UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA

CIVIL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE
ECC 3553

TITLE OF EXP. GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

DATE 02 NOVEMBER 2022
GROUP 8
GROUP 1. 2200054 ASWAD AZAN BIN AZHAR
MEMBERS 2. 2200055 MUHAMMAD AKMAL AISY B MOHD AZIZI
3. 2200080 JUNINAH BINTI MOHD AMIN
4. 2200086 NURNASHA KHALEEDA BINTI ROSZAINI

LECTURER DR . ZULIZIANA BT SUIF MARKS

REMARS / DATE 18 JANUARY 2023
OF
SUBMISSION

1
 Table of content
No Title Pages
1. Cover pages 1
2. Table of content 2
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Objective
6. Apparatus
7. Procedure
8. Data & Results
9. Calculation
10. Discussions
11. Conclusion
12. Suggestion
13. Appendix
14. References

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INTRODUCTION

When the upstream flow reaches supercritical (F>1), a hydraulic leap happens. There must be a
flow obstruction downstream for there to be a leap. A weir, a bridge abutment, a dam, or simple
channel friction might all be considered downstream obstructions. During a hydraulic leap, water
depth rises and energy is lost as turbulence. Engineers frequently put obstacles in channels on
purpose to make leaps happen. Hydraulic leaps are frequently used in water treatment facilities to
help in the mixing of coagulant chemicals. Installing concrete blocks in a canal downstream of a
spillway can cause a leap, lowering the water's velocity and energy. There will be a jump in the
flow from supercritical (F>1) to subcritical (F1).

OBJECTIVES
1. To create the hydraulic jump.
2. To verify the questions of fluid flow.
3. To determine the stability & characteristics of the hydraulic jump obtained in the
lab using Impulse momentum & specific energy equations.
4. To compare measured flow depths with theoretical results.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

1. Flow Channel 5 Meter
2. Flow Depth Gauge
3. Sluice Gate
4. Control Gate
5. Stopwatch

PROCEDURE
1. The channel width, B, is measured.
2. The reservoir outlet is closed
3. The Pump is switched on.
4. The flow is released in the reservoir until the water level is stable.
5. The reservoir outlet is open fully to achieve maximum flow rate.
6. A stationery hydraulic jump is created in the flume by adjusting the suice gate
and downstream control gate.
7. The depth of flow y1 y2 and the length of the jump L, is measured.
8. The flow rate is then measured
9. Step 6 to 8 were repeated for another different flow rates

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GRAPH AND RESULT

5.0 Result
1. Width of Channel, B = 0.095 m
2. Shape of Channel’s base = Rectangular
3. Value of Manning’s n (from Comp. of Manning’s n), n = 0.095
4. Volume of Water collected, V = 0.005 m3
5. Time Taken of Collecting Water, 4 = 0.834 sec
6. Flow rate, Q = 5.995 x 10-3 m3/s
7. Channel Divided into N division, N = 5
8. Depth of y1 = 0.09 m
9. Depth of y6 = 0.082 m
10. Distance between Two Depth, L = 1 m
11. ∆y [ Eqn(2) ] = -1.6× 10-3 m
12. Measure Critical Depth, yc [ Eqn(3) ] = 0.0740 m
13. Conveyance Factor, Ko [ Eqn(4) ] = 2.586 x 10-4 m3/s

Index Depth of y1 Average Conveyance Denominator Numerator ∆xi

1 (m) Depth of y1 Factor, K1 [ Eqn(1) ] [ Eqn(1) ] [ Eqn(1) ]
(1) [ Eqn (m) (m3/s) i.e. i.e. Or
(7) ] [ Eqn(5) ] [ Eqn(6) ] 1 – 1 – (yc/y1)3 ∆y(6)/S0(5)
(2) (3) (4) (K0/K1)2 (6) (7)
(5)
1 y1 =0.09 ******** ******** ******** ******** ********
2 y2=0.089 0.0895 0.139 0.981 0.425
3 y3=0.087 0.0875 0.131 0.978 0.425
4 y4=0.085 0.0855 1.220 0.999 0.425 0.425
5 y5=0.084 0.0845 0.118 0.973 0.425 0.436
6 y6=0.082 0.0825 0.110 0.969 0.425 0.439
L = Total ∆xi = 2.167

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 CONCLUSION

The water driven hop has been studied in the lab under controlled circumstances for several stream
upsides. Hops occur when flow passes the critical depth and ends in a zone with subcritical
circumstances due to greater flow rates or subcritical conditions. This is supported by the
calculations' observation that the situation is not totally resolved. The limit governing the pressure-
driven bounce is represented by the fraction Fr. The primary goal of this inquiry has been achieved by
identifying the analytical technique for determining a pressure-driven bounce. The findings of this
investigation demonstrate a fundamental understanding of uses in theoretical and practical
configurations. For a certain arrangement of boundaries in the planning stages of a hydraulic
engineering project, the regions of water-powered bounces, as well as their relevant information,
must be defined. application. Some proposals call for the use of a jump, while others call for the
elimination of a jump.
The person who took the readings off the scale may have done it incorrectly, which would have led
to an error in the information we collected. To ensure that no value could be misinterpreted, we used
two individuals to read the scale and instrument values. We also had two people record the findings
to assure that, in the event of a mistake, the second person would have the correct readings.
It's also easy to misjudge the water's depth. To measure the height of the flow, we must measure the
height of the water using the linked scale on the transparent flume. If the scale had been improperly
fastened to the flume, causing an erroneous reading of the water level, we might not have found a
problem.
In order to compare data and take an average figure to improve the accuracy of our results, we had
two people measure the height of the flow. We thought the scale was accurate because it had recently
undergone calibration because the equipment was fresh.

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 APPENDIX

𝑌2
𝑌1 2) (1)
= (−1 + √1 + 8 𝐹𝑟1
2
𝐹𝑟1= Froude number of flow entering the jump. For rectangular flume.

𝐹𝑟 𝑄 (2)
=
1 3/2
𝐵𝑦
𝑔 1 √

Q = flow rate (𝑚3/s)

B = Flume width (m)

𝐸𝐿 (3)
=
(𝑦2−𝑦1)3
4𝑦1𝑦2

𝑃𝐿 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝐿 (4)

𝑦2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦−𝑦2 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ( ) × 100%
𝑦2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

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REFERENCES

 McGraw-Hill, Inc. Janusz M.G, John F.D, John A.S. (2001). “Fluid Mechanics”. (4th ed).
London. Pitman Publishing. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-channel_flow.
 https://www.heighpubs.org/hjcee/pdf/acee-aid1005.pdf
 Dr. Zuliziana bt Suif. 2022. Hydraulic Jump [lab manual]. University
Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur.