1 MUG eosSection 1.1 Objectives D compare he areas of sy within fet ecince D identity farts systems Explain sh eltonshipe among fants sto Explain wy tency i imran. Review Vocabulary technology: the sepicaton of ronledge gained rom scentc research to sae oct’ needs and problems New Vocabulary asorony reteelagy elogy enh seoshere snosphee Iyrosere biosphere Figure 1.1 Teak and eck ges repr te Marae Ose law On oh ak copes ee 66 Chapter «the te of Se Earth Science K (GH Earth science encompasses five areas of study: astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science Real-World Reading Link From the maps you use when avelng, othe weather repr you vse when deciding wheter or otto cary an unbel, Ear scence pat of your everyday He The Scope of Earth Science is vast. This broad field can be broken son. toro ‘The scope of Earth sce into five major areas of specialization: ast geology, oceanography, and environment Astronomy The study of objects beyond Earths atmosphere is, called astronomy. Prior to the invention of sophisticated instru ‘ments such a the telescope shown in Figure 1.1, many astrono- mers merely described the locations of objects in space in relation to each other. Today, Earth scientists study the universe and every thing in i, including galaxies, stars, planets and ather bodies they have identified, Metearalagy ‘The suuly ofthe forces and process that cane the atmosphere to change and produce weather is meteorology. “Meteorologist also try to forecast the weather and learn how changes in weather over time might affect Earths climateGeology The study of the materials that make up Earth, the ‘processes that form and change these materials, and the history of the planet and its life-forms since is origin isthe branch of Earth science known as geology. Geologists identify rocks, study glacial ‘movements, interpret clues to Earths 4.6-bllion-year history and determine how forces change our planet. Oceanography ‘The study of Earths oceans, which cover neatly ‘three-fourths ofthe planet, is called oceanography. Oceanographers study the creatures that inhabit saltwater, measure diferent physical and chemical properties of the oceans, and observe various processes in these bodies of water. When oceanographers ae conducting field research, they often have to dive into the ocean to gather data, as shown in Figure 1. Environmental science The study ofthe interactions of Figure 3.2 cer onganisms and their surroundings is called environmental science. yoru? yo pa Environmental scientists study how organisms impact the environ oud tnt ce ment both positively and negatively. The topics an environmental Scientist might study include natural resources, pollution, alternative energy sources, nd the impact of humans on the atmosphere. Subspecialties The study of our planet isa broad endeavor, and as such, each ofthe five major areas of Fart science consists ‘of a variety of subspecalties, some of which ar listed in Table 1 Rees OM LRAT ies of Earth Science acs see Cees =o stophysics hss of he universe incudng th phys propre fect oundin spe stonomy onetay cence anes of he soar system andthe process that form them limatlogy potas of wether over alg period of ie Meteorology mosphere chemisty chemist of E's atmosphere, ar the aosphee of ther panes paleonoagy ein fxg hat one eon ary ace emionmens Geotosy seochemsty Eas composition nd the proceses that changeit Physical ocesragraphy syscall of ecrans such ssl, eves, and cents Oceanography aie geology elo features ofthe ocean flan plate tectonics of the ocean lneracanbesenharars nd te sail ch 2 them farming pro ‘doen a ens fects of pluton on si pls and rundvater evroreentlceisty chemical asain to he enrament rough palton ang natura means Section ah Soares 7Provan Ircpaateneation om fis sacen no ‘our Fable Vocasuiany Crust ‘Science wage the tin rocky ater lero Ear Common usage the hardened exe nora surface part of bred Figure 1.3 Ean gupseis conposed ef ereying fom fect {eth corer ol ah ose feta Secrets mmion he eto he rte conga Chapter +The Nate of cle Earth’s Systems Scientists who study Earth have identified four main Earth sy tems: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrospher, and biosphere. ach system is unique, yet each interacts withthe others, Geosphere ‘The area from the surface of