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Motion in A Plane
Motion in A Plane
Motion in A Plane
Motion in a Plane
KEY NOTES
P
A+
B
r¢ Q
r
Resolution of Vectors Y
KEY NOTES
Law of Cosines and Sines Å v in component form can be expressed as
dx $ dy $
Å If two vectors A and Binclined at an angleθ, as shown below v= i+ j = vx $i + vy $j ⇒ |v| = vx2 + vy2
S
dt dt
Q
and direction of v is given by
R β
M vy vy
tan θ = or θ = tan −1
B vx vx
θ θ Å Average acceleration a of an object for a time-interval ∆t
α
O A P N
moving in xy-plane is the change in velocity divided by
the time interval, i.e.
Then, from parallelogram method of vector addition,
∆v ∆v x $ ∆v y $
(i) Resultant vector, R = A + B. a= = i+ j = ax$i + ay $j
∆t ∆t ∆t
(ii) R = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cosθ is known as law of cosines. Å The acceleration (instantaneous acceleration) is the
R A B limiting value of the average acceleration as the
(iii) = = is known as law of sines.
sin θ sin β sin α time-interval approaches zero i.e.,
B sin θ ∆ v dv
(iv) Angle of R from A, tan α = .
A + B cosθ a = lim =
∆ t→ 0 ∆t dt
In one-dimension, the velocity and acceleration of an
Motion in a Plane Å
object are always along the same straight line (either in the
Å Position vector r of a particle P located in a plane (two same direction or in the opposite direction). However, for
dimensions) with reference to the origin of an xy-reference motion in two or three dimensions, velocity and
frame is given by r = xi$ + y$j, where x and y are components acceleration vectors may have any angle 0° and 180°
of r along X and Y-axes. between them.
If the positions of a particle are P and P′ at time t and t′,
Å
Motion in a Plane with Constant
respectively as shown below, then its displacement,
∆r = r ′ − r = ( x ′ $i + y ′ $j) − ( xi$ + y$j) = $i∆x + $j∆y
Acceleration
Å Suppose an object is moving in xy-plane with constant
where, ∆x = x ′ − x , ∆y = y ′ − y. acceleration a. Let the position and velocity of the object be
Y r0 and v 0 at time t = 0 and r and v at any time t. Then,
v +v
Direction of v (i) v = v 0 + at (ii) v = 0
P¢ 2
∆y P 1 2
∆r (iii) r = r0 + v 0t + at .
2
r′
1
r In component form, x = x 0 + v 0xt + axt 2
2
1 2
y = y 0 + v 0yt + ayt
O ∆x X 2
Å The average velocity v of an object is the ratio of the Å The motion in a plane (two-dimensions) can also be
displacement ∆r and the corresponding time-interval ∆t. treated as two separate simultaneous one dimensional
Mathematically, motions with constant acceleration along two
∆r $ ∆x $ ∆y perpendicular directions.
v= =i +j or v = vx $i + vy $j
∆t ∆t ∆t Relative Velocity in Two-dimensions
The direction of the average velocity is same as that of ∆r. Å Suppose two objects A and B are moving with velocities
Å The velocity (instantaneous velocity) is given by the v A and v B respectively (each with respect to some
limiting value of the average velocity as the time-interval common frame of reference, say ground), then velocity of
approaches zero, i.e. object A relative to that of B is v AB = v A − v B.
∆r dr Similarly, the velocity of object B relative to that of A is
v = lim v = lim =
∆t→ 0 ∆t→ 0 ∆t dt v BA = v B − v A
Å The direction of velocity at any point on the path of an Therefore, v AB = − v BA
object is tangential to the path at that point and is in the
direction of motion. ⇒ |v AB| =|v BA|
KEY NOTES
Note Tf = 2t m , which is expected because of the symmetry of
Projectile Motion the parabolic path.
Å An object that is in flight after being thrown or projected is Å Maximum height of a projectile is the maximum height
called a projectile. Such a projectile might be a football, a
hm reached by the projectile. It is given as
cricket ball, a baseball, etc.
(v0 sin θ 0 ) 2
Å If a projectile (particle or body) moves in a horizontal as hm =
well as vertical direction simultaneously, the motion of 2g
particle is known as projectile motion. Å The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile from its
Å For an object, after being projected with initial velocity v 0 initial position to the position, where it passes y = 0 during
that makes an angle θ 0 with X-axis as shown below its fall is called horizontal range R of projectile. It is the
distance travelled during the time of flight Tf . It is given
y
v 2 sin 2θ 0
as R= 0 .
g
v2
then its maximum value is R max = 0 .
g
θ0
O v0 cos θ0 x Uniform Circular Motion
Å When an object follows a circular path at a constant speed,
(i) Acceleration acting on it is that due to gravity which the motion of the object is called uniform circular motion.
is directed vertically downward, i.e.
Å The acceleration of an object moving with speed v in a
a = −g$j or a = 0 and a = − g
x y v2
circle of radius R has a magnitude and is always
(ii) Components of its velocity at time t can be given by R
v x = v 0 cosθ 0 directed towards the centre. This acceleration is called
v y = v 0 sinθ 0 − gt centripetal acceleration.
