CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
(a) What is a differential equation?
(b) Order of a differential equation
(c) Degree of a differential equation
2. APPLICATION LEADING TO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
(a) Population growth and decay
(b) Newton law of cooling
(c) Spreading of COVID 19
(d) Radioactive decay
(e) Simple harmonic motion
(f) Compound interest
3. FINDING

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MITESH KUMAR JENA a
student of 12th has successfully completed the
mathematics project on the topic
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

on the time under the guidance of PRAMOD SIR

during the academic year 2022 -2023. The progress
has been continuously reported and has been in my
knowledge consistently

Mathematics Teacher Principal

External Examiner Examiners

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project assigned in present form is an outcome
of dedication and timely guidance by large number
of well -wisher without their existence, the project
would have not been possible.

My special thanks to our principal.

S.N. THAKUR, and our math’s teacher PRAMOD
SIR, and also to my friends, who constantly kept me
awoke to complete and check manufacturing scripts
and drawbacks.

Name: MITESH KUMAR JENA

Class: 12TH

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 INTRODUCTION
(a) What is a differential equation?
A differential equation is an equation which contain
one or more terms and the derivatives of one
variable (i.e.., dependent variable) with respect to
the other variable (i.e.., independent variable).
Example: dy/dx + y = 5x
Here ‘x’ is an independent variable and ‘y’ is a
dependent variable.
The derivatives represent a rate of change, and the
differential equation describe a relationship
between the quantity that is continuously varying
with respect to the change in another quantity
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) contains
only one independent variable and one or more of
its derivatives withs respect to the variable.

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(B) Order of a differential equation
The order of a differential equation is the largest
derivatives present in the differential equations
Example:
1. Dy/dx + y2 = 5x is of order 1
2. D^2y/dx^2 + xy = sin(x) is of order 2
3. Y’’’ + xy’ + y = e^x is of order 3
© Degree of a differential equation
The degree of a differential equation is the
exponent of the highest order derivatives
Example
1. (dy/dx)^2 + y^2 = 5x degree is 2
2. Y’’’ + x(y’) + y = 12x degree is 1
NOTE
Order and degree (if defined) of a differential
equation are always positive integers

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Differential equation is very important in the
mathematical modelling of physical systems.
Many fundamental laws of physics and chemistry
can be formulated as differential equation. In
biology and economics differential equation are
used to model the behavior complex system.
,These are some examples of the applications
involving differential equation:
1. Population Growth and Decay
The number of members of a population (people in
a given country. Bacteria in a laboratory culture.
Wildflower in a forest etc.) at any given time can be
regarded as a differentiable function P= P(t).

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In most models, it is assumed that the differential
equation takes the forms
dP/dt = a(P)P
where a is a continuous function of P’ that
represents the rate of change of population per unit
time per individual
population growth and decay are given by the
logistics equation
dP/dt = aP(1-aP)
where a is a positive constant.
2. Newton’s law of cooling
According to newton cooling of a hot body is
proportional to the temperature difference
between its temperature T’ of its surrounding. This
statement in terms of mathematics can be written
as:
dT/dt = (T-T’)
this is the form of linear differential equation
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Introduction a proportionality constant K. the above
equation can be written as:
dT/dt = K(T-T’)
here T is the temperature of the body, t is the time.
T’ is the temperature of the surrounding and dT/dt
is the rate of cooling of the body.

3. Spread Of COVID-19
If S denotes the total population of susceptible
people and I = I(t)
Denotes the number of infected people at time t.
Then S-I is the number of the people who are
susceptible but not yet infected
Thus,
I’ = rI(S-I)
Where r is positive constant.

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 4. Radioactivity decay
Over time radioactive elements decay.
For a number of radioactive particles N, the activity
A, or number of decays per time is given by;
A = -dN/dt = !N
Which is first- order differential equation
(! Is the decay constant)

5. Simple Harmonic Motion

A spring gets a weight attached to its and it is pulled
down by gravity. From Newton’s second law.
F = ma
i.e.., F = md^2x/dt^2
The spring pulls it back up based on how stretched
it is
F = -Kx

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(K is the spring’s stiffness, and x is how stretched it
is)
The two forces are always equal
md^2x/dt^2 = -Kx
6. Compound Interest
Money earn interest. the interest can be calculated
at fixed times such as yearly, monthly etc. and
added to the original amount.
This is called compound interest.
But when it is compounded continuously then at
any time the interest gets added in proportion to
the current value of the loan (or investment)
And as the loan grows it earns more interest
Using t for time r for the interest rate and V for the
current value of the loan:
dV/dt = rV

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FINDINGS
Differential equations are very important in the
mathematical modelling of physical system
These are some examples of application involving
differential equations:
(a) Population growth and decay
dP/dt = aP(1-aP)
(b) Newton’s law of cooling
dT/dt = K(T-T’)
(c) Spread of COVID-19
I’ = rI(S-I)
(d) Radioactive decay
A = -dN/dt = !N
(e) Simple Harmonic Motion
md^2x/dt^2 = -Kx
(f) Compound Interest
dV/dt = rV

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.mathsisfun.com
2. www.byjus.com
3. Math.libretexts.org
4. www.youtube.com
5. Mathinsight.org

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