Barth down to its center is called the geosphere. The geosphere is divided into three ‘main part: the crust, mantle, and core. These three parts are illus ‘rated in Figure 1.3. The rigid outer shel of Earth is called the crust, There are two kinds of erast—continental crust and oceanic crust. Just below the crust is Earth's mantle, The mantle differs from the crust both in ‘composition and behavior. The mantle ranges in temperature from, 100°C to 4000°C—much warmer than the temperatures found in Earth's crust. Below the mantle is Farth’score, You will learn more about the erast, mantle, and core in Unit 5 Atmosphere The blanket of gases that surrounds our planet is called the atmosphere. Earths atmosphere contains about 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. The remaining | percent of gases in the atmosphere include water vapor, argon, carbon diox fd, and other trace gases. Barts atmosphere provides oxygen for living things, protects Earth’ inhabitants from harmful radiation from the Sin, and helps to keep the planet ata temperature suit able for life. You will earn more about Earth's atmosphere and how parts ofthis system interact to produce weather in Unit 4 Hydrosphere ll the water on Easth, including the water in the atmosphere, makes up the hydrosphere. About 97 percent of Earths water exists as salt water, while the remaining 3 percent is freshwater contained in glaciers, lakes and rivers, and beneath Earth’ surface as groundwater. Only a fraction of Earth’ total amount of freshwater isin lakes and rivers. You will ind out more about Earths hydrosphere in Units 3, 4, and 7Biosphere ‘The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth aswell as the environments in which they ive. Most ‘organisms lve within afew meters of Earths surface, but some exist deep beneath the occas surface, and oers live high atop Ears mountains. all f Earth ife-fooms require interaction with at least one of the ther systems “or tei survival Asillustiated in Figure 1.4, Eats biosphere, go sphere, hydeosphere and atmosphere are interdependent systems. For example, Earths present atmosphere formed millions of yeas go trough interactions withthe geo sphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Organisms inthe biosphere, including humans, continue to change the atmosphere through thei activities and natural processes, You wil explore interactions among Fart’ biosphere and oser systems in Units 3,46, and 7. Technology Figure 1.4 ate tatsspensaciate | ‘The study of sence, ncuding Fath science, has ed to it ach fon eee | fae aoe eae eae cea | reeds and problems. The application of scientific discoveries a a iscalled technology. Technology is transferable, which means that it can be applied to new situations. Freeze ‘nhich sealed bias Dung a scenic experiment, all data are care- = Bap fly recorded, Once an experiments complet, graphs tables, and toinfluenceina parla ply thartsare commonly used to display dats, Thee dat are then anata deco, rede That choi of teammates sawed 2 ‘0 that a conclusion can be drawn. Many times, a conclusion Lpeatite eee i thas omand the fend ‘does not support the original hypothesis. In such a case, the hypoth ‘esis must be reevaluated and further esearch must be conducted Measurement Scientific investigations often involve making measurements, ‘A measurement includes both a number and a unit of measure, Scientific investigations use a standard system of units called Le Systeme International d'Unités (SI), which isa modern ver- sion of the metric system, SI is based on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as the base unit. See Table 1.2 for information on. Sland metric units of measure commonly used in science. Length The standard St unit to measure length is the meter (on). The distance from a doorknob to the floor is about I m. The meter is divided into 100 equal parts called centimeters (cm). Thus, 1 em '8 1/100 of 1 m, One millimeter (t»m) is smaller than 1 cm. There are 10 mm in I cm, Longer distances age measured in kilometers (Gam). There are 1000 m in 1 km. CREME veasurement and Units ee eee reer eae Tie send hou it | Tere sein | ‘Seeattonins mah deencn Section 2+ Math of Gets 12Nay scoring tb went a {a een et ete eine ‘hr undestndag o! Ear ana ts tens, T1907 scents ben sing radactve decay etermine (Gata sios of years ‘smth wil be ea {eden the it acerste olga time sale S25 414 chapter + Tena of ence Mass The amount of matter in an object is called mass. Mass depends on the amber and types of atoms that make up the object. The mass of an object is the same no matter where the objects located in the universe The I uit of mas isthe kilo gram (kp) Weight Weight isa measure ofthe gravitational force on an object. Weight is typically measured with some type of scale. Unlike ‘mass, weight varies wit location. For example, the weight of an sstronaut while onthe Moon is about one-sixth the astronauts ‘weight on Earth, This is because the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on the astronaut is one-sixth the force exerted by Earth fon the astronaut, Weight isa force, and the St unit for force isthe newton (N). A 2-L bottle of soft drink with a mass of2 kg welghs about 20.N on Earth, © reading creck Compare mas and weight Area and volume Some measurements such as area, require ‘ combination of St units. Area is the amount of surface included vwithin a set of oundaries and is expressed in square units of length, such as square meters (m) ‘The amount of space occupied by an objects the object's volume. ‘The SI units for volume, like those fr area, are derived from the St ‘units used to measure length. The basi SI unit of volume fora solid ‘object isthe cuble mcter (m)- Measurements for uid volumes are usually made in milliliters (ml) or liters (L}- Lites and milters are metric units that are commonly used to measure liqid volumes Volume can also be expressed in cubic centimeters (em)—1 cm? equals 1 mk —( as al 41955 Lois son 1913 Fach hi vt hy | Eso amp Sacto | Seton at po ‘sition ents | tear tom ear Ind atrorbod by ‘Savon dain Simm sone 4925 ceatarypes ans of» 1936 nge Lehmann po thespec ofstreveab thot poses hat Eats eter con yoopen ad sum ae he {isteafa soln cre and Ios abundart ements inthe 3 Hil outer cove based on tives erste lsc wave,Density The measure ofthe amount of matter that occupies a sgiven space is density. Density is calculated by dividing the mass of the matter by its volume. Density is often expressed in grams per ceubie centimeter (giem:), grams per milter (g/mL), oF kilograms pet cubic meter (kg/m) Time The interval between two events is time. The SI unit of time isthe second. In the activities in this book, you will generally mea: sure time in seconds or minutes. Time is usually measured witha VocaBuLany watch or clock. The atomic clock provides the most precise mea- . sure of time currently known, Knovin as UTC, Coordinated Interval Universal Time is based on the atomic clock element cesium-133 space fie beeen two evens The terval fo emda swings was and is adapted to the astronomical demarcation of day and night. See Figure 1.7 for more information on the invention of the atomic clock and other advances in Earth science. Temperature A measure ofthe average kinetic energy ofthe particles that make up a material sell temperature. A mas | tnade up of particles tat vibrate quickly generally has «hi tempetatare than a mass whose prices wibrte more slowly. Temperature is measured in degtes with «thermometer. Scents | often measre temperature sing the Celsius CC) sal. On the Celie sale, comfortable rom teperatre about 20°C and © the norma temperature of the human body is abot 37°C. “The Sanit for temperate isthe Klin Khe coldest posi bie temperate, sbsolte seo, was established a8 0K or 273 Since bth temperature units ae the same sz, thediference | betwen the two sales (273) is sed to convert from one scale | | | another. For example, the temperature ofthe human body is 37°C, to which you would add 273 to get 310K, 1962 Hany Hear’ seaftoor persis yates ey 1979-1980 nope Restrnt a Tia taut es || Wetceege ye | ttt hal me "| foundation for plate tectonic ee _— eccree: ‘that the north pole once had a warm climate. | | i. | “ 1990 ede see , FF # 1970 George Carruthers’ ‘Tetescope goes into orbit, concepts IM MOtiog, Srmetcnca ap Spat etactaces | moa tne Ue elon | ‘ou oe es ‘SRnchangicenmy enn Sede © Gatco ant dees aE proving ce a ack tty, | race me | section 2 Mites of cet 8Scientific Notation ranches of science, some numbers are In many very smal, while others ate very large. To express these numbers conveniently, scientists use a