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    Chemistry 2

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    PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL INAS Student Book 2 a _ ) *RACTICAL SKILLS tical work's central to the study of chemistry. The second year ofthe Pearson Edexcel Interatenal Advanced ‘el (AL) Chemisty course includes eight Care Pacticals that tnk theoretical knowledge and understanding to knowledge and understanding of practical shils and acts wil be assessed nal examination papers forthe AL misty qualification apers 4 and 5 wil clude questions based on practical actives, including navel scenarios, ®aper 6 wil est your abit to plan practical work, Including risk management and selection of apparatus. 'ndrto develop practical skis, you should cary aut a range of practical experiments related to the tonics covered ‘our couse, Further suggestions in action to the Core Practcale are inched inthe speciation, which is evalate Comes mea eure ptt {CPaa_Fotowing thorate of tha ledine-gropanone reaction by a tarmac ens mmathos Pa swvestigntng clock reaction’ Havcourt-Esson, acne ook) P10 Finding the stvaton nergy of reaction Pore PIT Finaing the K, vale for a weak okt {O-BASE EQULIBAIA cts P12 _vosigating some electrochemicsl call ox EaunsaALa {Pia Redox trations wah rei ions and potassium manganst() (0P130 Redox tations with seam hosutate and iodine Pca (P14 Propartion of a wanton mata compton ‘ANSON METALS AND THER CHEMISTRY Pic (PIS Analysis of ome inorganic and arn unknowns {ANIC rROGEN COMPOUNDS: AEs, eS, ano Acs AND PROTENS Piczo GPI6 Preparation of aspivin ‘CaM SYITHESIS a ee eras sbatiraee” iePetel SelePaser ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW ‘Tho following tabies give an oveniow ofthe assessment for Pearson Edexcel Intemational Advanced Level course in Chemistry You should study this information closaly to help ensure that you are fully prepared fr this course and know exactly what to expect in each part ofthe examinations, More inlormation about this qualification, and about the ‘question types inthe diferent paper, can be found in Preparing fer your exams on page 288 ofthis book, os 7 Cave) ba Hale eR Cg ATES EMMUBRIAANE RATHER 7. 2 97 Thowr January, ne and Orober GANIC CHEMISTRY 45 minutes Fig nese January 3020 Taare Paper ode WCHIAOT {cerry ser and mare by Penson ES Single ero ey ae PERCENTAGE | PERCENTAGE GA ol ne “RAMSTION METALS AND ORGAN 40% host Janeane and Ocober NITROGEN CHEMNSTRE Eire) Gee ee ah Paper cede WCHISI01 ‘Excel set and marked by Pearson Eden Sagleter of ey Pes ncs Ea ora mS ae 'PRACTIOALSKLLSIN CHEMISTRY 120°. 10% ‘Ahiou anus Jane sal Onl wrieen ex papee BO mines Fie assesmen Jane 2020 per / Ue code WCHIGDL {xealy set and marke by earn Edexcel ‘seg tera ney SMIENT OVERVIEW a ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND WEIGHTINGS. Demonseatekrowledte and undertandng of cence. 338 ane (a) Applicat ofknowiege and undersanding ofscenein M36 3396 SSG ies {eee ad unlenular eontexs (b) Anais and vaiaon of cen informaron make 9-1 TENG 1-14 ‘olgmens and ech conlosone a Exrnmenal ining ain enderiaton yy ay ag RELATIONSHIP OF ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES TO UNITS: wun ween a aoe See} rns mE ‘ot ‘2tA) 203) xB ‘TOTAL FOR INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED LEVEL ae 8 a a ‘Your health depends on a complex interplay of alarge number of chemical reactions taking place in the cells of, yur body. Ina healthy body, these reactions will take place at the correc rat, in the right place and at the Fight time. These reactions are controlled by enzymes. The branch of chemistry concerned with the rates of ‘chemical reactions is called chemical kinetics. The term kinetics implies motion and comes from theancient | ‘Greek word for movement, kinesis, We can use the information obtained from the study of chemical netics to: understand the bodys metabolism (the chemical processes in the body) ‘model the effects of pollutants in the Earths atmosphere. develop