(iii) One of the component of velocity, i.e. x-component Å Since, v and R are constants, the magnitude of centripetal
remains constant throughout the motion and only the acceleration is also constant. However, the direction
y-component changes. changes. Therefore, a centripetal acceleration is not a
vy constant vector.
(iv) At maximum height, v y = 0 and therefore tan −1 = 0. Å The resultant acceleration of an object in circular motion is
vx
towards the centre only, if the speed is constant.
Å The equation of path of a projectile given by Å Angular speed is defined as the time rate of change of
gx 2 angular displacement. It is given as
y = x tan θ 0 −
(v0 cos θ 0 ) 2 ∆θ
ω=
∆t
This is the equation of a parabola, i.e. the path of the
projectile is a parabola.
Å Relation between linear speed and angular speed is
given as
Å The shape of trajectory of the motion of an object is not
determined by the acceleration alone but also depends on v = Rω
the initial conditions of motion (initial and final velocity). So, centripetal acceleration, ac = ω 2 R .
For example, the trajectory of an object moving under Å The time taken by an object to make one revolution is
the same acceleration due to gravity can be straight line known as its time period T and the number of revolution
or a parabola depending on the initial conditions. made in one second is called its frequency ν( = 1 / T).
Å Time of maximum height is the time taken by the Å In term of frequency ν , we have
projectile to reach the maximum height. It is given as
v sinθ 0 ω = 2πν
tm = 0 ac = 4π 2 ν 2 R
g
Note The kinematic equations for uniform acceleration do not
Å Time of flight is the total time Tf during which the apply to the case of uniform circular motion. Since, in this
2v sinθ 0 case, the magnitude of acceleration is constant but the
projectile is in flight. It is given as Tf = 0 .
g direction is changing.
KEY NOTES
Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
B
=
A
2 In order to describe the motion in two or three
.5
–1
dimensions, we use
(a) positive sign (a) B = A (b) B = − A
(b) vectors (c) | B | = | A | (d) | B | ≠ | A |
(c) negative sign 8 A and B are two inclined vectors and R is their sum.
(d) Both (b) and (c) Choose the correct figure for the given description.
3 If length and breadth of a rectangle are 1.0 m and 0.5 m P P
A A
respectively, then its perimeter will be a
(a) O B (b) O B
(a) free vector (b) scalar quantity
R= R=
(c) localised vector (d) Neither (a) nor (b) A+ A+
B B
4 Set of vectors A and B, P and Q are as shown below Q Q
P P
X X¢ A A
A
Y
B P (c) O B (d) O B
O Y¢
Q R= R=
O A+ A+
O B B
O Q Q
Length of A and B is equal, similarly length of P and 9 Among the following properties regarding null vector
Q is equal. Then, the vectors which are equal, are which is incorrect?
(a) A and P (b) P and Q (a) A + 0 = A (b) λ 0 = λ
(c) A and B (d) B and Q (c) 0 A = 0 (d) A − A = 0
5 | λ A| = λ | A| , if 10 Suppose an object is at point P at time t moves to P ′
(a) λ > 0 (b) λ < 0 and then comes back to P. Then, displacement is a
(c) λ = 0 (d) λ ≠ 0 (a) unit vector (b) null vector
(c) scalar (d) None of these
6 If a vector is multiplied by a negative number, we get a
vector whose 11 Find the correct option about vector subtraction.
(a) magnitude and direction both are changed (a) A−B=A+B
(b) only direction is changed (b) A+B= B− A
(c) only magnitude is changed (c) A − B = A + (− B )
(d) only direction is reversed (d) None of the above
TOPIC 2 ~ Resolution of Vectors
12 If A is a vector with magnitude A, then the unit vector their is a change in which of the following with
a$ in the direction of vector A is regard to R?
A
(a) AA (b) A ⋅ A (c) A × A (d) (a) Magnitude
|A | (b) Direction
13 Unit vector of 4$i − 3$j + k$ is (c) Both magnitude and direction
(a) $i − $j + k$ (b) 26$i − 26$j + 26k$ (d) None of the above
4 i$ − 3$j + k$ 19 Consider vectors a, b and c as
(c) (d) 5$i − 4 $j + 5k$
26 a = a x $i + a y $j + a z k$
14 Consider a vector A that lies in xy-plane. If Ax and A y
b = b $i + b $j + b k$
x y z
are the magnitudes of its x and y -components
respectively, then the correct representation of A can c = cx $i + c y $j + c z k$
be given by
Then, for a vector T = a + b − c has its y-component
Y Y
in the form
(a) a y + b y + c y (b) − a y + b y − c y
A A
(a) A sin θ j (b) A sin θ j (c) a y + b y − c y (d) a y − b y + c y
θ
θ
O X O X 20 Unit vector in the direction of the resultant of vectors
A cos θ î A cos θ î
A = − 3$i − 2$j − 3k$ and B = 2$i + 4$j + 6k$ is
Y
− 3$i + 2$j − 3k$
(a) (b) − $i + 2$j + 3k$
A 14
(c) A cos θ j (d) None of these − $i + 2$j + 3k$
θ (c) (d) − 2$i − 4 $j + 8k$
O X 14
A sin θ î
21 Two forces P and Q of magnitude 2F and 3F ,
15 Magnitude of a vector Q is 5 and magnitude of its
respectively,are at an angle θ with each other. If the
y-component is 4. So, the magnitude of the
force Q is doubled, then their resultant also gets
x-component of this vector is
doubled. Then, the angle θ is JEE Main 2019
(a) 8 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 8
(a) 60° (b) 120°
16 A vector is inclined at an angle 60° to the horizontal. (c) 30° (d) 90°
If its rectangular component in the horizontal direction 22 It is found that A + B = A . This necessarily implies
is 50 N, then its magnitude in the vertical direction is
(a) |B| = 0 (b) A , B are parallel
(a) 25 N (b) 75 N (c) 87 N (d) 100 N
(c) A , B are perpendicular (d) A; B ≤ 0
17 Three vectors are given as P = 3$i − 4$j, Q = 6$i − 8$j and
23 Find the value of difference of unit vectors A and B
R = (3/ 4) $i − $j, then which of the following is correct? whose angle of intersection is θ.
