducing overvoltage’s.
Arc products must be carefully vented away from the main contact area and out of the
switchgear enclosure. As we know many MCB and MCCB low-voltage current limiting
devices are only designed to have a limited ability to repeatedly interrupt short circuit
currents. Care must therefore be taken when specifying such devices. Air circuit breaker with
fully repeatable high short circuit capability as typically found in a primary substation
auxiliary supply switchboard.
2.1.1.2 Advantages:-
There is no risk of explosion and fire hazard.

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Due to less arc energy in it as compared to that in O.C.B. burning of contacts is less
It requires less maintainance
It provides facility of high speed reclosure
2.1.1.3 Disadvantages:-
Compressor plant compressed air is required
Air leaks at the fitting of the pipe line
It is very sensitive to restriking voltage
Current Chopping

2.1.2 Oil circuit breaker

Mineral oil has good dielectric strength and thermal conductive properties. Its insulation level
is, however, dependent upon the level of impurities. Therefore regular checks on oil quality
are necessary in order to ensure satisfactory circuit breaker or oil-immersed switch
performance. Carbon deposits form in the oil(specially after heavy short circuit interrupting
duties)as a result of decomposition under the arcing process. Oil oxygen instability,
characterized by the formation of acids and sludge, must be minimized if cooling properties
are to be maintained. Insulation strength is particularly dependent upon oil moisture content.
The oil should be carefully dried and filtered before use. Oil has a coefficient of expansion of
about 0.0008per°C and care must be taken to ensure correct equipment oil levels.
The oil can be moved into arc zone after the current reaches zero by the following actions.
(i)By the pressure cavsed by the natural head of the oil, (ii)by the pressure generated by the
action of the arc itself (iii)by the pressure caused by external means.
Thus the oil circuit breakers may be classified as:
(i) Plain break oil circuit breakers.
(ii) self blast or self generated or arc control oil circuit oil circuit breakers.
(iii) externally generated pressure oil circuit breakers of foreed blast oil circuit breakers or
impulse oil circuit breakers.
Oil, as an arc quenching medium, has the following advantages and dis-advantages.
2.1.2.1 Advantage:-
(i)arc energy is absorbed in decomposing of oil (ii)The gas formed, which is mainly
hydrogen have a high diffusion rate and high head absorption in changing from the diatomic
to monotonic state and thus provides good coiling properties. (iii)Surrounding oil presents
the colling surface in close proximity to the arc.(iv)The oil used such as transformer oil is a
very

8
good insulator and allows smaller cleaner between live conductors and earth components.
(v)The oil has abilty to flow into the arc space after current is zero.
2.1.2.2 Disadvantages:-
(i)There is a risk of formation of explosive mixture with air(ii)Oil is easily in flammable and
may causes fire hazards(iii)Owingh to formation of carbon particles in the oil due to heat,the
oil is to be kept clean and thus reguires periodical replacement.

Fig.2.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

2.1.3SF6 circuit breaker

The outstanding physical and chemical properties of SF6 gas makes it an ideal dielectric
media for use in power switchgear. These properties of SF6 gas makes it an ideal dielectric
media for use in power switchgear, these properties are included:
1)High dielectric strength
2)unique arc quenching ability
3)Excellent thermal stability
4)Good thermal conductivity
In addition, at normal temperature SF6 is chemically inert, inflammable, noncorrosive and non-
condensable at low temperatures.
SF6 versus oil:
SF6 is not flammable and toxic like oil.It is easier to handle, maintain and repair equipment
filled with SF6.

9
In case of breakdown of oil strong surges of pressure may occur due to sudden development
of gaseous products.In case of breakdown of SF6,the only pressure rise will result from the
thermal expansion of gas.

2.1.3.1 SF6 versus air/gases:

SF6 has about times,the dielectric strength of N2.In addition SF6 has property that
disassociated molecules recombined rapidly after the source of arcing is removed when
superior arcing occurs. Excellent performance in operation confirms the high level of
reliability and safety irrespective of environmental conditions.

Fig.2.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

Table 2.1:- Rating of SF6 breaker:
Type: hydraulic operated: (1975)
Rated voltage: 245kv
Rated impulse withstand voltage lightening Switching 1050KV
Rated power frequency voltage 520KVp
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2000 A
Rated short time current 40KA
Rated short circuit duration 1 sec
Breaking capacity symmetrical 40 KA
10
Equivalent 29000MVA
Asymmetrical 49KA
Rated making current 100 Kamp
Rated pressure of hydraulic
operating mechanism(guage): 250-350 bar
Rated pressure pf sf6 gas at 20c(gauge) 7.5 bar
Weigh of complete breaker: 11700Kg
Weight of SF6 76.5Kg
Rated closing coil voltage 220Vdc

Table 2.2:- Rating of SF6 breaker:

Type: pneumatic operated
Make :ABB
Rated Voltage 245KV
Rated normal current 2000KA
Rated lightning withstand impulse voltage: 1425KV
Rated switching withstand impulse voltage: 1050KV
Rated short circuit breaking current: 40KA
Rated short time withstand current andduration: 40KA,3sec.
Rated line charging ,breakering current: 125A
Rated SF6 gas pressure at 20 c(abs.): 20.5bar
Closing and opening device supply voltage: 220Vdc
Auxiliary circuit supply voltage: 240Vac
Rated air pressure: 20.5bar
Rated frequency: 50Hz
Maximum weight: 3800Kg.
2.1.3.3 working of circuit breaker:
Intrrupter unit fixed contacts that are connected through a moving contact.Fixed contacts are
of rod shape. There contacts are known as male contacts.
Inclosed position,fixed contacts are joined by a moving contact known as female contact.This
female contact is of hollow cyclindrical shape. Main parts of female contacts are blast
cylinder,contact tube and guide tube. In closed position female contact overlaps male
contacts. Contact tube shorts two made contacts and current completes its path from one
male contact
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to another through contact. Counteracting piston moves towards contact compressing the SF6
present in blast cylinder.
When it is required to open the contacts then piston is forced to move vertically download by
hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.This piston pulls operating rod pulls blast cylinder using bell
and crank mechanism.Contact tube moves away from contact.Counteracting piston moves
towards contact compressing the SF6 present in blast cylinder.
When contact between male and female contacts is just going to break.Then counteracting
piston reaches its extreme position performing maximum compression of SF6 gas .when arc
is produced,SF6 at very high pressure quenches the arc.
In open position,blast cylinder reaches its extreme position reliving the SF6 to its normal
pressure.Counter acting piston reaches its original position again. Contact tube lies entirely
on male contact.

2.1.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum interrupter tubes or ‘bottles’ with ceramic and metal casings are evacuated to
pressures of some 10-6 to 10-9 bar to achieve high dielectric strength.The contact separation
required at such low pressures is only some 0 to 20mm and low energy mechanisms may be
used to operate the contacts through expandable bellows. Below figure shows a cut away
view of such a device.The engineering technology required to make a reliable vacuum
interrupter revolves around the contact design.Interruption of a short circuit current.

Fig.2.4 vacum circuit breaker

9.8 High-voltage Vacuum circuit breaker
Advantages:-
Low maintenance

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Vacuum ‘bottles
easy to replace
Complete isolation of the interrupter from atmosphere and contaminants
Absence of oil minimizes fire risk
Disadvantages:-
Limited availability
May be found for open terminal
Designs up to 72.5kV were used in conjunction with SF6 insulation system
Spare vacuum ‘bottle’ holding require

2.2 Relay

Relay is a device which detect fault current and energize trip circuit of circuit breaker. Relays
must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault
and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. The
most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents
at the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The
fundamental problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can
differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the
fact that “normal” in the present sense means outside the zone of protection. This aspect,
which is of the greatest significance in designing a secure relaying system, dominates the
design of all protection systems.
2.2.1 Inverse Time-Delay Overcurrent Relay:-
The principal application of time-delay over current relays (TDOC) is on a radial system
where they provide both phase and ground protection. A basic complement of relays would
be two phase and one ground relay. This arrangement will protect the line for all
combinations of phase and ground faults using the minimum number of relays.

2.2.2 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay:-

The closer the fault is to the source, the greater the fault current magnitude, yet the longer the
tripping time. The addition of an instantaneous over current relay makes this system of
protection viable. In order to properly apply the instantaneous over current relay, there must
be a substantial reduction in short-circuit current as the fault moves from the relay toward the
far end of the line. However, there still must be enough of a difference in the fault current

13
between the near and far end faults to allow a setting for the near end faults. This will prevent
the relay from operating for faults beyond the end of the line and still provide high-speed
protection for an appreciable portion of the line.

2.2.3 Directional Overcurrent Relay:-

Directional over current relaying is necessary for multiple source circuits when it is essential
to limit tripping for faults in only one direction. If the same magnitude of fault current could

flow in either direction at the relay location, coordination cannot be achieved with the
relays in front of, and, for the same fault, the relays behind the non directional relay, except
in very unusual system configurations

2.2.4 Earth Fault Relay:-

The earth fault relay and over current relay resembles because when the conductor break by
any reason it is earthed meant, it is short circuited and fault current which flow in many times
to normal current, so there is always over current fault so now we have the over current relay
and both are same. These relays can also be Electro-magnetic induction and static relay.

fig.2.5.Relay

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2.2.5 Distance Relay:-

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location.
The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the
relay location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the
fault current varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over
current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance
relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected li

2.3 Bus Bar

A bus bar (sometimes pronounced "buzz bars") in electrical power distribution refers to
thick strips of copper or aluminum that conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, or other electrical apparatus. The size of the bus bar is important in
determining the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a
cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm² but electrical substations may use metal tubes of 50
mm in diameter (1,963 mm²) or more as bus bars. Bus bars are typically either flat strips or
hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface
area to cross- sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC bus bars more than
about 8 mm (1/3 in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current
applications. A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-
carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor
switchyards. A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may
completely surround it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal
enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach. Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth
bus bars are typically bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Bus bars may
be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or bus way, segregated-phase bus, or
isolated-phase bus.

Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp
connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are
silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance.

At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona around the connections
becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so connection fittings
designed for these voltages are used. Bus bars are vital parts of a power system and so a fault
should be cleared as fast as possible.
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A bus bar must have its own protection, although they have high degrees of reliability.
Bearing in mind the risk of unnecessary trips, the protection should be dependable, selective
and should be stable for external faults, called 'through faults'.

The most common fault is phase to ground, which usually results from human error. There are
many types of relaying principles used in bus bar
.
Bus bar arrangement depends upon:-
• Interruption tolerable in the supply scheme.

Fig.2.6 bus bar

2.3.1 Bus Bar Arrangement May Be Of Following Type Which Is Being Adopted By
R.R.V.P.N.L.:-

1. Single bus bar arrangement

2. Double bus bar arrangement
3. Main bus with transformer bus
4. Main bus-I with main bus-II
5. Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

2.3.1.1 Single Bus Bar Arrangement:-

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers however, from major defects.

16
2.3.1.2 Double Bus Bar Arrangement/Contains Main Bus-I With Main Bus-II
Arrangements:-

This scheme have two bus bars so that: Each load may be fed from either bus. The load
circuit may be divided in two separate groups if needed from operational consideration. Two
supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately. Either bus bar may be
taken out from

2.4 Lightning Arresters

Lightning Arresters are installed in power houses and sub-stations to safeguard the major
equipment like power-transformers, switch gear and to ensure the flow of power
uninterruptedly. It is true that lightning arresters require minimum post-installation care, but
their importance as a critical equipment can hardly be disputed.

2.4.1 Lightning Strokes and Over-Voltages:-

The overhead transmission lines and connected electrical apparatus i.e. Power Transformers,
Switch gear etc. are subjected to over voltages on account of lightning discharges caused by
atmospheric disturbances and or by switching operations. Abnormal voltages are caused by
atmospheric disturbances as a result of:

2.4.2 Direct Strokes:-

Direct stroke to the phase conductor or ground wire or to supporting structure results into
abnormal transient voltage, which gets superimposed on the power net work.

2.4.3 Indirect Strokes:-

Direct stroke in the vicinity of the line or the equipment or charged cloud over the power line
induces abnormal voltages. Abnormal transient over voltages super-imposed by direct or
indirect strokes travel along the conductor in both the directions with the speed of light i.e.
186,000 miles per second or 1000 feet per micro second. These waves are steep fronted in
case of direct strokes and travel till the surge voltage is attenuated or neutralized by reflected
waves of opposite polarity from the earthed object. E.H.V. transmission lines and substations
are designed to take care of direct strokes by providing:

1. Higher impulse level

17
2. Shielding and lower footing resistance

18
 3. Lightning arresters for draining undesirable voltage to the ground.

Fig 2.7 Lightning Arrester

2.4.4 Types Of Lightning Arresters:-

Lightning protective devices, which are in market, are of the following type:-
2.4.4.1 Rod Gap or Sphere Gap:-

It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the stack of insulators to
permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed on the system. It does not fulfill
the function of ideal lightning arresters i.e. it does not cut off power voltage after it has
flashed over by a surge, in other words a short circuit will be caused on the system every time
a surge causes a flash-over. Flash over conditions are also affected by rain, pollution,
humidity temperature and polarity of the incident waves. In view of these disadvantages it
can be only used as "back up" protection in case main lightning arrester gets damaged.

2.4.4.2 Expulsion Type Lightning arresters:-

Expulsion type lightning arresters are also called "expulsion protector tubes", "de-ion tubes"
and "line type expulsion arresters." Constructional details and salient features of expulsion
type lightning arresters are shown in fig.

It consists of an insulating tube, which has got an electrode at each end and discharge hole at
the lower end. The length of the tube is such that spark over occurs in the tube between the
two electrodes. While installing lightning arresters it is ensured that there is external series
gap between the cap and the line. Series gap prevents constant application of system voltage
and thus leakage corona is avoided.
Whenever undesirable transient voltages occur, two gaps i.e. external and internal breakdown
due to flash over and provide a conducting path in the form of arc for drainage of the voltage
to the ground.

19
They are produced inside the tube by "follow up current" produces gas which drives out
ionized air (air is ionized by the arc) through the bottom vent. The rapid expulsion of the
gases in the tube normally interrupt the short circuit power follow current within the first or
second half cycle.

2.4.4.3 Valve Type Lightning Arresters:-

Valve type Lightning arrester consists of number of spark gaps in series with non-linear
resistors, the whole assembly being rigidly housed inside a hermetically sealed bushing.
Under normal conditions, power frequency system voltage does not cause break down of
series spark gaps and thereby insulate the line from ground for the highest system voltage.

When undesirable transient voltages due to lightning are super-imposed over the system, the
series gap assemblies spark over at a predetermined value. After the breakdown of the gaps,
the non-linear resistors conduct the surge current to the ground offering very low resistance
and limit the power frequency current, to a value, the gaps can interrupt at the first current
zero. During the flow of the discharge current the non-linear resistor limit the voltage drop
across the arrester to a value far below the BIL of the equipment.

2.4.5 General Rating Recommendations Of Lightning Arresters:-

1. 10 KV rated lightning arresters: Arresters of this rating are used in case of power
stations and E.H.V. sub-stations.
2. 5 kA rated lightning arrests: Arresters of this capacity normally are used in case of
high voltage sub-stations having system voltage as 66 KV or less. These are also used in case
of small power houses.
3. 2.5 kA rated lightning arresters: Arresters of these ratings are used in case of system
up to 11 KV.
4. 1.5 KA rated lightning arresters: arresters of these ratings are normally used in case of
distribution system.

2.4.6 Location of Lightning Arresters:-

In order to ensure effective protection of the equipment lightning arresters should be located:-

20
Very close to the equipment to be protected and connected with shortest leads on both the
line and ground side to reduce the inductive effects of the leads while discharging large surge
currents.

In order to ensure the protection of transformer windings it is desirable to interconnect the

ground lead of the arrester with the tank and also the neutral of secondary. This
interconnection reduces the stress imposed on the transformer windings by thesurge currents
to the extent of the drop across the earth resistance and the inductive drop across the ground
lead.