new catalysts, which is of great importance tothe chemical industry, In Topic 9 (Book 1:1AS), we used a qualitative approach to the understanding of reaction rates. In this topic ‘we will develop this further by adopting a quantitative approach. This will enable us to begin to understand what is happening during chemical reactions: We know how atoms can bond together toform molecules, but why do the atoms change partners during chemical reactions? q \what exactly happens when a hydrogen molecule meets an iodine molecule and they subsequently react to produce hydrogen iodide? Ithas been reported by sclentsts thatthe herb ginseng may be just as effecive as Prozac at treating depression. Herbs and plant extracts have been used for centuresto cure ciseases and to relieve pain. In many cases they are effective because they control the rates of chesrcalveuctions within the body. In this ‘topic we wil study the rates of chemical reactions and the mechanisms by which they take place. Recognise and make use of appropriate units in calculation Recognise and use expressions in decimal and ordinary form Use calculators to find and use power functions Use an appropriate numberof significant figures ‘Change the subject ofan equation ‘Substitute numerical values into algebraic expressions using appropriate units for physical quantities Solve algebraic expressions ‘Translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms Plot two variables from experimental or other data Determine the slope and intercept of alinear graph ‘Calculate the rate of change fora graph showing a linea relationship raw and use the dope of a tangent toa curve as a measure of the rte of change What prior knowledge do | need? cerca Siete Uae. Cue 9 1 Understand the term ‘ate of reaction: I Select and justly a sultable experimental tecique to ‘biain rate data fora given reaction, including (0, tivation (i) cotoriety (ai) mass change (@) volume of gas evotved (0) other suitable tecUique(s) fora given reaction. RATE OF REACTION The rate of a reaction can be expresiedin wo ways (1) How the concerraon ofa product increntes wih ine angen concentration of product, (@) How te concerzation of feactant deca wth tne change in cncenvation of reactant, “Ton negntve sign in the Secon expression shows that he concentration of the estan is deteasing and therefore gies @ postive vale forthe rate, Rate messed in uns of concentration perunit ime, he mo common ui ace mlm 5 The expression in calls neation ae apr rae = 2088 oc) a “Thisrate of reactions sometimes caed the ‘eral te of ‘TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE RATE OF |REACTION Before investigating the rate of a pvt veacion tt necessary to now the overall equaton.ndudng sate sys, forthe rectonso that we can deede what techmique to We (0 Folow the eacuon. ‘There are varlous echigues aaluble ous, uch a: 1 measuring the volume of aga evolved 2. measuring the change n mass of a eacton mitre 53 monitoring the change in intensity of colour of reaction rmarare(colnenety) 4 measuring he change in concentration ofa reactant or product using vation ete eS ee reed 110) 11300 5 measwing the change inpH ofa soon 6 measuring the charge ineecical conductivity of “The technique chosento flow the eaton wildepend onthe ature ofthe reacts and products a5 wellas the onditons teder which he esto sari ut, For example. the reneton between calcu easbooste sn ute CaCO) + 2Haq) + CaCl/on) + #000 + C04) cout comenierty beloved by meaning he volume of gas (echrque 1) gen off a regula une nserver by measuing the change in mas of he veaction mire with te (ech 2) Heoeve the eacton between prepanone and iodine in aqueous cohton [CHCOCHdea) + Hea) ~CHCOCH Keg + He) +1ag) ‘ould not be lowed by measuring he change mass becaise al produc of the reaetonrema nin solution. i woul be presi, however low the ebction by monsoring the Gecrease intensity of colour ofthe eacion mocure sce fq) Ss the only colouredspeetes present (lective 3) ‘TECHNIQUE 1: MEASURING THE VOLUMIE OF A GAS EVOLVED