(a) P, Q and R are equal vectors (a) 2 sin(θ / 2 ) (b) 2cos(θ / 2 )
(b) P and Q are parallel but R is not parallel (c) sin(θ / 2 ) (d) cos(θ / 2 )
(c) P, Q and R are parallel 24 Given, | A + B | = P , | A − B | = Q. The value of
(d) None of the above
P 2 + Q 2 is
18 Two vectors P and Q are inclined at an angle θ and R
(a) 2( A 2 + B 2 ) (b) A 2 − B 2
is their resultant as shown in the figure.
(c) A 2 + B 2 (d) 2( A 2 − B 2 )
Q
25 For two vectors A and B, | A + B | = | A − B | is
R
always true, when
q
a (a) | A | = | B | ≠ 0
O P (b) | A | = | B | ≠ 0 and A and B are parallel or anti-parallel
Keeping the magnitude and the angle of the vectors (c) when either | A | or | B | is zero
same, if the direction of P and Q is interchanged, then (d) None of the above
26 Two vectors A and B have equal magnitudes. The 27 Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 35 ms −1 .
magnitude of ( A + B) is ‘n’ times the magnitude of Winds starts blowing after sometime with a speed of
( A − B). The angle between A and B is 12 ms −1 in east to west direction. In which direction
n 2 − 1 n − 1 from vertical should boy waiting at a bus stop hold
(a) sin −1 2 (b) sin −1
n + 1 n + 1 his umbrella?
n 2 − 1 n − 1 (a) tan −1 (0.45) , west (b) tan −1 (0.343) , west
(c) cos −1 2 (d) cos −1
n + 1 n + 1 (c) tan −1 (0.343) , east (d) tan −1 (0.24) , east
(a) y = x − 5x 2
(b) y = 2x − 5x 2 (a) 490 3 m (b) 245 3 m (c) 980 3 m (d) 100 m
(c) 4 y = 2x − 5x 2
(d) 4 y = 2x − 25x2 62 Given below figure show three paths of a rock with
different initial velocities. The correct increasing
54 Amongst the following graphs, which graph represents order for the respective initial horizontal velocity
the correct relation between the height of projectile ( h) component (ignoring the effect of air resistance) is
and time ( t ), when a particle (projectile) is thrown from JEE Main 2013
the ground obeliquely?
Y
h h
(a) (b)
O t O t
h h
1 2 3
X
(c) (d) O
O t O t (a) 1 < 2 < 3 (b) 3 < 2 < 1 (c) 2 < 1 < 3 (d) 3 < 1 < 2
55 Two stones were projected simultaneously in the same 63 A man can throw a stone to a maximum distance
vertical plane from same point obliquely, with different of 80 m. The maximum height to which it will rise, is
speeds and angles with the horizontal. The trajectory of (a) 30 m (b) 20 m (c) 10 m (d) 40 m
path followed by one, as seen by the other, is 64 If a person can throw a stone to maximum height of
(a) parabola (b) straight line (c) circle (d) hyperbola h metre vertically, then the maximum distance
56 Time taken by a stone to reach the maximum height is through which it can be thrown horizontally at an
5.8 s, then total time taken by the stone during which it angle θ by the same person is
was in flight is h
(a) (b) h (c) 2h (d) 3h
(a) 5.8 s (b) 11.6 s (c) 2.9 s (d) 4.2 s 2
57 An aircraft flying horizontally with the speed 480 kmh − 1 65 Find angle of projection with the horizontal in terms
of maximum height attained and horizontal range.
