• DEFINE LINEAR MOTION.

• DEFINE UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION.

• DESCRIBE DISTANCE, DISPLACEMENT, SPEED,
VELOCITY, AVERAGE VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND
DECELERATION.
• SOLVING RELATED PROBLEMS USING FORMULA.
• ILLUSTRATE VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH.
• DETERMINE VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND
DISPLACEMENT FROM GRAPHS.
• Linear Motion: motion in a straight line.
• Example: (i) a passenger is carried by an escalator.
(ii) an athlete running a 200 m race.

• Direction of linear motion is remain unchanged.

• Non-linear motion: motion not in a straight line.

• Example: (i) a top spinning.
(ii) earth orbiting a sun.
Classification of linear motion:
Linear Type of Description
Motion Quantity
Distance scalar Define as magnitude of displacement.

Displacement vector Define as length moved in a given

direction.
Speed scalar Define as magnitude of velocity.

Velocity vector Define as rate of change for displacement

with time.
Acceleration vector Define as rate of change for linear
velocity with time.
• Uniform Motion: particle covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time.
• An object have a constant motion, such
as constant speed.
• Example:
Distance travel by 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
car (metres)
Time in seconds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
• Non-uniform Motion: particle covers
unequal distances in equal intervals of
time, or vice versa.
• Example:
Distance travel by 0 5 25 30 35 40 50 65
car (metres)
Time in seconds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
• How much ground an object has
covered.
• Total length covered by a moving
object.
• Scalar quantity.
• How far out of place an object is.
• Change in position.
• Vector quantity.
• How fast an object is moving.
• Rate of distance travel in motion.
• Scalar quantity.
 FORMULA
Speed = Distance
Time

Average speed = Total distance

Time interval
 EXAMPLE 1
Kumar run for 20 metres in 10
seconds. What is his speed?
Speed = Distance Speed = 20 m
Time
10 s
= 2 m/s
 EXAMPLE 2
A lorry leaves point A at 1230 and arrived point
B at 1500. The distance between point is
100 km. What is the average speed?
Average speed = Total distance Time = 1500-1230
Time interval = 2 hours 30 minutes
= 9000 seconds
Distance = 100 000 m
Average speed = 100 000 m
9000 s
= 11.11 m/s
 EXERCISE

How far an object move in one

second if its average speed is 5 ms-1?
Answer: 5 m
 EXERCISE

If a cheetah maintain a constant speed

-1
of 25 ms it will covers 25 m every
second. How far will it travel in 10
seconds?
Answer: 250 m
• Speed in a given direction.
• Rate of change of displacement.
• Vector quantity.
 FORMULA
Velocity = Displacement
Time

Average velocity = Total displacement

Time interval
 EXAMPLE 1
A truck travel for 100 m within 25
seconds. What is the velocity?
Velocity = Displacement Velocity = 100 m
Time
25 s
= 4 m/s
 EXAMPLE 2
A particle is at x1= 3.5 m when t1= 2s and
moves to x2= 8.5 m when t2= 4.5s. What is
the average velocity?
Average velocity = Total displacement
Time interval

Average velocity = (8.5 – 3.5) m

(4.5 – 2) s
= 2 m/s
 EXERCISE

What is the velocity of a jet plane

that travels 528 metres in 4 seconds?
Answer: 132 m/s
 EXERCISE

What is the velocity of a walking

person that travels 1000 metres in
20 minutes?
Answer: 0.8 m/s
• How fast the velocity change.
• Rate of change of speed or velocity.
• Vector quantity.
• Acceleration of free fall object is
10 ms-2.
• Deceleration: decreases of velocity
 FORMULA
Acceleration = Velocity
Time

Average acceleration = Total velocity

Time interval
 EXAMPLE 1
A car is moving with velocity of 50 km/hour
within 10 s . What is the acceleration?
Acceleration = Velocity
Velocity in m/s:
Time = 50 000 m
3600 s
= 13.89 ms-1
Acceleration = 13.89 ms-1
10 s
= 1.389 ms-2
 EXAMPLE 2
A car is travelling along a straight road at 13
m/s. It accelerates uniformly for 15 s until it
reach 25 m/s. What is the acceleration ?
Acceleration = Velocity
Time Acceleration
= (25 – 13) ms-1
15 s
= 0.8 ms-2
 EXERCISE

A car starts from a stoplight and is

travel to east with velocity of 10 ms-1
within 20s. What is the acceleration?
Answer: 0.5 ms-2
 EXERCISE

A ball is rolled at velocity of 12 m/s.