The two most common techniques for collecting and messing tne volume of age vives dunniga reaction ae 1 colton ovr water ito a messing cyinder BA. 2nd 2 calectonusing as syringe (6). ‘The techrique chosen wil depen partly onthe level of precision requled The gs syringe has a greater degre of precision, but I alge velumeof gus being measived, the derence inthe egree of meassrerrant uncertainty becores so sal thst eae Insroment ie suficenty pre 1 ga cotecng gue water _ Reactions producing ses tha are very 3 seecrabes se aeled _sifr on canet seth TOPIC Ii ora Eo TECHNIQUE 2: MEASURING THE CHANGE IN MASS UF A REACTION MUCTURE Is anther echiqueapsicabeto reactions which aga seve The reaction fas and content ae placed on ada balance an the decrease in muse is mes cs the reaction proceeds (6g “This techniques most precise when the gas gen of has arelavely high density sch swith ese aun «aron ease With low-rate lew reaive moleculr mace) ga such as ydogen the ass changes aeso small tha the measurement uncertainties become sigifcant. ‘TECHOIQUE 3: MONITORING A COLOUR CHANGE (COLORIMETRY) Color change can sometimes be moniered using abseriaton en. Howere sing a colorimeter ‘ves more precise ests (8g D).Acolormeter cn detet a more exile changes than the huran ‘ye can observe and provides a Guana (rather than a jective) measurement. igo hc TECHNIQUE 4: ANALYSIS BY TITRATION This technique involves wsing a ppete to remore smal samples (aiquos) fom 8 eatin micure st eqular interval The eacuon he aga can ether be topes by acaing another substance to Rersloned dou to lout ar by immasng tin an ac bath The quot then eed to ine the concenation of a feaean or prot specie. “The process of stopping or slowing down the reaction in a aqutis known a enching’ For example. ifthe reaction isles an acid. the age, ater quenching cou bette again & tancard olution of seam hod to determine te concenreon othe ace. Thstecrique ised 1 ivesiat the eacton beewees iodine and propanan, which i caaysd by act Secu iyrogen carbonates added tothe alqut treme he ald Cas ad, ba esl, fete stops the reaction The remaining loin then rated against» andre sluton of sod ‘haste gE. —_ CCHCOCHaq +129) — CH,COCH, lag) + H'(aq)+ Ha5) A Minne Yea) + 25,0F (09) — 2099) +S.0F 09) ‘TECHNIQUE 5: MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 1 the otal umber or type of ons in solaton changes sing ection might be posse 10 fel the eactonby measuring changes inthe elcticalconductye the solution using» ‘condicivity mee For example. coud be used to flo hi eucbor Br (aq) + B-Oifaq) + 6H (eq) SBrf0q) + 3HO0) ‘TECHIQUE &: MEASURING ANY OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTY THAT SHOWS A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE Posse physical properties that have not ready been mentioned include changes in tbe volume of uid (atometry), cat ed refactve index. Pina 1. Soest eiqus to colette daft exch oft flowing eats (a) Magnet with esse gl) aa) Me4oq) HA) (eet tana sodium hye {CH,COOC, CH “OH{aq) = CH,CO0 ag) + CH:CH.OMGgt (e Herege gw ior gs: TH ld = 2H) wy would he wcliqe of messing te chengein mas of enctionvesland contont ot wrkwelin hereon betwen magnesium ard cute sarc cle? {LP The racon Debencacom cafbonste ands hykecMec dd an bellowed by collect hd messing evokes grepndiwed Thegscrmisibecoletad oxewaierina measure ‘nda orn syrnge nh eciqu woud be the more stable for hi recon? Ean eurarove, Sra (overall ne freaclon he change inconcanavon of pee hide by theme akesforthe charge ocecr Aleacton ates postive {crema species an atom «molec ran fon ta staking patina cher econ Sey ora SSS eee] Seren ca Vasher n| 8 th 1B Understand the tems: {i) tate equation rate = KATIB), where m and n ae 0, 1 or 2 (i) order wit respec to a substance in arate equation {hi) overall order ofa reaction () ate constant (W) ‘ate-determinng step. RATE EQUATION WHAT 16-& RATE EQUATION? ‘The usual relationship between the ae of reaction ad the concenaton of reactant tha the tte of reaction is dec proportional the concentration