releases a parachute at a height of 980 m from the ground. 2H 4R 4H H
It will strike the ground at (use, g = 10 ms − 2 ) (a) tan −1 (b) tan −1 (c) tan −1 (d) tan −1
R H R R
(a) 1 km (b) 2 km (c) 2.8 km (d) 1.867 km
66 The speed of a projectile at the maximum height is 67 A body is projected at t = 0 with a velocity 10 ms −1 at
(1/2) of its initial speed. Find the ratio of range of an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The radius of
projectile to the maximum height attained. curvature of its trajectory at t =1 s is R. Neglecting air
4 resistance and taking acceleration due to gravity
(a) 4 3 (b)
3 g =10 ms −2 , the value of R is JEE Main 2019
3 (a) 10.3 m (b) 2.8 m (c) 5.1 m (d) 2.5 m
(c) (d) 6
4
A B C D A B C D A B C A B C
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 3 1 2 (a) 2 4 1 (b) 1 2 3
(c) 1 4 3 2 (d) 3 2 1 4 (c) 3 1 2 (d) 2 4 1
Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (b) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (c) 26 (c) 27 (c) 28 (a) 29 (d) 30 (b)
31 (c) 32 (d) 33 (c) 34 (a) 35 (a) 36 (a) 37 (b) 38 (c) 39 (b) 40 (b)
41 (b) 42 (b) 43 (a) 44 (c) 45 (b) 46 (d) 47 (d) 48 (a) 49 (c) 50 (c)
51 (b) 52 (a) 53 (b) 54 (c) 55 (b) 56 (b) 57 (d) 58 (b) 59 (c) 60 (c)
61 (a) 62 (a) 63 (b) 64 (c) 65 (c) 66 (b) 67 (b) 68 (a) 69 (c) 70 (b)
71 (d) 72 (a) 73 (c) 74 (b) 75 (c) 76 (a) 77 (c) 78 (a) 79 (c) 80 (b)
R1
However, direction of the motion of an object along a B
=
A+
straight line is shown by positive and negative signs.
B
(a) (b)
3 (b) The perimeter of the rectangle would be the sum of
. m + 0.5 m + 10
the lengths of the four sides, i.e. 10 . m Hence, option (c) is the correct about vector subtraction.
+ 0.5 m = 3.0 m. 12 (d) In general, a vector A can be written as
Since, length of each side is a scalar, thus the perimeter A = | A | n$ … (i)
is also a scalar.
where, n$ is a unit vector along A.
4 (c) Two vectors are said to be equal, if and only if they
If a$ is a unit vector along A, then from Eq. (i) we can
have the same magnitude and direction. A
Among the given vectors A and B are equal vectors as write, a$ =
|A |
they have same magnitude (length) and direction.
However, P and Q are not equal even though they are of 13 (c) Given, A = 4 $i − 3$j + k$
same magnitude because their directions are different. |A |= Ax2 + A y2 + A z2
5 (a) | λ A | = λ | A |, if λ > 0, as multiplication of vector
= ( 4 )2 + ( −3 )2 + (1)2 = 26
A with a positive number λ gives a vector whose
magnitude is changed by the factor λ but the direction $ = A = 4i − 3j + k
$ $ $
is same as that of A. ∴ Unit vector, A
|A| 26
6 (a) Multiplying a vector A with a negative number λ
14 (a) Vector along X-axis (x-component)
gives a vector whose magnitude is changed by the
factor λ but direction is reversed. = Ax i$ = | A |cos θi$ = A cos θi$
7 (d) | B | = − 1.5 | A |. So when A is multiplied by − 1.5, Vector along Y- axis (y-component)
then its direction gets reversed and magnitude would be = A y $j = | A |sin θ$j = Asin θj$
1.5 times | A |. This can be shown as
Thus, | B | ≠ | A |.
Y
8 (d) Vectors by definition obey the triangle law of
addition. According to which, if vector B is placed with
its tail at the head of vector A. Then, when we join the
N P
tail of A to the head of B. The line OQ represents a
vector R, i.e. the sum of the vectors A and B. Thus, A
A sin θ j
figure given in option (d) is correct.
P θ
A O X
O A cos θ î M
Hints & Explanations
B
R=
A+ 15 (b) Given, | Q | = 5
B
Q Qy = 4
9 (b) Null vector 0 is a vector whose magnitude is zero
Qx = ?
and its direction cannot be specified. So, it means, |0 | = 0 As, |Q | = Qx2 + Q y2
Thus, λ 0 = 0.
⇒ | Q |2 = Qx2 + Q 2y
Hence, property given in option (b) is incorrect.
Substituting the given values, we get
10 (b) Since in the given case, the initial and final positions
coincides, so the displacement will be zero. Thus, it is a ( 5 )2 = Qx2 + 4 2
null vector. ⇒ Qx = 9= 3
16 (c) Given, vector can be shown below as In first case F1 = 2F and F2 = 3 F
Y ⇒ Fr2 = 4 F 2 + 9F 2 + 2 × 2 × 3F 2 cos θ
⇒ Fr2 = 13F 2 + 12F 2 cos θ … (ii)
In second case F1 = 2F and F2 = 6 F
Ay A
(Q Force Q gets doubled)
θ and Fr′ = 2Fr (Given)
Ax X
0
By putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
where, θ = 60°
Ay ( 2Fr )2 = ( 2F )2 + ( 6F )2 + 2 × 2 × 6 F 2 cos θ
Then, tan θ = or A y = Ax tan θ
Ax ⇒ 4 Fr2 = 40F 2 + 24 F 2 cos θ … (iii)
⇒ A y = 50 tan 60° = 50 × 3 (Q 3 = 1732
. ) From Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii), we get;
= 86.6 −
~ 87 N 52F 2 + 48F 2 cos θ = 40F 2 + 24 F 2 cos θ
17 (c) Given, P = 3$i − 4 $j ⇒ 12 + 24 cos θ = 0 or cos θ = − 1 / 2
or θ = 120º (Qcos 120º = − 1 / 2 )
and Q = 6i$ − 8$j = 2( 3$i − 4 $j ) = 2P
2 2
3 1 P 22 (a) Given that A + B = A or A + B = A
Also, R = $i − $j = ( 3i$ − 4 $j ) =
4 4 4 ⇒ A
2
+ B
2
+ 2 A B cos θ = A
2
F2=Q Fr
F2=Q
θ
α
Given, |A + B| = P
F1=P
⇒ | A + B |2 = P 2
Fr2 = F12 + F22 + 2F1 F2 cos θ … (i) P 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ …(i)
Also, | A − B | = Q ⇒ | A − B |2 = Q 2 Using the rule of vector addition, we see that the
resultant of vr and vw is R as shown in the figure.