After 36 seconds, it comes to stop.
What is the acceleration of the ball?
Answer: 0.33 ms-2
• Displacement, velocity and
acceleration have directions and
size (or magnitude).
• You can derive the formula for
motion in a straight line with
constant acceleration.
Try to solve question using
the right formula!
• You can derive the equation for
motion using related formula.
• Related diagram:
• You can derive the equation for
motion using related formula.
• Related diagram:
Free Fall Problem:
• Object is dropped down or
throw upward.
• Velocity is given by:
-2 -2
v = gt ( g = 9.8 ms or 10 ms )
• Distance traveled is given by:
d = (1/2) gt 2
• Related diagram:
• Related diagram:
EXAMPLE 1
A particle is moving in a straight line from A to B with constant
acceleration 3 ms-2. Its speed at A is 2 ms-1 and it takes 8 seconds
to move from A to B. Find a the speed of the particle at B.
Start by drawing
diagram.

Write down values you

know and value you
need to find.
You need v and you
know u, a and t so use
v = u +at.
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 1…
A particle is moving in a straight line from A to B with constant
acceleration 3 ms-2. Its speed at A is 2 ms-1 and it takes 8
seconds to move from A to B. Find b the distance from A to B.

Choose the right

formula then
substitute in the
values you know.
EXAMPLE 2
A cyclist is travelling along a straight road. She accelerates at a
constant rate from a speed of 4 ms-1 to a speed of 7.5 ms-1 in 40
seconds. Find a the distance she travels in these 40 seconds.

Model the cyclist as

particle.
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 2…
A cyclist is travelling along a straight road. She accelerates at a
constant rate from a speed of 4 ms-1 to a speed of 7.5 ms-1 in 40
seconds. Find b her acceleration in these 40 seconds.
You need a and you
know u, v and t so use
v = u +at.

Substitute values you

know into formula. You
can solve using formula:
a=v–u
t
EXAMPLE 3
A particle moves in a straight line from a point A to a point B with
constant deceleration 1.5 ms-1. The speed of the particle at A is 8 ms-1
and the speed of the particle at B is 2 ms-1. Find a the time taken for the
particle to move from A to B.
Mark positive
direction on diagram.

Particle is
decelerating, so
value of a is
negative.
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 3…
A particle moves in a straight line from a point A to a point B with
constant deceleration 1.5 ms-1. The speed of the particle at A is 8 ms-1
and the speed of the particle at B is 2 ms-1. Find b distance from A to B.

You can use answer

from part a as the value
of t.

Substitute values you

know into formula. You
can solve using formula:
a=v–u
t
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 3…
After reaching point B, the particle continues to move along the straight
line with constant deceleration 1.5 ms-2. The particle arrived at point C
after 6s. Find c velocity of particle at C.

Velocity at C is negative.
Particle is moving from
right to left.

To specify a velocity, give

the speed and direction.
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 3…
After reaching point B, the particle continues to move along the
straight line with constant deceleration 1.5 ms-2. The particle arrived at
point C after 6s. Find d distance from A to C.

Use a correct sign when

substituting a negative
value into formula.
EXAMPLE 4
A car is travelling along a straight horizontal road with a constant
acceleration of 0.75 ms-2. The car is travelling at 8 ms-1 when it passes a
pillar box. 12 seconds later it passes a lamp post. Find a the distance
between the pillar box and the lamp post.

You are given a, u

and t and asked to
find s. Final velocity
v is not given so
choose formula
without s.
CONTINUE EXAMPLE 4…
A car is travelling along a straight horizontal road with a constant
acceleration of 0.75 ms-2. The car is travelling at 8 ms-1 when it passes a
pillar box. 12 seconds later it passes a lamp post. Find b the speed with
which the car passes the lamp post.

You can use answer

from part a as the value
of a, u and t.
EXAMPLE 5
A particle is moving along a straight line from A to B with constant
acceleration 5 ms-2. The velocity of the particle at A is 3 ms-1 in the
direction AB . The velocity of the particle at B is 18 m s1 in the same
direction. Find the distance from A to B.

Write down values you

know and value you
need to find.

t is not involved.

Substitute values you

are given and solve
equation for s.
EXAMPLE 6
A ball B is projected vertically upwards from a point O with speed 12 ms-1.
Given that g=9.8 ms-2. Find greatest height reached by ball B and total time
ball B returns to O.

Write down values you

know and value you
need to find.

Positive direction is
upward and gravity
acts downward, thus a
is negative.
 CONTINUE EXAMPLE 6…
A ball B is projected vertically upwards from a point O with speed 12 ms-1.
Given that g=9.8 ms-2. Find greatest height reached by ball B and total time
ball B returns to O.

When ball return to

original position, its
displacement is zero.
You can use answer
from part a as the
value of a and u.
EXAMPLE 7
A book falls off the top shelf of a bookcase. The shelf is 1.4 m above a wooden
floor. Given that g=9.8 ms-2. Find time taken for the book to reached the floor
and speed when the ball strikes the floor.
Positive direction is
downward and gravity
acts downward, thus a
is positive.
Assume book has initial
speed of zero.