nether words, asthe concetetion Goxbled, heat of reaction doe, Unfortunate iss not aye case Sometimes he rat wil double but sometimes il Increase by a factor of ue In Some cates, the rate of reaction does ot inceste ata or ncreases| ‘an unenpected way. Lexus consider he spe relationship where the ate deci proportonl tothe concentration of ‘enctny,y A Wan mpersere shy the expesson: rate (A) rate =H} ‘where kis the proportionality constant “This is called theft onde rate equation. The constant elle the rate constant + Brey eats has its own pricular ate equation sd its on ate constant, + Rae constant wil ony change tee value witha change intemperate Cotter common rate equation with respect to an invidunt ae: second oer a suai ate = HAP zeoonleraecuaton rte = HAP ornte =k Zero order eations do ot occur very fen anit might bedi tat this stage for yout imagine ‘hy they shoud occur tl, However you wil in out sory why they con occur IT wo or more reactants re invoived then itis posse ro havea thd order rte equate thi onde raieequation: rate = HARB) ‘THE UNITS OF RATE CONSTANIS. Table A showsthe unis for ate constants using mol da the uni of concerration and zecords asthe unto ema, You fri the uns by rearranging the rate equation, ees Dk ‘The unis are cbtaned by resrrangig the ate equation. For ample fora second onder ranean iar Inserting he unite we bia molds" inate molars ke Te cancls down: ‘rata hich equates odin? mol! “The majority af reactions isle to of more resciants If we call the reactants A, Band C, then the reaction maybe fst order Witt respect oA fist oder wth respect to B and second order with respect oC. The ovate equation wl be se = KATBICP ‘andthe overall order ofthe eacon sour (1 +12). Note thar you ae adig the powers. Fora genealreaton in which the orers rem, nan p, we have. rate = KAPIBICE “The veal order ofthe reaction m+ 2+ Many acon can be represented by 2 scichiometic equstion ‘ontining many rect parls For xara, the eacton ‘benween manganate VI) one anion} on i ce slution an be represnted by. Ma, (a) + Be) + Fan) — Man) * 4,00) + 5a) I hires away proceeded ina sng step the he reaction would be very slow indeed, Te pobaby of 14 Dates simukanecusly coliing all with the correct ortenation End energy. 20 sal hit we can ay ts eectely ara The reaction, however very fast indeed even at om temperate Temut therfore proceed vi series of steps al of which follow on quell fom one another important o recognise that a reaction moving mates colsion of more han Exo "The orders of eacton ofthe ind estas can alp us 0 gest a possble mechanism fora reacion The mechanism ‘amet be inered rom the stolehiomete equation. because te ‘mathematica lanship beeen the rate of reaction ad the ‘concenvain af reactants. the order of tection) can ony be ‘determined rough experiments Conse the eaton AtE+C=D+E For whlch the experimentally determined rate equaton AI] “Te could mean hat C was present in such tage excess that chunges ins conceraton were negigle and therefore had no ‘measurable effec on the ate of reaction, I homevec his node case, and changesin (CI ely do nt have ty efiect onthe crea eof easton then 8 lee exation ‘tbe sought for uty (] does nce appearin teat ution. Inthis cate, there must tea sep ivovingaeacion Benen A dB that has an facta the ate ofracson Thee mat abo be [nother step in which Creat, but this eacton has mo eon the ‘rel ate of reactor Ts coud be expnine ty sss ht the reaction bebe A and Bikes place bre Chas chance to reat and thatthe reasenberween A a Bis sigicandy onrthan the reaction mlvng CI this were te eas, then he ‘mechani forthe eacton could be: Sep A+B=2 SLOW Sep? Z+C“D+E FAST SSnceeny Step is rate-deternining the ony changes in (A) and] wl affect the ura ate of rsction, Changes te rate A which Step 2 occurs owing to changesin(C)-wal be nepigble Imartan: pons to remember at that +The sleep nc ton ermine te vera ae of the + Theslowes step ie kown ae the rae-aerining ep the We wil eur tothe concept of reaction mechs, nd consider them in eh nore detain