⇒ A + B + 2 AB cos(180°−θ ) = Q
2 2 2
The magnitude of R is
⇒ A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ = Q 2 …(ii)
|R | = v2r + v2w
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
P 2 + Q 2 = 2( A 2 + B 2 ) = 352 + 122 = 37 ms −1
The direction θ that R makes with the vertical is given
25 (c) Given, A + B = A − B
by
⇒
2
+ B
2
+ 2 A B cos θ v 12
A tan θ = w = = 0.343 or θ = tan −1 ( 0.343 )
vr 35
2 2
= A + B − 2 A B cos θ Therefore, the boy should hold his umbrella in the
2 2 vertical plane at an angle of about tan −1 ( 0.343 ) with the
⇒ A + B + 2 A B cos θ
vertical towards the east.
2 2
= A + B − 2 A B cos θ
28 (a) Position vector r of an object in x y-plane at point P
⇒ 4 A B cos θ = 0 ⇒ A B cos θ = 0 with its components along X and Y-axes as x and y,
⇒ A = 0 or B = 0 or cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90° respectively is given as r = x$i + y$j.
Thus, | A + B | = | A − B | is always true, when either | A | Given, x = 2 units and y = 4 units
or | B | is zero or A and B are perpendicular to each other.
So, position vector at P will be given as r = 2$i + 4 $j.
26 (c) Given, |A |= |B |
29 (d) Position vector of the particle at P, r = 2$i + 3$j
or A=B …(i)
Let magnitude of ( A + B ) is R and for ( A − B ) is R′. Position vector of the particle at P ′, r ′ = 5$i + 6$j
Now, R=A+B ∴ Displacement of the particle is ∆r = r ′− r
and R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos θ ⇒ ∆r = ( 5$i + 6$j ) − ( 2$i + 3$j )
R 2 = 2 A 2 + 2 A 2 cos θ …(ii) = ( 5 − 2 )i$ + ( 6 − 3 )$j = 3$i + 3$j
[Q using Eq. (i)] 30 (b) Position vector of the particle at
Again, R′ = A − B t = 0 s, r0 s = 2i$ + 3$j
⇒ R ′ 2 = A 2 + B 2 − 2 AB cosθ
t = 2 s, r = 6i$ + 7$j
2s
R ′ 2 = 2 A 2 − 2 A 2 cosθ …(iii)
and t = 5 s, r5 s = 13$i + 14 $j
[Q using Eq. (i)]
2 Displacement in t = 0 s to t = 5 s,
R ∆r = r5 s − r0 s
Given, R = nR ′ or =n
2
R ′
= (13 − 2 )i$ + (14 − 3 )$j = 11i$ + 11$j
Dividing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (iii), we get
∆r 11$i + 11$j 11 $ $
n 2 1 + cos θ Average velocity, v = = = (i + j)
= ∆t 5 5
1 1 − cos θ
31 (c) The direction of instantaneous velocity at any point
n2 − 1 (1 + cos θ ) − (1 − cos θ ) on the path of an object is tangential to the path at that
or =
n2 + 1 (1 + cos θ ) + (1 − cos θ ) point and is in the direction of motion. Also, direction
of average velocity is same as that of ∆r.
n2 − 1 2cos θ
⇒ = = cos θ So, amongst the given figures we can say that, options
n +12
2
(a) and (b) are depicting the direction of averge velocity
Hints & Explanations
v2y = 100 − 64 = 36 A
⇒ v y = 6 ms −1
Since, the girl dive the river normal to the flow of the 1 1
− × 9.8 = 5 − 4.9 = 01
= 10 × . m
river, time taken by the girl to cross the river, so 2 2
d 2 km 2
t= = = h So, the position coordinate of the ball after 1s is
vg 5 kmh −1 5 (8.66 m, 0.1 m).
In this time, the girl will go down the river by the 49 (c) After the object has been projected, the x-component
distance AC due to river current. of the velocity remains constant throughout the motion
∴ Distance travelled along the river and only the y-component changes, like an object in
2 free-fall in vertical direction. This is shown graphically
= vr × t = 2 × at few instants below
5
4 4000 Y
= km = m = 800 m vy=0
5 5 v v=v0x^i
^ q=0
45 (b) Given, velocity of girl, v = 5i$ ms −1
g
vy j
v0x^i
Let velocity of rain, vr = vx $i + v y $j ms −1
v0x^i
Relative velocity of rain = vr − vg = ( vx − 5 )$i + v y $j v0 ^ v
v0y^
j vy j
vx − 5
Now, it is vertical, so tan θ = =0 q0
vy v0x^i
X
v0x ^
i q=- q0
⇒ vx − 5 = 0 ⇒ vx = 5 …(i) ^ ^
vy j = - v0y j
v
On increasing the speed of the girl, relative velocity
becomes ( vx − 15 )i$ + v y $j 50 (c) At the top most point of the projectile, there is only
v − 15 horizontal component of velocity and acceleration due
tan θ = tan 45° = x =1 to the force of gravity in vertically downward direction.
vy
So, velocity and acceleration are perpendicular to each
⇒ vx − 15 = v y ⇒ v y = −10 [using Eq. (i)] other at the top most point.