type of shorthand called sefentific notation, in which a number is expressed as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a povser of 10. The power of 10 is the number of places the decimal point must be shifted so that only a single digit remains tothe left of the decimal point Ifthe decimal point must be sifted tothe lft, the exponent of 10 is positive. Figure 1.8 shows « beach covered in sand. The numberof grains of sand on Earth has been estimated to be approxi ‘mately 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. In scientific notation, this number is written as 4% 10 In astronomy, masses and distances are usually so large that writing out the numbers would be ‘cumbersome, For example, the mass of Earth at 5974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg would be Figure 1.8 on 2 Sing bah has becne ‘written a8 59742 X 102g in scientific notation, ‘town aber mht 810 of Thee Ifthe decimal point in a number must be shifted sg Snofa gana sl 05 we to the right, the exponent of 10 is negative. The diameter of an atom in mete, for example, which i approximately 00000000001 m, i written as 1x10"! m, Section 4.2) Assessment \_ Understand Main Ideas SIIKER Explain vy cnticmethads ae important and why there nat Section Summary Scents ork in many ways to gate oe one established way to cont an ivestigatin. DA goad sientticexpimetindues} 2. Compare and contrast te purpose of 8 contol en independent varie and sn inependent ale dependent 2 dopendent aie in an experiment. ‘abe nd col an iesttion oweve does ot ine carol D Graphs, ales, and chars re tree omen ways o communicate data ‘tom an epernent E Think Critically 6 Construct plano test the absorption ofthe diferent Kind of paper tone inl cono dependent ale, ad independent vibe 7 Explain which mee wel when comping mas nd weight on erent planes IER Earth Scionce you have 20 mf water ow many abe centimeters of water do you have? 2. Caleulate gress 000018386 in scenic notation 4 Calculate Convert he temperature 45 to evn, 5. Compare and contrast volume and deny DSL a modem version a the metic ‘stem 3 tnd fom of me Senet that all cents can D To expres vey age or vey small ues, cents scntie Earth 36 chapter t+ Te tau of ne SEC Sele check QuizSection 13 \, “aaebingd Communication in Science D explain ty esse cnc D compare and contrast cent (TETIIK(BREN Precise communication is crucial for scientists to theaes and scenic ws hare their results effectively with each other and with society. | D Identity when it saproprate to Real-World Reading Link if you eat an advertisement for a product called | poe eens “ag” without any descriptor, would you know whether to ett or wear i? | \Wihen 3 scientist does an investigation, he o she has to describe every ar of it Review Vocabular tie ‘precisely so that everyone can understand his or her conclusions. hypothesis: texsle explanation of astuaton Communicating Results scenic noe ‘here are many ways to communicate information, such as news Borne ery papers. magazines, TV, the Internet and scientific journal. Think ‘eentclon back tothe Launch Lab from the beginning ofthe chapter ‘Although you and your lab partner both used the same form of communication, were your descriptions identical? Scientist have the responsibilty to truthfully and accurately report their methods and esl. To keep them ethical, a system of pee review used in which scientists in the same eld verify eachother’ eslts and examine procedures and conclusions fr bia. Communicating New Vocabulary scientific data and results, asthe scientists are shown doing in | Figure 1.9, also allows others to learn of new discoveries and con | clact new investigations that build on previous investigations. | Lab reports Throughout this book, you will conduct many Earth science investigations and experiments. During and after 4 cach, you willbe asked to record and analyze the information that | e you collected and to draw conclusions based on your dat. Your | : Ferien account ofeach abi your lab report. Ths wl be used by | i your teacher to assess your understanding. You might alo beasked | : to compare your results with those of other students to help you | é find both similarities and differences among the rest. | Figure 1.9 sce he tose Shou inept ermine dt nd ‘eos nh ach ae oman Beara mets nf eon Infer