2.4.7 Arrester voltage:- The thyrite staion-class arrester is designed to limit the surge
voltages to a safe value by discharging the surge current to ground; and to interrupt the small
power frequency follow current before the first current zero.The arrester rating is a define
limit of its ablity to interrupt power follow current.. It is important, therefore, to assure that
the system power frequency voltage from line to ground under any condition switching,fault
overvoltage,never exceeds the arrester’s rating

It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward
and short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased to
zero An ideal arrestor must therefore have the following properties:

It should be able to drain the surge energy from the line in a minimum time
Should offer high resistance to the flow of power current
Performance of the arresters should be such that no system disturbances are introduced by its
operation
Should be always in perfect from to perform the function assigned to it
After allowing the surge to pass, it should close up so as not to permit power current to flow
to ground

Working:-
Lightning, is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between a rain
cloud and the earth The electric discharge is seen in the form of a brilliant arc, sometimes
several kilometres long, stretching between the discharge points How thunderclouds become
charged is not fully understood, but most thunderclouds are negatively charged at the base
21
and

22
positively charged at the top However formed, the negative charge at the base of the cloud
induces a positive charge on the earth beneath it, which acts as the second plate of a huge
capacitor

When the electrical potential between two clouds or between a cloud and the earth reaches a
sufficiently high value (about 10,000 V per cm or about 25,000 V per in), the air becomes
ionized along a narrow path and a lightning flash results

Many meteorologists believe that this is how a negative charge is carried to the ground and
the total negative charge of the surface of the Earth is maintained

The possibility of discharge is high on tall trees and buildings rather than to ground Buildings
are protected from lightning by metallic lightning rods extending to the ground from a point
above the highest part of the roof The conductor has a pointed edge on one side and the other
side is connected to a long thick copper strip which runs down the building The lower end of
the strip is properly earthed When lightning strikes it hits the rod and current flows down
through the copper strip These rods form a low-resistance path for the lightning discharge
and prevent it from travelling through the structure itself

2.5 Insulators
In order to present the flow of current to each earth from support the transmission line and
distributions lines are secured supporting pole with the help of insulators. Thus the insulators
play an important role in the successful operation of lines.

2.5.1 Requirements For Insulators:-

• They must be mechanically very strong.

• Their dielectric strength must be very high. They must be free from internal impurities.

• They should be porous.

• They should not be affected with change in temperature.

2.5.2 Type of insulators:-

2.5.2.1 Pin Type Insulators:-

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It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting lives conductors. is used for low voltage
up to 33 KV. The pin insulators are screwed on and firmly attached to galvanized steel bolts.
The figure of pin type insulator is shown as below:-

Fig 2.8 Pin Type Insulator

2.5.2.2 Suspension Type Insulators :-
For higher voltage up to 132 KV suspension insulators are used, a number of them are
connected in series by metallic links to form a chain and the line conductor is carried by the
bottom most insulator. The figure of suspension type insulator is shown as below:-

Fig 2.9 Suspension Type Insulator

2.5.2.3 Shackle Insulators :-
It is mostly used for low voltage distribution lines such insulators can either be used in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position. The conductor in the groove are fixed with the
help of soft binding wires.

24
 Fig 2.10 Shackle Type Insulator
2.5.2.4 Strain Insulators :-
When there is a corner or a sharp curve or the lines crosses river etc., the line is to withstand
great strain.
The figure of strain type insulator is shown as below:-

Fig 2.11 Strain Type Insulator

2.6 Isolator
When carrying out inspection to disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work
to be done from all other live parts on the in-station in order to ensure completely safety of
the working staff.

To afford against minute mistakes it is desirable that it should be done by an apparatus which
makes a visible break in the circuit such an apparatus is the isolating switch (for insulator). It
may be defined as a device used to open (or use) a circuit either when negligible current is
interrupted (or established) or when no significant charge the voltage across the terminals of
each pole of the isolator will result from the operation.

25
The rotating center part of the three phases are inter connected by operating rods 50 that
simultaneous movement of each part, connected by the operating rods and driven form one
post by operating mechanism through an adjustable lever drive rod and torque shaft
supporting structures. The design of a contact could be different with different manufacturers
for closing or both the isolator parts rotate causing moment of contact arm. The insulator
shown is pneumatic operates but is provided with emergency hand drive mechanism, also.

Fig 2.12 insolator

2.6.1 Operation:-
The operation of an isolator may be manual i.e. by hand without using any other supply or
storage of energy meter power operated isolates during the cause of operation utilize energy
which is not supplied by the operator. The energy may be electrical pneumatic or the energy
previously stored in spring or counter weight

2.6.2 Control:-
In case power operated isolators are purchased for any installation it may be worthwhile to
examine further weather control should be local in switchyard or remote in the control room.
The extra cost enrolled in the isolated is quite substantial particularly at voltage 132 kV and
below. It should therefore considered in detail whether any installation really insufficient the
procurement of remote operated isolators keeping in view the past that the frequency of
operation of isolators is rather low.

26
2.6.3 Auxiliary Switch:-
This is an operating and important accessory and is designed as a switching device working
in conjunction with an isolator for controlling a circuit for auxiliary device such as trip coils
indicators or indicating lamps. The number of normally closed and normally open contact
should be specially worked out particularly if electrical interlocking between breakers and
isolators

2.6.4 Make Before And Break After Contacts:-

These are provided in series with the main contacts so that in case of load isolators, the arcing
is taken and whenever necessary only the arcing contacts are replaced

2.6.5 Arcing Horns:-

These are provided on each stack of post Insulator for the purpose of insulation co-ordination
some time confusion is created in the function of these arcing horns vis a vis (make before
and break after contacts.
These may be fixed or adjustable types).

The use of arcing horns is avoided where insulation strength between poles or phases and
between higher than that of earth. This is necessary for safety and security.

2.7 Auto Transformer

Basically auto-transformer comprises of only one winding per phase, part of which is used by
both primary and secondary winding. This arrangement results into an appreciable saving in
cost as well as higher operating efficiency is achieved, but their extensive use is not being
favored by power utilities due to certain inherent disadvantages which are as follows:-

1. It has got low inherent reactance as such is subjected to severe short circuit conditions.
2. Since primary and secondary side uses same windings, there is always possibility of
imposition of higher voltage on secondary in case of fault.
3. Both the windings make use of common neutral, as such neutral is required to be
earthed or isolated on both sides.
4. Provision of additional insulation on secondary side and increased frame size
when adjustable taps are provided erodes the initial advantage of low cost.

27
 Fig 2.13 Auto Transformer
2.7.1 Constructional Frame Work:-
Considerable use is made of channel and angle section rolled steel in the framework of core
type transformers. a typical construction is to clamp the top and bottom yokes between
channel sections, held firmly by tie-holts. The bottom pair of channels has cross channels as
feet.
The upper pair carries clamps for the high and low voltage connections.

2.7.2 Windings :-
Classification of windings maybe done as (a) Circular or rectangular & (b) Concentric or
sandwiched.

In core type circular or rectangular type of windings are used and in shell type generally
sandwiched type windings are used.

On account of easier insulation facilities, the low voltage winding is placed nearer to the core.
In the case of core type and on the out side positions in the case of shell type transformers.
The insulation spaces between low and high voltage coils also serve to facilitate cooling.

2.7.3 Leads And Material:-

The connections to the windings are copper rods or bars, insulated wholly or in part, and
taken to the bus bars directly in the case of oil cooled transformers. The shape and size of the
conductors are of importance in very high voltage systems, not on account of the current
carrying capacity, but because of dielectric stresses, corona, etc. at sharp bends corners with
such voltages.

28
2.7.4 Bushings:-
Up to voltages of 33 kV, ordinary porcelain insulators can be used. Above this voltage the
use of conductor and of oil filled terminal bushings, or, for certain cases, a combination of
the two has to be considered. Of course, any conductor can be effectively insulated by air
provided that it is at a sufficient distance from other conducting bodies and sufficiently
proportioned to prevent corona phenomena. Such conditions are naturally UN-obtainable
with transformers where the conductor has to be taken through the cover of the containing
tank, although common enough with over head transmission lines.
The oil filled bushing consists of a hollow porcelain cylinder of special shape with a
conductor (usually a hollow tube) through its center.

The space between the conductor and the porcelain is filled with oil, the dielectric strength of
which is greater than that of air. The dielectric field strength is greatest at the surface of the
conductor, and this breaks down at a much lower voltage in air than in oil. Oil is fed into the
bushing at the top, act as an expansion chamber for the oil when the bushing temperature
rises.