Choose formula
without v.

Answer in two
significant figure.
 CONTINUE EXAMPLE 7…
A book falls off the top shelf of a bookcase. The shelf is 1.4 m above a wooden
floor. Given that g=9.8 ms-2. Find time taken for the book to reached the floor
and speed when the ball strikes the floor.

Choose formula
without t.
EXAMPLE 8
John throws a ball straight upward. After 1s it reaches the maximum
height and then does free fall motion within 2s .Given that g=10ms-2.
Find maximum height and velocity of ball before it reaches the ground.
Write down values you
know and value you
need to find.

You need distance and

you know g and t so
use h = (1/2) gt2.
EXAMPLE 9
An object does free fall motion. It hits ground after 4s.Given g=10ms-2.
Find velocity after 3s before it hits the ground and height it is thrown.

Write down values you

know and value you
need to find.

You need distance and

you know g and t so
use h = (1/2) gt2.

You need distance and

you know g and t so
use h = (1/2) gt2.
Try This Exercise…
1) A particle moves with constant acceleration 1.5 ms-2
in a straight line from a point A to a point B, where
AB 16 m. At A, the particle has speed 3 ms-1. Find the
speed of the particle at B.

Answer: 7.55 ms-1

Try This Exercise…
2) A car moves from traffic lights along a straight road with
constant acceleration. The car starts from rest at the
traffic lights and 30 s later the car passes a speed-trap
where it is registered as travelling at 45 km h-1. Find:-
(a) acceleration of the car.
(b) distance between the traffic lights and the speed-trap.

Answer: (a) 0.417 ms-2

(b) 187.5 m
Try This Exercise…
3) A cyclist is moving along a straight road with constant
acceleration. She first passes a shop and 10 seconds later,
travelling at 8 ms-1, she passes a street sign. The distance
between the shop and the street sign is 60 m. Find:-
(a) acceleration of the cyclist.
(b) speed with which she passed the shop.

Answer: (a) 0.4 ms-2

(b) 4 ms-1
• Displacement-time graph:
• Velocity-time graph:
• The gradient of a speed–time
graph is the acceleration.
• The area under a speed–time
graph is the distance travelled.
• You can derive the equation for
motion using related formula.
• You can derive the equation for
motion using related formula.
• Related diagram:
EXAMPLE 1
A cyclist moving along a straight road for a period of 12 s. For the first 8 s,
she moves at a constant speed of 6 ms-1. She then dece-lerates at
constant rate, stopping after a further 4 s. Find a the distance travelled by
the cyclist during this 12 s period.

Distance travel is area

of trapezium.
 CONTINUE EXAMPLE 1…
A cyclist moving along a straight road for a period of 12 s. For the first 8 s,
she moves at a constant speed of 6 ms-1. She then dece-lerates at
constant rate, stopping after a further 4 s. Find b the rate at which the
cyclist decelerates.

Gradient is given by:

Difference in v-coordinate
Difference in t-coordinate

Value of v decreases by 6
as t increses by 4.
EXAMPLE 2
A car is waiting at traffic lights. When the lights turn green, the car
accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 10 m s1 in 20 s. This speed
is then maintained until the car passes a road sign
50 s after leaving the traffic lights. Sketch a speed–time graph to
illustrate the motion of the car.

You should label the

axis and indicate any
relevant information.
 CONTINUE EXAMPLE 2…
A car is waiting at traffic lights. When the lights turn green, the car
accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 10 m s1 in 20 s. This speed
is then maintained until the car passes a road sign
50 s after leaving the traffic lights. Find a the distance between the traffic
lights and the road sign.

Distance can be determine using

formula of area of trapezium.
Try This Exercise…
1) A particle moves along a straight line, then accelerates
uniformly from rest to a speed of 8 ms-1 in T seconds. The
particle then travels at a constant speed of 8 ms-1 for 5T
seconds. The particle then decelerates uniformly to rest
in a further 40 s. Determine:
(a) graph of speed-time for the motion of particle.
(b) value of T.
Answer: (a)

(b) 10 s
Try This Exercise…
2) A car C is moving along a straight road with constant speed
17.5 ms-1. At time t 0, C passes a lay-by. At time t 0, a
second car D leaves the lay-by. Car D accelerates from rest
to a speed of 20 m s1 in 15 s and then maintains a constant
speed of 20 ms-1. Car D passes car C at a road sign.
Determine:
(a) graph of speed-time for the motion of two cars
(b) distance between the lay-by and the road sign.
Answer: (a)

(b) 1050 m
- END OF TOPIC 2 -