Section 11A.4 ‘nus way faker he dea ofa teetering a 610 rae tudes ae srangng sme sheets o oes mio the rte af atanged io ten pes andthe fst sent cole he om each he ples, the second ster aks he et oft pepe and hls thems tht Bey ate and ead or sapling ‘8ep3 the td ude sales these of nx together “Theor ae of hie pce. eae at hc the el a of tots fe prepared epands onthe ate of Sep the cole The shee fnotes seth by fr te awe Ie doesnot matt, wi rz, how qc the ng up Sapingi doe for mot ofthe tme te send ac the dens ‘st ae og noting wie ey wat or te ssn: ce the sheets The mechan othe proces «verte sep slow Step? Studer 2udksseofsbaas FAST Sep, Stent stapes setofshecs FAST 9 siep2 Student coteesshaes Wen brag force coerce. io Area species ved in Une he teeming ep Ma anes on he ate the reaction aud wil appar the te uation hese tiwantomenseeniair metnenere sn ee eae aaa easaaencs faeces ED soem aecseeemraes EE "ate equation an equaten exresingthe materatil lato betwen thera ration andthe “oncentatonsal the estan coro areactant spaces) te power o which the concentration ofthe pee tae ine ae sevation overall order of ean) the sm of al be cru ordes ‘ate- determining step (eatin the slower sep nthe mechanism forthe recon a SM Ime at aie) Peron corerintiones 20 1B Understand the terms: (ate equation, rate we 0,102. (ratte 1 Be asl to calculate the half ofa reaction, using ‘data from a suitable graph, and identi 2 reaction ‘vith a constant haife as being frst order, 1 Understand experiments that can be used to Investigate reaction rates by: (). an iniiaLrate method (@)accontiuous monitoring method. 1 Be able to deduce the order (0,1 or 2) with respect to asubstance ina rate equation, using data fem: () concentation-time graph (i) arate-concentraton graph (i) an intia-eate method. {AI"BY, where m and n HOW CAN WE DETERMINE THE RATE EQUATION? “This question can equally be phazedHow cin we determine the cer of sation th respect o each reactant? “There are wa methods for deteriningordes af reaction. They tseboth experiment Indeed ordre eacon can oniy be (determined by experimen “The frit sometines ced he continuous met. “The second i sometimes called the ‘irate method! ‘THE CONTINUOUS METHOD In this metho, one reaction mire made up and samples of ‘he reacton mire re witha at eglar tne interals. The reaction inthe sample estopped if necessary. by quenching ‘The concentration of dhe reactants then determined by an spproprine experimental technigue, such tain, + Theft ep ito cea e‘concentation-time’ graph + The second stepeto find ou the hale forthe reaction at | a i inane dete deck sh om t-cnenaion ph te ean secon ore he gop cav som hen ese tothe pe ep AS protest ne pting tong fn enn cod peo A te A: 065 Acne! agen oes ie reo racanra semen [DA compound P decomposes when hte. The graph shows the changein concen when 2 plea Pic hese. (a) tae whats meant by he em Ral fection {b) Use the graph to show thatthe decompo of Piast oder reaction (€ Biplane tect on th ase cf doting he is concanation of? (chaise he ate consant forte e8cn sng th flowing exeesion: ‘0653 aad (ote beat equation fe tis rection. (1.0. Usethegaph to deine the concentration Pat 2005 (i Use the ate eaten om ean your answers ta (fan) elt the ate of ‘reseon a 80 Include ut in your ee (@ deste how coud you determin the rescon ae at 8005 rect fom he ed .b Tessin re rescton beat roman ane roma ans aid aqueous slson = SB) Brg) ag) Befoq) +3400) “Theta shows the ea ol for eperments cated out ing diferent concentations af the rT CO " 210 ano o%0 T2010" 2070 020, 330 24107 3080 a0 310 365107 ee eC 220 220 3ec107 (9 bee eo fraction heat oe | te s05 (tye the ate equation fo te reacton (6) Using he eu fom erermer led erate conan, rhe action ned ni | i DE hal (oa reach te ine ken othe concentration ofthe reacanto fel tone-hal ois ntl ae Instantaneous exon rae the rant ofa argent ron tothe ine ofthe raph concentration ‘peetima The netantanesuratevare ha ranean prea [ep rn ein) 11A 4 RATE EQUATIONS AND [emir MECHANISMS ac Deduce the rate-determining