2.7.5 Tanks:-
Small tanks are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from plain boilerplates.
The lids may be cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used at the joints. The fittings include
thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving the transformer into position,
eye bolts for lifting, conservators and breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate
radiators are individually welded and afterwards bolted on.

2.7.6 Temperature Indicators:-

Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided
in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that
of the top oil, where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect. This is done by
adding the temperature residue to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil)
when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or top oil. For
proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean and
filled with oil.

29
 Fig 2.14 Winding And Oil Temperature Indicator
2.7.7 Silica Gel Breather:-

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer.

To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel column, which
absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.

Fig 2.15 Silica Gel Breather

2.7.8 Conservator :-
Conservators are required to take up the expansion and contraction of the oil to come in
contact with the air, from which it is liable to take up moisture. The conservator may consist
of an airtight cylindrical metal drum supported on the transformer lid or on a neighboring
wall, or of

30
a flexible flat corrugated disc drum. The tank is filled when cold and the expansion is taken
up in the conservator. The figure conservator is as shown below:-

Fig 2.16 Conservator

2.7.9 Marshalling Box:-

The marshaling box is of steel sheath. It is provided with a hinged door and winding are
connected to the position. For 132 KV Crompton Greaves made high speed resistor transistor
on load tap changer.

2.9 Protection Of Transformers

2.9.1 Merz-Price Protection Relay

Merz Price voltage balance system for the protection of 3-phse line. Identical current
transformers are placed in each phase at both ends of the line. The pair of CTs in each line is
connected in series with a relay in such a way that under normal conditions, their secondary
voltages are equal and in opposition i.e. they balance each other.
Under healthy conditions, current entering the line at one-end is equal to that leaving it at the
other end. Therefore equal and opposite voltages are induced in the secondary’s of the CTs at
the two ends of the line. The result is that no current flows through the relays. When a fault
occurs at point F on the line as shown in Fig 6. It will cause a greater current to flow through
CT1 than through CT2. Consequently, their secondary voltages become unequal and

31
circulating

32
current flows through the pilot wires and relays. The circuit breakers at both ends of the line
will trip out and the faulty line will be isolated.

Fig 2.17 Merz-Price Protection Relay

2.9.2 Fire Protection

The fire protection of 220 KV GSS can be dividing into two parts.
1. Emulsifier system
2. Hydrant system

2.9.2.1 Emulsifier system

This fire protection system is used to protect the transformers in the yard by extinguish the
fire. This system consists of water tanks. Jickey pumps, D.G. sets, air compressor and two
pipelines having different colors one (red) is used to circulate the water and other (yellow) is
for air. This network of pipelines covered all the area of transformer jockey pumps are used
to maintain the pressure of water at 7 kg/cm2.
A quarterized solenoid plastic valve is used with yellow pipeline near the base of
transformer. On being fired around the transformer this plastic valve contains alcohol, which
expands and due to this valve will burst. A dilute valve is erected near the transformer, which
consists of two gates these gates are blocked due to the pressure of air. A water line is
connected to this valve whenever the air releases and pressure goes down the gate is

33
opened and a stream of

34
water having 7Kg-cm2 pressure is flow through the pipe and a shower of water is started
around the transformer to check the air to come inside and hence this way. It extinguishes the
fire.

2.9.2.2 Hydrant system

This protection system is used to protect the yard and office dep’t from fire. A network of this
system covers 1250m areas of GSS. It consists of three types:-
Halon system
Fire alarm system
Miscellaneous syste
2.10 Capacitor Voltage Transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a
high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.

CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series.

This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first
capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence
the secondary terminals.

35
 Fig 2.18 capacitor voltage transformer

The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably
shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are
available for system voltage.

2.11 Current Transformer

As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A,
240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.

Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting
CT’s on levelled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed
properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals.

When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes
where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection
/metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it
leads to extremely high voltage which ultimately damage the CT itself.

36
 Fig 2.19 Current Transformers

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for
the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or
for power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in
series with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary
winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage
metering circuits. Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. Street
lighting requires a constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is
used to provide that constant current
2.12 Potential Transformer

A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower
value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.

Fig 2.20 Potential Transformer

The voltage transformers are classified as under:

1. Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
2. Electromagnetic type.

Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high
voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it
becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to
be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.

37
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of two type:
• Coupling Capacitor type
• Pushing Type

The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and
magnitude of connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic
voltage transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.

2.13 Capacitor Bank

The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation
problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.

Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of course
with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system shunt
capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

Fig 2.21 Capacitor Bank

The capacitor unit is made up of individual capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/ series
connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The internal discharge device is a resistor that

38
reduces the unit residual voltage to 50V or less in 5 min. Capacitor units are available in a
variety of voltage ratings (240 V to 24940V) and sizes (2.5 kvar to about 1000 kvar).
The capactor bank used for 33 kv at alwar is
3 units of 2*5.4 MVAR
1 unit of 4.2 MVAR
1 unit of 2*2.1 MVAR
1 unit of 6.6 MVAR
The capactor bank used for 11 kv at alwar is 1 unit of 4 MVAR

2.14 Power Line Carrier Communication

2.14.1 Introduction
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as Power line Digital
Subscriber Line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), or power line
networking (PLN), is a system for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric power
transmission. Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) uses PLC by sending and receiving
information bearing signals over power lines.
Electrical power is transmitted over high voltage transmission lines, distributed over medium
voltage, and used inside buildings at lower voltages. Powerline communications can be
applied at each stage. Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set of wires (for
example, premises wiring), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the
distribution network and premises wiring). Typically the transformer prevents propagating
the signal so multiple PLC technologies are bridged to form very large networks.
All power line communications systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier signal on
the wiring system. Different types of powerline communications use different frequency
bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring used. Since
the power wiring system was originally intended for transmission of AC power, in
conventional use, the power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher
frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factor for each type of power line
communications. A new discovery called E-Line that allows a single power conductor on an
overhead power line to operate as a waveguide to provide low attenuation propagation of RF
through microwave energy lines while providing information rate of multiple Gbps is an
exception to this limitation.
Data rates over a power line communication system vary widely. Low-frequency (about 100-
200 kHz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog

39
voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of a few hundred
bits per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data rates generally
imply shorter ranges; a local area network operating at millions of bits per second may only
cover one floor of an office building, but eliminates installation of dedicated network
cabling.

2.14.2 Major System Components Equipment

The major components of a PLC channel are shown in Figure. The problem associated with
the PLC channel is the requirement to put the carrier signal onto the high voltage line without
damaging the carrier equipment. Once the signal is on the power line it must be directed in
the proper direction in order for it to be received at the remote line terminal.

Fig 2.22: Basic Power Line Carrier Terminal

2.14.3 Basic Principle Of Plcc

In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines
result in increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long distances.

Since telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage
lines, suitably designed coupling devices have therefore to be employed. These usually
consist of high voltage capacitors or capacitor with potential devices used in conjunction
with suitable line matching units (LMU’s) for matching the impedance of line to that of the
coaxial cable connecting the unit to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.

40
Also the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from entering the
power equipment used in G.S.S as this would result in high attenuation or even complete loss
of communication signals when earthed at isolator.. Wave traps usually have one or more
suitably designed capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils so as to resonate at
carrier frequencies and thus offers even high impedance to the flow of RF currents.

Fig 2.23 Power Line Carrier Communication

2.14.4 Line Traps Or Wave Traps:-

The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed toward the remote line terminal
and not toward the station bus, and it must be isolated from bus impedance variations. This
task is performed by the line trap. The line trap is usually a form of a parallel resonant circuit
which is tuned to the carrier energy frequency. A parallel resonant circuit has high
impedance at its tuned frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier energy to flow
toward the remote line terminal. The coil of the line trap provides a low impedance path for
the flow of the power frequency energy. Since the power flow is rather large at times, the coil
used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size. Once the carrier energy is on the
power line, any control of the signal has been given over to nature until it reaches the other
end. During the process of traveling to the other end the signal is attenuated, and also noise
from the environment is added to the signal. At the receiving terminal the signal is decoupled
from the power line in much the same way that it was coupled at the transmitting terminal.
The signal is then sent to the receivers in the control house via the coaxial cable.