∴ Velocity of rain = ( 5$i − 10$j) ms −1 51 (b) Given, equations of motion are
⇒ Magnitude of velocity of rain x = 18t , 2 y = 54 t − 9.8t 2
= ( 5 ) + (10 )
2 2
General equations of projectile are
= 125 = 5 5 ms −1 1
x = u cosθ ⋅ t and y = u sin θ ⋅ t − gt 2
2
46 (d) An object that is in flight after being thrown or where, θ is the angle of projection.
projected is called a projectile. The motion of projectile
Comparing it with given equation, we have
may be thought of as the result of two separate,
54
simultaneously occurring components of motions. One u cos θ = 18 and u sin θ =
component along a horizontal direction without any 2
acceleration u sin θ 54 / 2
⇒ =
and the other along the vertical direction with constant u cos θ 18
54
acceleration due to the force of gravity. ∴ tan θ = = 1.5 ⇒ θ = tan −1 (1.5)
47 (d) When an object projected at an angle θ with the 2 × 18
horizontal, then the acceleration acting on it is that due 52 (a) The trajectory of a projectile projected at an angle θ
to gravity which is directed vertically downward and with the horizontal direction from ground is given by
remains constant throughout. gx2
y = x tan θ − 2
a = − g$j
Hints & Explanations
i.e., 2u cos 2 θ
Thus, at the top most point value of a = g . For same trajectories with equal angle of projection,
48 (a) Given, u = 10 ms− 1 , θ = 30°, t = 1s g
= constant
Horizontal distance, x = u cosθt = 10cos 30° × 1 u2
10 × 3 g earth g ′planet
= = 5 3 m = 8.66 m ⇒ 2
= 2
2 uearth u planet
Similarly, vertical distance,
1 Given, g earth = g = 9.8 ms −2 , uearth = 5 ms −1 and
y = u sin θt − gt 2
2 u planet = 3 ms −1
1 Let, g ′planet = g ′
= 10sin 30° × 1 − × 9.8 × 12
2
So, substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get Distance at which the parachute strikes the ground
9.8 g ′ = Horizontal velocity × t
=
52 32 = 480 × 14 ×
1
=
6720
= 1867
. km
9.8 × 9 3600 3600
⇒ g′ = = 3.5 ms−2
25 58 (b) Given, u = 60 ms −1
53 (b) Given, initial velocity, u = ( $i + 2$j ) ms −1 Maximum height H that the ball will achieve
Magnitude of velocity, = Height of ceiling of the hall = 30 m
u = (1)2 + ( 2 )2 = 5 ms −1 u 2 sin 2 θ
As, maximum height, H =
2g
Equation of trajectory of projectile,
( 60 ) sin θ
2 2
gx2 ⇒ 30 =
y = x tan θ − 2 2g
2u cos 2 θ
30 × 2g 10
gx2 sec2 θ ⇒ sin 2 θ = = [Q g = 10 ms −2 ]
= x tan θ − 60 × 60 60
2u 2 1
gx2 ⇒ sin θ =
= x tan θ − 2 (1 + tan 2 θ ) [Qsec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ] 6
2u
u 2 sin 2 α
Substituting the given values, we get 59 (c) Maximum height, H =
2g
10( x )2 uy 2
∴y= x× 2− 2
[1 + ( 2 )2 ] Q tan θ = = = 2 For same speed of projection,
2( 5 ) ux 1
H ∝ sin 2 α
10( x2 )
= 2x − (1 + 4 ) = 2x − 5x2 H1 sin 2 α
2× 5 ∴ =
H 2 sin ( 90° − α )
2
57 (d) Time taken by the parachute to fall through a ⇒ R ∝ horizontal initial velocity component ( ux )
height h of 980 m ∴ From the given plot, we can see that for path 3, range
is maximum. This implies that the rock has the
2h 2 × 980
t= = = 14 s maximum horizontal velocity component in this path.
g 10 Thus, the correct order will be 1 < 2 < 3.