step from a rate equation and vce versa 1 Deduce a reaction mechanism, using knowledge ofthe rate equation andthe stoichiometric equation fora reaction. Understand that Inonledge ofthe rate equations forthe hyeolsis of halegenoalianes can be used to provide tevidence for Sy! or Sy2 mechanisms for tertiary and primary halogenoalkane hycrlyss. Understand how tor (0) obtain cata to calculate the order with respect to the reactants (and the hydrogen ion) inthe acidcataysed ‘odination of propanone (use these data to make preictions about species inolved in the rate-determining sep (i), deduce a possible mechanism for the reaction, REACTION MECHANISMS ‘ou il remerbar rom Book 1 thx the basic view a to how a eaction ts place at» patclte ‘evel shat pares (atoms, molecules ens or radical) frst have coli inthe caer orewation and with sulcetenegy for product te formes. For the felling reaction: P +O products we expecthe az ato be: 4P1Q) nother word, we might expect the reaction o be fist order with respect o each reactant and second order overall ELEMENTARY REACTIONS: ’ reaction taking place in hie manner (a single colslon between te two reactant pales is desebed as being elementary It weno that reaction elemenray then we can deduce the ze ew ely for he _soichiometric equation For example, the lowing ebtion i known 1 be elementary NOI) + Ode) ~ NOE) + O48) othe rate equation is INOKO, "The reaction takes place when & moleul of NO colds wit a molecule f O, If the reaction ot elementary its nor posse to deduce ine rte equation by simply looking at the stoichiometi egusion forthe eecton For example the decomposition of dnirogen pent into trogen cide and oxygens ret order with respect to dnirogen patoxde not second. 2N.Ddg)— 4NO{a)+ Ore) ‘The experimental determined ate equation is N09 ‘reaction thats nt eemenary ake pice vi a stie of interconectd elementary reson that ‘xe colctvely called the mechan forthe reaction. You wil hav cea come across a murber of Sch mechaisnsin your stay of organi chemist. For example, the radeal auton reaction, ‘berveen methane and Horn ofr chioromethane (CH) though to have he allowing mechan Sep Step? Ch + CH, = HOI+ -CH, Step3 G+ +CH,+ Cle + CHyCL ch 70 “The overall scchiometcequsion forthe recto is CHo+ Ch CHCl + HC ‘The spetes Cle and »CH, ate called inemedaes. They do not appear inthe crerll equation fr theresction, but ee invalved in reactions tht ume result in th rescans beng converted ino the produc If the experimentally determined rate equation does not mitch the veal stoichiometry then ts alas cetin har the reaction Tenor elemenry For example, the ate extn forthe flowing [NOda) + Cole) = NOI) + COs) HINO. reget rin ‘ent ne Posten coer Using our knowledge of molecules tat do exis. wo pose rate- determining eps are 1 NO,+NO, -- NO, oF 2 NO,+NO,-+2N0 +0, Both ofthese reactions ar equal valid, and we hve no way of ‘owing, wihout carrying cut father insignis, whichis the ‘more ikl obe ang pace We also have no way of knowing what inolved ia the remalaing Steps Bue we do now tat the sum of al the steps mut 20 up 0 the over soichometre eqntion Using te second ofthe two pase rat determin folowing mechanism is coastent with the data sep the NO,+NO,—-2NO+0, SLOW CO+0, C040 FAST NO+0-NO, rast “This shows how the prices inthe propoted mechanism cancel ‘o produce the rl equation: No, + per = Ber + NO + or Ore Oe Sere yar WO, + CO = NO + Ob, ‘Asichappens rer espations io this reaction have idee the mechani as NO;#NO;+NO;# NO SLOW NO,+CO-+NO,+00, FAST “This not what we wou immediately suspect asthe mechanism ‘beause te existence 3 NOs isnt something with which we would be frie Evenif the experimental determined ate equation is simple. doesnot ncezry elo tha the reaction proceeds ina siagle ‘ementry step Fr example, the at exorsson forthe elowing sas phase reactor INO) 4NOMa) + Of) N03) ‘Yet. th resctons thought to ile several sep ad a ruber of iterates ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF HALOGENOALKANES “The hyo of hsogencltane by yreide fons