41
 Fig.2.24 wave trap

2.14.5 Coupling Capacitors:-

The coupling capacitor is used as part of the tuning circuit. The coupling capacitor is the
device which provides a low
impedance path for the carrier energy to the high voltage line and at the same time, it blocks
the power frequency current by being a high impedance path at those frequencies. It can
perform its function of dropping line voltage across its capacitance if the low voltage end is
at ground potential. Since it is desirable to connect the line tuner output to this low voltage
point a device must be used to provide a high impedance path to ground for the carrier signal
and a low impedance path for the power frequency current. This device is an inductor and is
called a drain coil. The coupling capacitor and drain coil circuit are shown in Figure.

It is desirable to have the coupling capacitor value as large as possible in order to lower the
loss of carrier energy and keep the bandwidth of the coupling system as wide as possible.
However, due to the high voltage that must be handled and financial budget limitations, the
coupling capacitor values are not as high as one might desire. Technology has enabled
suppliers to continually increase the capacitance of the coupling capacitor for the same price
thus improving performance.

42
 Fig 2.25 Coupling Capacitor and Drain Coil Combination

2.14.6 Drainage Coils:-

The drainage coil has a pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequency
charging to appear in the output of the unit. The coarse voltage arrester consists of an air gap,
which sparks over at about 2 KV and protects the matching unit against line surges. The
grounding switch is kept open during normal operation and is closed if anything is to be done
on the communication equipment without interruption to power flow on the line. The
matching transformer is isolated for 7 to 10 KV between the two winding and former two
functions. Firstly it isolates the communication equipment for the power line. Secondly it
serves to match the characteristic impedance of the power line 400-600 ohms to that of the
co-axial vacuum arrester (which sparks) is over at about 250 V is provided for giving
additional protection to the communication equipment.
The LMU which consists of the matching transformer and tuning capacitors indicated above
is tailor-made to suit the individual requirements of the coupling equipment and is generally
tuned to a wide band of carrier frequencies-(100-450 KHz typical).

2.14.7 Advantages & Disadvantages Of Plcc

Advantages
1. No separate wires are needed for communication purposes as the power lines themselves
carry power as well as the communication signals. Hence the cost of constructing separate
telephone lines is saved.
2. When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher mechanical
strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the condition which might seriously
damage telephone lines.
43
3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.
Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low resisntanc3 per unit length.
Consequently the carrier signal suffers lesser attenuation than when travel on usual telephone
lines of equal lengths.
4. Power lines are well insulated to provide negligible leakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather conditions.
5. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which results in smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a
considerable extent.
Disadvantages
Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against high
voltage and currents on the line.
Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases
attenuation and create other problems.
High voltage lines have transformer connections, which attenuate carrier currents. Sub-station
equipment adversely affect the carrier currents.
Noise introduced by power lines is much more than in case of telephone lines. This due to the
noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes.
2.14.8 Failure Scenarios
There are many ways in which the communication signal may have error introduced into it.
Interference, cross chatter, some active devices, and some passive devices all introduce noise
or attenuation into the signal. When error becomes significant the devices controlled by the
unreliable signal may fail, become inoperative, or operate in an undesirable fashion.
Interference: Interference from nearby systems can cause signal degradation as the modem
may not be able to determine a specific frequency among many signals in the same
bandwidth.

Signal Attenuation by Active Devices: Devices such as relays, transistors, and rectifiers create
noise in their respective systems, increasing the likelihood of signal degradation.

Signal Attenuation by Passive Devices: Transformers and DC-DC converters attenuate the
input frequency signal almost completely. "Bypass" devices become necessary for the signal
to be passed on to the receiving node. A bypass device may consist of three stages, a filter in
series with a protection stage and coupler, placed in parallel with the passive device.

44
 Chapter-3

CONTROL ROOM, BATTERY ROOM AND EARTHING

3.1 Control Room

At NPH not only remote control carry the appropriate means by which circuit breaker may be
open or close but also necessary indicating devices, indicating lamps, isolating switching,
protective relays, secondary circuit and wires are located here and most important “No load
tap changer” for transformer is available. There is a panel for synchronizing.

Different panels are located at different stages and on each panel control switch is provided
on the board. The control switches for each circuit breaker and isolators are provided on
control panel. Colors of signals are synchronized as follows: -

• Red :-For circuit breaker or isolator is in closed position.

• Green :-For circuit breaker is in open position.

• Amber :-Indicates abnormal condition requiring action.

There are different relays located.

3.1.1 Announcing Section:-

This section is always checked by the shift in charge. If any fault or any relay moves from
L.T., alarm swings and type of fault is indicated on the announcing box. The most important
section is transformer control section, winding temperature indicator.

Tap position selector is situated on control panel. A control engineer controls the loading of
various lines, outgoing feeders, synchronizing the incoming lines with bus bars.

3.1.2 Control and Relay Panel:- The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the
indicating apparatus is clearly visible from control place. These respective panels are
provided- Control and indicating equipment. relay and recording equipment.

45
The synchronization switch is put to auto position when condition of synchronizing is satisfied.
The white lamp on the top indicating
”synchronizing relay operated” glow and Circuit Breaker is automatically closed. When bus
bar is dead there is no need of synchronizing in that case line is connected directly to bus bar
by pulling a switch bar dead bus to on position.
Event Logger- to work in control room contain work are automated with computer based
control system. By facilitate the operator locating identification and reporting fault,
information is received.

3.1.3 Supervisory Control And Data Acquire System:- For power

system operation and control includes-

- Data collection system

- Data transmission telemetric equipment
- Data monitoring equipment
- Man/machine interface

Data collection equipment as data logger collects the primary data from source Converts it
into suitable form of information and then transmitting and processing data. Logger records
the rating from different location in the plant. Data logger is designed for plant performance
computation for logical analysis of alarm condition. Thus minimizing possible confusion
during emergency.

The input scanner is an automatic sequence switch, which select each, signal in turn
transducers are used to convert original signal in the suitable electrical form for the input of
scanner.

3.2 Battery Room

In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signaling remote position control, alarm
circuit etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in
event of ac failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by
rectifier supply.

46
 Fig 3.1 Battery Room

3.2.1 Battery System:-

The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of Sulphur acid and distilled water as
electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30C.In the
battery

3.3 Earthing
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the sub station, which has a uniform potential as
nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for
an electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not
attain dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth
The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode
used.
the earthing is of two principal types :-
Neutral Earthing quipment Body Earthing
3.3.1 Neutral Earthing:-
Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting
47
the neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating
machines,

48
generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly
or through a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from
generator or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common
method used is using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase
of primary has two equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing
flux density under normal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very
small magnetizing current under normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side,
which provides very less impedance to the current. The grounding transformers are short time
rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.

3.3.2 Electrical Earthing:-

electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic parts
of an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may attain
high potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T current
for a given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by means of
Earthing system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to earth. The
conductor used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc.
Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :-
The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth, since it is
connected to earth.
Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or an
earth relay.
Merits of neutral Earthing:-
1. Arcing grounding is reduced.
2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth remains at harmless value they don't increase to
root 3 times of normal value.
3. Suitable neutral point.
4. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple useful amount of earth fault current is available
to operate earth fault relay.
5. The over voltage due to lightening are discharged to earth.
6. Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing ground and improved of
unnecessary fringing of CB. at GSS the neutral point of power transformer is connected
solidly to earth generally the earth connection are provided which leads reliability

49
 Chapter-4

SUBSTATION SUB-SYSTEMS

4.1 Illumination
System:

Good lighting in a substation is necessary to facilitate normal operation and maintenance

activities and at the same time to ensure safety of the working personnel. As per latest
IS:3646 (Pt.II) “Schedule for values of illumination and Glare Index” recommends values of
intensity of illumination. Table 4.1 contains the recommended values for different parts of
substation. Table: 4.1 Recommended Illuminator Values
Sl.No. Particulars Average Limiting
Illumination level Glare
‘Lux’ Index
1. Control rooms:
Vertical control panels
200 to 300 19
Rear of control panels 150 19