63 (b) Given ,maximum horizontal range, R max = 80 m Now, angle made by the velocity vector at time of t = 1 s
vy |10 − 5 3 |
u 2 sin 2θ | tan α | = =
As, range of a projectile, R = vx 5
g
and it is maximum θ = 45° ⇒ tan α = |2 − 3 |
u2 or α = 15º
∴ = 80 m
g ∴ Radius of curvature of the trajectory of the projected
u 2 sin 2 θ body R = v2 / g cosα
Maximum height, h =
2g ( 5 )2 + (10 − 5 3 )2
=
80 1 10 × 0.97
= (sin 2 45° ) = 40 × = 20 m [Q v2 = vx2 + v2y and cos 15º = 0.97]
2 2
64 (c) When, stone is thrown vertically upward, then ⇒ R = 2.77 m ≈ 2.8 m
u2 68 (a) In a uniform circular motion, velocity at each point
Maximum height, h = ⇒ u 2 = 2gh …(i)
2g is along the tangent at that point in the direction of
motion. However, acceleration is directed towards the
Maximum horizontal distance covered by the stone
centre at each point of the circular path.
when it is thrown horizontally at an angle θ is
∴ Velocity and acceleration vectors are perpendicular to
u2
R max = (when θ = 45°), each other.
g
69 (c) For a uniform circular motion,
⇒ R max = 2h [from Eq. (i)]
v2
u sin θ
2 2 centripetal acceleration, ac =
65 (c) Maximum height, H = … (i) R
2g
Since, v and R are constants, the magnitude of the
u 2 sin 2θ centripetal acceleration of the car is also constant.
Horizontal range, R = … (ii)
g However, the direction changes pointing towards the
centre. Therefore, a centripetal acceleration is not a
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
constant vector.
H tan θ
=
R 4 70 (b) In the figure, AB is the required displacement of the
4H particle.
⇒ θ = tan −1
R In triangle OAB, OA = OB and ∠ AOB = 60°
A
66 (b) Let u be the initial speed, so speed at hightest point
u
= u cosθ = ⇒ θ = 60° r Displacement
2 60°
B
u 2 sin 2θ O r
Q Horizontal range, R =
g
u 2 sin 2 θ
and maximum height, H = Therefore, ∆AOB is an equilateral triangle, so
2g
OA = OB = r = AB.
R 4 4 4
⇒ = = =
H tan θ tan 60° 3 71 (d) Angle covered by each particle in time duration 0 to
π
67 (b) Components of velocity at an instant of time t of a
is
2ω
body projected at an angle θ is π π
θ=ω × t=ω × = rad
Hints & Explanations
Q ~ 22 kmh −1
=
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. To obtain the direction, we apply the law of sines
u 2 sin 2 α R v
85 (b) Maximum height, H1 = = c
2g sin θ sin φ
u 2 sin 2 ( 90°−α ) u 2 cos 2 α v 10 × sin 120°
and H2 = = or sin φ = c sin θ =
2g 2g R 22
u2 u2 10 3
⇒ H1 + H 2 = (sin 2 α + cos 2 α ) = = = 0.394 ⇒ φ = 23.2°
2g 2g 2 × 22
So, statements I and II are correct but III and IV are
Thus, the sum of height for angle of projections α and incorrect.
90°−α is independent of the angle of projection.
90 (b) Statements I and III are correct but II is incorrect Therefore, a also can never be greater than the sum
and it can be corrected as of the magnitudes of b , c and d.
For a projectile motion, one of the component of the (d) Since a + b + c + d = 0
velocity, i.e. the x-component remains constant or a + (b + c ) + d = 0
throughout the motion and only the y-component The resultant of three vectors a, ( b + c ) and d can
changes, like an object in free fall in vertical direction. be zero only when they lie in a plane and can be
This means, at the maximum height, v y = 0. represented by the three sides of triangle taken in
one order.
91 (a) Statement I is correct but II is incorrect and it can be
If a and d are collinear, then ( b + c ) must be in the
corrected as
line of a and d, only then the vector sum of all the
The acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion vectors will be zero.
is always directed towards the centre of the circle. Thus, the statement given in option (a) is incorrect,
92 (a) Three equal vectors can add upto zero when each of rest are correct.
them is inclined at 120° with the other. 95 (a) Position vector of the particle,
If | A + B | = | A − B |, they are inclined at 90° as shown r = x$i + y$j = ( at 2 + bt )$i + ( ct )$j
below.
N dr
Velocity, v = = ( 2at + b )$i + c$j
dt
B A +B It means, velocity is not constant as it varies with time.
dv
Acceleration, a = = ( 2a )i$
P M dt
A
This means, acceleration of the particle is constant
–B
A–B throughout the motion.
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest
O are incorrect.
In this figure, length of MN is equal to length of MO.
96 (b) When a particle is projected at an angle θ with the
So, | A + B | = | A − B |. horizontal with initial velocity u, then the horizontal
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest u 2 sin 2θ
are incorrect. range R of projectile is .
g
93 (a) Since, ( 5 )2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2
Clearly, for maximum horizontal range, sin 2θ = 1
which is in accordance to or 2θ = 90° or θ = 45°. Hence, in order to achieve
pythagoras theorem. So, the A+B (5) maximum range, the particle should be projected at 45°.
vectors can be shown in the (4) B
u2
figure as In this case, R max =
g
∴ A and B are perpendicular.
A (3)
However, if the length of A + B Hence, ranges of A and C are less than that of B.
vector is more than or less than 5, then they should be Thus, the statement given in option (b) is correct, rest
inclined at acute and obtuse angle, respectively. are incorrect.