reaction ‘we ifoduce in Tops 10 (Book 1: TAS), The here en acts {as nceophie and repces he halogen in che alognodhanes “The reaction therefore can ala be desrbed at mcephiic beaten HYDROLYSIS OF A TERTIARY HALOGENDALKANE ‘The equation rhe alan yc of 2- fe ge of Sy + Senn eg and 8S oie bit the mini of Snir < the mae oa ‘THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC STABILITY ‘The reaction Beween methane and cxygen is exothermic. andthe ttalenropy change ha 8 poseie vale (CH) + 2046) —CO4a)+ 24,0 AH? = -200:340 mot" Seu = #2958) mol! ‘Sie BS spot the reaction i thermodynamical feasible a 28K. Howeve he reaction Goes ot take place uni the reaction mitre ignited. uly with a Name, The aed het energy i requrc overcome he hgh activation energy af the reaction. ‘reaction ener with a high athlon energy whee areaction wll ne take pce spentanoushy at feom temperatures snd be Knetcaly able ‘You can se here that vacton mixture (aich a methane and oxygen) canbe theemodynamiaty unstable tut knees sabe soa reacon does nt take place under standard condone. ‘THE ROLE OF TEMPERATURE ‘The ecreate a enrop obtained by supphing eran amount of het energy to an objet depends on the temperature ofthe sytem, an objects very cold, the moles are nt moving around very much Suppying seme hea energy tothe objet wil make te molecules move arcund mare, othe entropy ncreases 1X we suply the same amount of heat nergy toa much ote objet. the entropy wi tl nese, bounty 2s much as withthe old abject This's because inthe ha objec he molec are sire moving around vigerualy andthe increased degree of movement isles forte ho obec. \WHY DOES WATER FREKZE? ‘le wil now aly these principles to explain why under certain condos, wer wl fez Ice has lower entropy than Bui water 50 Sm agate. ‘The process is exotherm, 1 BS.ransx 6 POU W he msgnitude of AS.apas > the MgC OF AS, uy then BSa postr an the water vwlfrene ‘ToPI ‘We i now clad AS forthe change of waternoice a +5°C and $C ug he elongata, H,00)HO) A¥= ~s0103mer + Swate) = 699) K" mot! + See) = 4795 mat AL#5°C 278} Syaen = (47.8 ~ 699) = 220) K* ma* 6010 Saeantee = 3g +2189" mor Seu = 04) K" ma! “Toe total entapy change negative mesring ts the changes not termedymanicaly spontaneous “Toe water notre. 2003 x mat" $2245 mat! ASou= +045 K" mot! ‘The total enropy change is pastiv, meaning that he changes themodynamily spontaneous, “The water wi ree, Ieisimeresingo note hat what has changed beeneen+5°C and “5 Cis the entopy of the surroundings The reason tht Sons has changed in magnitude ® simply beaure of he Temperature change. The same amoune sf het energy ha: been rarered to i sureundines ‘ut becnse the entoyyof the suroundings has a ger tempersture when 8 =5°% tan when t 3°C, the change in entropy is male as explained eater So.the reason we put water nto a eer when we want to make ces because the envoy change ofthe curoundings(e exentallythe arise the eee) lrg enought cempensat forte ‘lecreazenenropy when the wate ees Ele ".- Hyated coba)clrid dehy on beng according tothe folowing eaten CoC, HO) — CoC) + 6H,0() AH" 8816 ma DD) cae the anda entropy change otha Stn C00 4404] =2420) K mot” COC» 1092) 1° mh ‘1H, 699) mot {e)caele he san erizopy change ofthe suroundings BST any a1 258K (ol caettehe sandr total entropy change, Sing 8298 Korth eaction (€) xin wheter heated eal corde can bestoed a 28 K thou it dehysatig? 12 Urethe cata provided ae theo stand enopy che Stay 290K, forthe folowingreacton Bal) + YOU) — F048) anes 22261 me* SF 272) mak {Oda -2050)«" mor SF,045}=300 «me 12A 3 UNDERSTANDING ENTROPY eels) 0} PEM 1 Understand why entropy changes occur during: (changes of tate (dissolving of sold ion lace (i) reacionsin which theresa change in the urbe of moles from reactant to products 1 Be able to use envopy and enthalpy changes of solution values to predict the solubility of onc compounds and discuss trends inthe slit ofFiomic compounds covered in Unit 2 REACTIONS INVOLVING A CHANGE OF STATE Wiehe already entcned thn genera. entropy neesses in theoner sell