Control desks 300 19

Switch houses 150 25

2. Battery room 100 -

3. Carrier room 300 -

4. Offices and reception 300 19

5. Cloak rooms 100 -

6. Workshop/Repair bay 300 25

7. Test room 450 19

8. Outdoor switchyard 20 -

9. Stairs 100 -

10. Corridors 70 16

11. Approach roads 20 -

12. Pathways 20 -

50
 13. Car parks 20 -

14. Conference room 300 19

15. Store room 100 -

16. Cable gallery/floor 70 -

17. AC plant/DG set room 150 -

Out door switchyard average illumination level shall be 50 lux on main equipment and 20 lux
on balance area of switchyard. In the out door switchyard, the area covered by transformer/
reactor should have 50 lux.
The lighting system of a particular area whether outdoor or indoor should be designed in such
a way that uniform illumination is achieved. As far as possible any dark spots should be
avoided. This requires careful placing of the luminaries, selection of proper mounting heights
and provision of sockets in the marshalling kiosks and mechanism boxes of circuit
breakers/disconnect switches for providing supplementary lighting wherever required. In
outdoor switchyards, only the equipment/bus bar areas are illuminated. In outdoor area,
luminaries should be directed as far as possible towards transformers, circuit
breakers/disconnect switches, their mechanism boxes etc., where some operations may be
necessary during emergency at night.
There are several classifications of the types of lighting such as direct, indirect, semiindirect,
diffusion, etc., The types of lighting or the combinations should be so chosen as would
provide adequate level of glare-free illumination without creating undesirable shadows.
Direct lighting system is the most commonly used and it employs open dispersive reflectors,
silver glass reflectors and angle reflectors. The simplest form of general diffusion fitting is
the plain sphere of opal glass. The spherical form be modified and any form, which the
designer can think of may be used. The efficiency of the general diffusion fitting depends
partly on shape but much more on the properties of the diffusing material used.
The typical indirect fitting is and opaque bowl with lamp suspended in it at such a depth that
all the direct light from the lamp as well as form the bowl is emitted in the upper hemisphere.
The semi direct fittings lie in between the indirect and the general diffusion fittings.
Flood light fittings are in essence, projectors with parabolic reflectors. There are two types of
floodlights: the wide beam type and the narrow beam type. Wide beam type is suitable where
accurate control is not necessary and the light is projected only over a short distance. The
narrow beam type is used where light is required to be projected over longer distances.

51
The choice of lamps, i.e. incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapour, sodium vapour halogen
etc., depends mainly on the nature of work, the number of hour of utilization annually, the
cost of energy and the power available for illumination. Table gives different types of lamps
and fittings that may be used in different area of a substation.
The foremost criterion in the design of illumination system of indoor area such as control
room, workshop, repair bay, offices, etc., is that illumination at the working height
throughout the area should be as uniform as possible so as to avoid eye fatigue. In practice,
complete uniformity of illumination is difficult to achieve and a ratio of the minimum
intensity to the maximum equal to about 70 percent is usually considered acceptable.
Energy conservation requirement has to be kept in view while selecting type of lamp and
type of fitting. While designing the lux level requirement Utilization coefficient factor may
be considered to take care effect of dust, pollution etc. on reflectors used in the lighting
fixtures. The night time lighting of exterior areas is necessitated by operational requirement,
security or decorative purposes or a combination of these. It is used for illuminating outdoor
switchyards transformer yards, approach roads to substations, etc., Use of flood lights has
been in practice for illumination of switchyards. However, floor lights generally cause glare,
if not properly positioned and mounted at proper heights. As the lumen output of
mercury/sodium vapour lamps is quite appreciable as compared to incandescent lamps, flood
light units having mercury/sodium vapour lamps with medium and wide angle coverage,
mounted at suitable heights are preferred. If the floor light is mounted at a height of 6 to 10m
it would be away from the normal vision angle (8) of a man approaching it and therefore,
there would be no problem of glare. If the design of the flood lighting is followed in an
orderly fashion, it is easy to obtain uniform illumination in the outdoor switchyard. The
spillover light from flood lights provided in the switchyard is generally sufficient for fence
lighting. Separate fence lighting is provided only in exceptional cases. Light fittings in the
switchyards are mounted on substation structure/lighting masts. Typical lamps and fittings
generally provided in some identified areas are given in Table 3.2
Table 4.2 : Typical Lamps & Fittings in Some identified Areas.
Sl.No. Particulars of area Type of lamps Type of fittings
1. Unloading-cum-repair Mercury High bay
bay vapour sodium
2. Store rooms, workshops Fluorescent Industrial

3. Control room, offices Fluorescent Decorative

carrier room

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 4. Battery room Fluorescent Acid pro
Industrial of,
5. Compressor room etc., Fluorescent Industrial
6. External lighting on Mercury Water tight flo
building vapour sodium light od
vapour
7. Outdoor switchyard Mercury Water tight flo
vapour sodium light od
vapour
8. Fence lighting Mercury Post type water
vapour sodium tight, flood light
vapour
9. Roads Mercury Post type water
vapour sodium tight, flood light
vapour
The purpose of street lighting in substations is to promote safety and convenience on the
approach roads, service roads and side walls inside switchyard, etc. The aim should be to
provide conditions of visibility adequate for accurate, certain and comfortable seeing.
Emergency lighting is called for in case of AC supply failure in substations. In indoor
installations such as a control room, switchgear rooms, etc., DC lamps
connected to the DC supply system should be provided at suitable locations These are
brought into service in case of AC supply failure. These are normally ired through automatic
changeover contractor at the DC distribution board. In workshops/repair shops and machine
hall, where mercury/dodiumvavour lamps are employed, provision should be made for one
incandescent lamp fitting of suitable power for a group of 4 to 6 mercury/dodium vapour
lamps. This would avoid an extended total blackout in the event of a voltage dip or
momentary interruption of AC supply, as the discharge lamps take a few minutes to give full
light output again.

4.2 Fire Protection Facilities

In view of a large number of oil-filled equipments in a substation, it is very important that

proper attention is given to isolation, limitation and xtinguishing of fire so as to avoid
damage to costly equipment, reduce chances of serious dislocation of power supply and
ensure safety of personnel. The first step in this direction is inherent in the design and layout
of the substation itself, which should be such that if fire occurs in any equipment it should be
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limited and isolated

54
so that it does not spread to other equipments. For this purpose the following are the general
guidelines:
The spacing of the equipment should be considered. Extra space is not usually provided for
fire isolation, but the space available is taken into account in deciding othe isolation
measures. Fire isolation walls should be provided between large oil-filled equipments such as
two or more transformers placed adjacent to each other. These should be of adequate strength
and of such size that the adjacent equipment is reasonable safe from fire risk due to burning
oil flying from the equipment on fire.
In indoor areas automatic fireproof doors should be provided for rooms which house major
oil- filled equipment. The rooms should also be constructed with a view to isolating the fire.
Soak pits or drain pits should be provided below large oil-filled equipment to drain off the
burning oil falling below the equipment.
Minor items of oil-filled equipment should be placed in beds of gravel or pebbles which will
quench and prevent the spread of burning oil.
Care should be exercised that any prospective fire can be easily approached for quenching.
In closed spaces and buildings attention should also be given to evacuation of personnel
(Refer IS: 1646).
All oil pipes and cable trenches should be sectionalized by means of cross walls.
The subject of fire safety involving electrical equipment is exhaustively covered in latest
IS:1646 and Fire Protection Manual Part-I issued by Tariff Advisory Committee of Insurance
Companies.