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest 97 (c) The equation of motion
are incorrect. x ( t ) = x0 + v0 x t
94 (a) 1
y ( t ) = y0 + v0 y t + a y t 2
(a) a + b + c + d can be zero in many ways other than 2
a , b , c and d must each be a null vector, e.g. if the
vectors are in different directions, then their Here, x0 = y0 = 0, v0 y = 0
a y = − g = − 9.8 ms −2
Hints & Explanations
are incorrect. u
2 x ( 2u y )
100 (b) Statement given in option (b) is incorrect and it can 2
be corrected as R= = Ri
g
For a particle performing uniform circular motion,
velocity will be tangential in the direction of motion at a ( 2u y )4
H= = 4Hi
particular point. g
Rest statements are correct. So, only H will change to four times the original
102 (b) value.
A. As, | B | = 2 | A | and they both are in the same Hence, A → 1, B → 2 and C → 3.
direction, so 2A = B.
106 (c) Adding any two vectors is not meaningful because Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms−2
only vectors of same dimension, i.e. having same unit Centripetal acceleration ( a ) 62.5
can be added. ∴ = = 6.38
Acceleration due to gravity ( g ) 9.8
107 (a) Given, initial velocity, u = 40 ms −1
110 (a) When the boat is anchored in the harbour, the flag
Height of the hall, H = 25 m flutters along the north-east direction, therefore the
Let the angle of projection of the ball be θ, when velocity of the wind is along north-east direction.
maximum height attained by it be 25 m. Velocity of the wind, vw = 72 kmh −1 (north-east)
u 2 sin 2 θ
Maximum height attained by the ball, H = Velocity of the boat, vb = 51 kmh −1
2g
When the boat starts moving along north direction, the
( 40 ) sin θ
2 2
⇒ 25 = flag will flutter along the direction of the relative
2 × 9.8 velocity of wind w.r.t. boat ( vwb ). Angle between
25 × 2 × 9.8 vw and − vb = 45° + 90° = 135°. Actually when the
or sin 2 θ = = 0.3063 boat moves in northern direction, flag flutters in
1600
southern direction.
or sin θ = 0.5534 = sin 33.6° or θ = 33.6°
If relative velocity of wind w.r.t. the boat ( vwb ) makes
u 2 sin 2θ angle β with the direction of wind, i.e. north-east, then
∴ Horizontal range, R =
g vb sin 135°
tan β =
( 40 )2 sin ( 2 × 33.6° ) vw + vb cos 135°
=
9.8 Qsin 135° = sin (180° − 45° ) = sin 45°
1600 × sin 67.2° and cos 135° = cos (180° − 45° ) = − cos 45°
=
9.8
1600 × 0.9219 1
= = 150.5 m 51 ×
51 sin 45° 2
9.8 = =
72 + 51( − cos 45° ) 1
108 (b) Horizontal range of a projectile is given by 72 + 51 −
2
u 2 sin 2θ
R= =
51
= 1.0034
g 72 2 − 51
If θ = 45°, then R is maximum and is equal to
u2 = tan (45.1° ) or β = 45.1°
R max = N
g
Given, R max = 100 m vb vw
u2
∴ 100 = …(i) 45°
β
g O
W E
When cricketer throws the ball vertically upward, then –vb 135°
it goes upto height H. vwb
ground.
As, we know that
109 (a) Radius of horizontal loop, r = 1km = 1000 m u 2 sin 2θ
R=
5
Speed of aircraft, v = 900 kmh −1 = 900 × ms −1 g
18 u2 R
−1 5 −1 or =
Q 1 kmh = ms g sin 2θ
18
= 250 ms −1 u2 3000 3000
or = =
g sin 60° 3/ 2
Centripetal acceleration of the aircraft,
v2 ( 250 )2 62500 u 2 6000
a= = = = 62.5 ms −2 = …(i)
r 1000 1000 g 3
When bullet is fired at an angle of projection 45°, then 115 (b) Clearly from the diagram, u = a$i + b$j
horizontal range is maximum.
As u is in the first quadrant, hence both components a
u 2 sin( 2 × 45° ) u 2
∴ R max = = and b will be positive.
g g For v = p i$ + q$j, as it is in positive x-direction and
6000 located downward hence x-component p will be positive
= = 2000 3 = 3464 m
3 but y-component q will be negative.
Therefore, bullet cannot be fired up to 5000 m or 116 (b) Let r makes an angle θ with positive X -axis.
6000 m with the same muzzle speed because it can Component of r along X-axis is
cover maximum horizontal distance upto 3464 m.
rx = r cos θ
112 (b) Let A be the position of the aircraft at time t = 0 and ( rx ) max = r (cos θ ) max
at t = 10 s it is at position B as shown below. = r cos 0° = r
Given, ∠ AOB = 30° and height of the aircraft above
the ground, h = 3400 m (Q cos θ is maximum at θ = 0°)
AB As θ = 0°, r is along positive X-axis.
In right angle triangle OAB, tan 30° =
OA 117 (c) Given, θ = 15 ° and R = 50 m
A B u 2 sin 2 θ
We know that, range, R = … (i)
g
3400 m
hence has the same value for observers with different If v0 is positive, so equal path lengths are traversed in
orientations of the axes. equal intervals.
Also, it is completely specified by a number only, so it As it is independent of displacement, so it will not give
can take negative and positive values both. any information regarding average velocity and
acceleration.