4.3 Fire Fighting System

All substations should be equipped with fire fighting systems conforming to the requirements
given in latest IS:1646 and Fire Protection Manual Part-I issued by Tariff Advisory
Committee of Insurance Companies.
Trailer pumps where provided should draw their water supply from ground tanks of suitable
sizes, the location and distribution of which shall be such that no item to be protected is
more than about 90m away from any ground tank.
The more valuable equipment or areas forming concentrated fire risk should be covered by
special fire protective systems. In this class are:
Transformers, both indoor and outdoor:
Oil filled reactors:
(c ) Oil-filled switchgear:
(d) Oil tanks and oil pumps: (e) Oil, grease and paint stores: and (f)Synchronous condensers.
55
Although the substitution of bulk-oil and minimum oil circuit breakers by SF6 gas circuit
breakers has reduced the risk of fires in electrical installations, considerable risk still exists
on account of transformers, reactors, cables etc., which contain combustible insulating
materials. Fires in live electrical equipment, motors, machinery etc. fall in class C according
to the Tariff Advisory Committee Classification of Fires. It is necessary to provide efficient
Fire Protection Systems in the Electrical installations. Fire Protection System consists of the
following:
Fire Prevention
Fire Detection and annunciation
Fire Extinguishing
Fire Prevention:
Fire prevention is of utmost importance and should be given its due if risk of occurrence of
fires has to be eliminated/minimized. The safety and preventive measures applicable for
substations as recommended by the relevant authorities must be strictly followed while
planning the substations.
All fire fighting equipment and systems should be properly maintained Regular mock drills
should be conducted and substation staff made aware of importance of fire prevention and
imparted training in proper use of the fire fighting equipment provided in various parts of the
substation, control room building etc.
Fire Detection and Annunciation
Fire detection if carried out at the incipient stage can help in timely containment and
extinguishing of fire sppedly. Detection can either be done visually by the personnel present
in vicinity of the site of occurrence or automatically with the use of detectors operating on
the principles of fixed temperature, resistance variation, differential thermal expansion, rate
of rise of temperature, presence of smoke, gas, flame etc. Fire detectors of the following
types are usually used:
Ionisation type
Smoke type
Photoelectric type
Bimetal type
Linear heat detection type
Lonisation type detectors are used more commonly. Howeve in areas like cable vaults,
Ionisation smoke and linear heat detection sype detectors are used. Smoke type detector is

56
effective for invisible smoke, and photoelectric type for visible smoke. Smoke type detectors
incorporate LEDs, which start glowing in the event of fire.
Detectors are located at strategic positions and arranged in zones to facilitate proper
indication of fire location, transmission of Audio-visual signals to Fire control panels and
actuation of the appropriate Fire Fighting Systems. In the rooms with false ceilings, these are
provided above the ceiling as well as below it. For the detectors located above the false
ceilings, remote response indicators should also be provided.
Detectors are provided at the rate of one for a maximum area of 80m in the zones to be
covered by the Fire Protection System.
The Fire Extinguishing Systems used for fire protection of the various equipments/building in
substations are the following:
Hydrant system
High velocity wate spray system
Portable fire extinguishers
Nitrogen injection fire prevention method for transformer only These are described below
briefly.
Hydrant System
Hydrant System is installed fo the protection of the following areas from fire:
Control room building
L.T. transformer area
Diesel generator set building
Fire water pump house
Suitable location in the switchyard.
Hydrants are the backbone of Fire Fighting System as these can help fighting fires of all
intensities in all classes of fires and continue to be in service even if the affected
buildings/structures have collapsed. These keep the adjoining properties/buildings cool
and thereby save them from the serious effects of fire and minimize the risk of explosions.
40
The Hydrant system is supplied water from Fire Water Pump House. Fire Water Pump House
is located by the side of Fire Water Storage Tanks constructed within the substation boundary
limits. These tanks are made of RCC above ground such that these are easily accessible.
Water from these tanks is pumped into the Fire Hydrant System with horizontal centrifugal
pumps. The Hydrant System essentially consists of a network of pipes, laid both above
ground and underground, which feed water under pressure to a number of hydrant valves
located at
57
strategic locations throughout the substation. Pressure in the piping is maintained with the
help of hydro-pneumatic tanks and jockey pumps . Jockey pumps compensate for minor
leakages also. The hydro-pneumatic tanks are pressurized with compressed air supplied by
two air-compressors of which one is working at a time and other acts as standby.
Adjacent to the Hydrants, hosepipes, branch pipes and nozzles are kept in Hose Boxes. In
case of fire, the houses with nozzies are coupled to the respective hydrants and water jet is
directed towards the seat of fire.
On drop of pressure in the piping network below a preset value, the Hydrant Pump starts
automatically and continues to run till it is stopped manually after fire has been extinguished.
The quantity of wate o be available for fire protection and the number of fire water pumps
depend on the total number of hydrants which are provided as per guidelines of Tariff
Advisory Committee Manual, according to which substations fall in “Light Fire Hazard”
category. The parameters of the Fire Water Pumps as per TAC guidelines are given below.
For the total numbe of hydrants upto twenty, one no. pump of 96 m/hr capacity with a
pressure of 5.6 kg/cm (gauge)
For the total number of hydrants exceeding twenty upto fifty five, one no. pump of 137 m/hr
capacity with a pressure of 7.0 kg/cm (gauge)
(c ) For the total number of hydrants exceeding fifty five, upto hundred, one no.
pump of 171 m/hr with a pressure of 7.0 kg/cm (gauge)
As per TAC guidelines, the jockey pump should have a capacity of 10.8 m/hr. and the hydro-
pneumatic tank should have a capacity of 18 m . The effective capacity of the Fire Water
Tank should be not less than one hour of aggregate pumping capacity, with a minimum of
135 m .
All components of the Hydrant System such as piping, valves, fittings, hoses, branch pipes,
nozzies etc. should be of approved make acceptable to TAC.
High Velocity Water (HVW) Spray System
This type of Fire Protection System is provided for the following types of equipment:
Power Transformer, both auto and multi-winding
Shunt Reactors
This system is designed on the assumption that one reactor/transformer is on fire at a time.
For this assumption, the largest piece of equipment forms the basis.
High Velocity Water Spray System consists of a network of projectors arranged around the
equipment to be protected. Water under pressure is directed into the projector network through

58
a deluge valve from a piping network exclusively laid for the Spray System Water leaves the
projectors in the form of conical spray of water droplets travelling at high velocity.
The high velocity droplets bombard the surface of oil and form an emulsion of oil and water
which does not support combustion. This emulsion converts a flammable liquid into a non-
inflammable one. Howeve, this emulsion is not of a stable character and therefore shortl after
the water is shut off, oil starts to separate ou from water which can be drained away, leaving
the oil behind unimpaired.
The rate of burning of a flammable liquid depends upon the rate at which it vaporizes and the
supply of ocygen to support combustion. It is the maximum when the rate of burning of the
flammable liquid is the maximum and the surface of the liquid is near boiling point. The high
velocity water spray system while forming an emulsion, intersperses cold water with the
liquid, cools it and lowers down the rate of vapourisation which prevents further escape of
flammable vapours. During passage of water droplets through flames, some of the water gets
converted into steam, which dilutes oxygen in the air supporting the fire and creates a
smothering effect, which aids in extinguishing the fire.
An automatic deluge valve triggered by a separate system of quartzoid bulb detector heads
mounted on a pipe work array charged with water, at HVW spray mains pressure, initiates
the HVW Spray System operation. When a fire causes one or more of the quartzoid bulbs to
operate, pressure in the detector pipe work falls and this allow the deluge valve to pen
thereby permitting water to flow to all the projectors in the open pipe array covering the risk.
Water Supply to HVW Spray System
Two pumps are provided for HVW Spray System. Of these, one is electric motor driven and
the other diesel engine driven. The capacity and head of the pumps is selected to protect the
biggest risk. It has been experienced that each pump having a capacity of 410 m/hr is usually
adequate for the biggest risk in substations.
These pumps are located in Fire Water Pump House. Suitable connection with the Hydrant
System is provided so as to allow flow of water from Hydrant System to HVW Spray System
but not in the reverse direction
(c ) Standby diesel engine driven pump is a common standby facility for HVW spray as
well as Hydrant System
These pumps are automatically started through pressure switches located sequentially in
headers. However, stopping of the pumps is doen manually afte the fire gets extinguished.
The values of pressure of running water and discharge density given below are recommended
for HVW Spray System:
(i) Minimum pressure of running = 3.5 Bar
59
(ii) Maximum pressure of running water = 5.0 Bar
At any projector at any instance
(iii) Discharge density on ground surface = 6.1 lpm/m
Not less than
iv) Discharge density on other surface = 10.2 lon/m
Water Supplies
Water for fire fighting purposes should be supplied from the water storage tanks meant
exclusively for the purpose. The aggregate storage capacity of these tanks should be equal to
the sum of the following:
One-hour pumping capacity of Hydrant System or 135 m which over is more.
Half-an-hour water reqirement for single largest risk covered by HVW Spray System.
The water storage tank made of RCC construction ove3r ground should be in two
parts.
Fire Wate pumps located I the Fire Water Pump House should have pumping head suitable to
cove the facilities for future stages also. The piping system should be designed to permit
extensions without disruption in the existing system. The material of piping is mild steel as
pe IS: 1239/IS:3589 medium grade system. The pipe laid underground is coated and wrapped
against corrosion as per IS:10221 and the piping laid over ground consists of galvanised mild
steel.
All equipment and accessories, constituting the HVW Spray System, such as flow control
valve, heat detectors, projector nozzles, piping, valves, fittings instrumentation etc., should
be of approved makes acceptable to TAC.
Portable and Mobile Fire Extinguishers
Portable and Mobile Fire Extinguishers are provided at suitable locations for indoor/outdoor
applications. These extinguishers are used during early stages of localised fires to prevent
them from spreading. Following types of these extinguishers are usually provided.
Pressurised Water Type in 9.01 kg size
Carbon Dioxide Type in 4.5 kg size
Dry Chemical Type in 5.0 kg size
Halon Type in 5.0 kg size
Mechanical foam Type in 50 ltrs.. 90ltrs.
For the quantities of these types and their applications, the norms given in TAC manual
should be followed.
The make of these extinguishers should also be acceptable to TAC

60
Halon type fire extinguishers are now getting phased out on account of their negative effect
on the atmosphere.
The transformers shall be protected by automatic high velocity water spray system or by
carbon dioxide or BCF (Bromochloro-difluromethane) or BTM (Bromotrifluromethane)
fixed installation system or Nitrogen injection and drain method.
Nitrogen injection fire prevention method is being used by a few utilities at
present. Instrumentation and Control
Fire Protection System should include suitable instrumentation and necessary controls to
render the system efficient and reliable. There should be local control panels for each of the
pumps individually as also for the operation of deluge valve of the HVW Spray System.
There should be a common control panel for the Jockey Pump and Air Compressors. Main
annunciation panel should be provided in the control room for the facilities provided in the
control room and for repeating some annunciation from pump house.
The following Annunciation is usually provided in the Fire Water Pump House.
Electric motor driven HVW spray pump running/falls to start
Diesel engine driven HVW spray pump running/falls to start
Hydrant pump running/falls to start
Jockey pump running/falls to start
Air compressor falls to start
Hydro-pneumatic tank pressure low
Hydro-pneumatic tank pressure high
System header pressure low
Fire in transformer/reactor
Fire in smoke detection system
Water storage tank water level low
High speed diesel oil tank level low
The following Annunciations should be available in the control room also:
Fire in transformer/reactor
Hydrant pump/diesel engine operated HVW Spray pump in operation
Motor operated HVW spray pump in operation
Fire/Fault in Zone
1 Fire/Fault in
Zone 2 Fire/Fault
in Zone 3

61
Fire/Fault in Zone 4 (depending on the number of zones)

62
All fire protection equipment should be covered by a regular and strict maintenance and test
routine. The hydrant systems should be checked every week which may be possible during
night shifts. Sprinkler systems should be checked at regular intervals. Portable equipment
should be charged at specified intervals and checked regularly for loss of charge, damage,
etc. Records of all tests and checks must be maintained.
Provision should be made to switch off the air conditioning equipment in case of fire.
Cable entry openings shall be sealed to prevent the spreading of fire.
Diagram of Fire Fighting System
A flow diagram of a typical HVW Spray and Hydrant System is enclosed as Flg.5.

4.4 Dc System
DC Auxiliary supply is required for relays, instrumentation, closing and triping of circuit
breakers, emergency lighting, control board indications, etc. During normal operation,
battery charger (rectifier bridge with Silicon diodes and Silicon control rectifiers) provides
the required DC supply. Hoever, to take care of failure of the AC supply (rectifier), a storage
battery of adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC requirement. Normally, the storage
battery merely keeps floating on the direct current system and supplies current in case of
failure of the rectifier in substation. It is desirable to provide duplicate rectifiers to meet the
contingency of rectifier failure. An arrangement shall be made to supply an uninterrupted DC
supply to load wherever the battery charger is facilitated with float/trickle/boost charging.
The voltage commonly used for the DC auxiliary supply is 110 to 220 volts batteries for
substations and 48 volts for PLCC, Generally lead acid batteries are used.
Capacity of the battery should be adequate to supply.
Momentary current required for the operation of switchgear
The continuous load of indicating lamps, holding coils for relays contractors, etc., (c )
Emergency lighting load.
Complete DC equipment for a substation may be divided into three parts i.e., storage battery
and accessories, charging equipment and distribution board.
The charging equipment generally consists of float charger and boost charger in major
substations, twin float chargers and twin boost chargers or with float cum boost charges with
a suitabl switching cubicle are generally used fo reliability.
The distribution board has an incoming circuit from the DC battey and a numbe of out going
circuits for closing and tripping, alarm and indication for control and relay panels. A separate

63
circuit is provided for the emergency load normally fed from AC supply but is automatically
switched on to DC supply in the event of AC powser failure.

4.5 Ac Auxiliary Supply

AC supply both single and three-phase, are needed in a substation for internal use fo several
functions such as:
Illumination
Battery charging
Transformer cooling system
Oil filtration plant
Transformer tap-changer drives
Air compressors
Power supplies for communication equipment
Crane
Breakers/disconnect switch motors
Fire protection system
Space heaters in cubicies and marshalling kiosks
Air-conditioning/ventilation equipment
Auxiliary Transformer
The design of AC auxiliary supply system must be such that it ensures continuity of supply
under all conditions, as far as practicable, reliability being the basic requirement. In a
substation, it is normally provided from a station transformer connected to the 11KV or
33KV station bus. Its capacity should be adequate to meet the demands f all the essential
connected loads. Generally, two such transformers are provided in all major substations.
In case of transformers where tertiary winding is available one auxiliary transformer can be
connected to tertiary of transformer for station power supply with adequate insulation margin
and protection to save the damage to main transformers from the Secondary system faults.
The station transformer is connected to the indoor AC distribution panel through duplicate
cables. Duplicate feeds to important loads are made from the AC distribution panels through
outlets, which are controlled, by switch fuses or circuit breakers.
In the event of shutdown of the entire station, ensure availability of AC auxiliary supply for
charging of protective equipments, DG set shall preferably be provided in major substations
with Auto Main Fail (AMF) panel preferably. Change ove scheme shall be provided in AC
distribution panel, to feed important loads by DG set.

64
Incomer of AC distribution panel shall be provided with 4-pole breaker either it may be from
auxiliary transformer or from DG set.

4.6 Ventilation

Battery Room Ventilation

Exhaust fans should be provided. Further it is necessary to ensure sufficient air inlet to the
battery room by providing blowers, if necessary. Exhaust alone without air inlet a negative
pressure will be created in the battery room which will cause.
Evaporation of electrolyte even at the normal room temperature and the fine spray of
electrolyte will settle on cells, stands etc., reducing the electrical insulation of the battery
from the ground.
The hydrogen evolved from the battery may form an explosive mixture if the room pressure
has reduced.

65
 Chapter-5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion

It was a very good experience of taking vocational training in 132 KV,GSS TELCO CIRCLE
ALWAR. All the employees working there were very helpful and were always ready to guide
us. They gave their best to make us understand.
The Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer & Technicians gave us the detailed theory. Training
at 132 KV,GSS TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR gives the insight of the real instruments used.
There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, Relay, PLCC, Bus bars,
Capacitor bank, Insulator, Isolators, Control room, Battery room etc. What is the various
problem seen in substation while handling this instruments. There are various occasion when
relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down, which has been heard
previously. To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is
learned there. Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and
experience building and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the
future ahead a better way. The working of control room was also very interesting.
All in all the training at 132 KV,GSS TELCO CIRCLE ALWAR was a memorable experience.
5.2 Future scope
The substation of the future will move away from the current single-purpose, hardware-based
protection and automation systems and replace them with a software-defined control system
running virtual services: a digitally enabled substation. This is necessary to enable substation
systems to adapt to the new reality of an increasing amount of inverter-based distributed
energy resources (DERs) changing operating requirements and affecting feeder power flow,
voltage, and protection functions. Wind power, solar power, battery storage, and electric
vehicles (EVs) may be connected anywhere to the grid. Unless operation is coordinated, the
geographic concentration of DERs by different owners could potentially result in a negative
impact to the existing grid.

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