what could hoppen i scat {int compare rete Section 3+ Conmuniatinin cence 17Graphs By graphing data in a variety of ways, scientists can Es ‘more easly show the relationships among datasets, Graphs also allow scientists to represent trends in their data. You will, be asked to graph the results of many experiments and activi ties in this book, Thete are three types of graphs you will use inthis book. j Line graphs A visual display that shows how wo variables | ae eated is ale ine graph. As showin Figure 4.10, ona line graph the independent variable plotted an the hor Srontl (2) aus and the dependent variable plotted onthe vetial () ai. ‘cas ole (on? BgSeS8 Temperature (6) Figure 1.10 Aline rah stows te Gircle graphs To show e fixed quantity, scientss often use sani een won a cirele graph, also called a pie graph. The circle represents the termine, Based on this ph, otal and the slices represent the different parts of the whole. Dass cee ctere total and the slices represent the different parts ofthe whol eee ee ‘The slices are usually presented as percentages, {Bar graphs ‘To represent quantitative data, bar graphs use rect angular blocks called bars. The length of the bars determined by the amount ofthe variable you are measuring as wel as the scale ofthe bar graph.See the Skillbulder Handbook, page 951, for examples ofall the types of graphs described above ‘Models In some ofthe investigations, you will be making and using models, A scientific model isan idea picture, system, of 1 mathematical expression that represents the concept being explained. While a model might not have all ofthe components bf e given Kea, it should bea fairly accurate representation, DATA ANALYSIS LAB fazed on Real Data? Make and Use Graphs How can graphs help interpret data? The table shows the average surface temperature ‘of Earth over the past 125 years. The data in the tbl ote global, average surtac temper: rans | Atego ae tomers | {Ure inelvin starting In he yea 180. | 1-809 2069 ‘Think Critically ie * {Construct oline oraph from the average sur 800-818 67 face temperatres inthe at table s 2. Convert each temperature from kelvin to uae a | Rgrees Cees by svtrecng 273 from each 1940-1959 ma “alu Plsce both on your aaph | 3. Determine from your graph the average peer 708.98 | Sele tenpeatie ar abn eres oS iss it 4. Extrapolate, in Cosus, what the average 200-2008 28159 j Surfae temperature wilbein the year 2100 | mmm enor if this trend continues -tunaratonted nao psses Cn Sa e 48 chapter t+ Tne of scene‘Models can change when more data are gathered, As shown in Figure 1.11, early astronomers thought that arth was the center ofthe solar system. This model was changed as the result of observations of the mations of the Sun and the planets inthe night sky. The observations showed thatthe planets in our solar system orbit the Sun. Theories and Laws A scien theory san explanation bssed on many obser: ‘ations during repeated investigations. A scenic theory is Sali nly sis consstent with observations, makes pre Uictons that can be tested, and isthe simplest explanation of observations. Like scientific model, theory canbe Sas ‘hanged or moaifed withthe discovery of new dat ance te, ee ee “Racentflclaw is prince tat describes the behavior We org. sre re efanatural phenomenon, Ascintificlawcan be thought of fawif]anatn moles cm gure ee as a rule of nature, even though the cause af the law might eee eee rote known, The events described bylaw are observed 3 Behe same every tine. An example of scenic ais Nevrtons fist law of motion, which states that an object at restor in motion stays a est orn motion unesitisacted nb an ouside force. This aw explains why Earth and oer lanes in our solar sytem remain in orbit around the Sun {Theories are often wed to explain sini Ta this book, you will communiate your observations and den conckwons based on sient data, Yu wll as ead that many ofthe mods, theories. and las wed by Earth Scientists to explain various processes and phenomena grow from the work of other scientists and sometimes develop from unexpected discoveries. | Section 4.3 Assessment \ Understand Main Ideas 4 [SRUIKQED Explain hat might happen ta scion nacewatly reported dat from his or her expernent 2, Describe the difsrece been scientific thon and setificlaw ly Why important o compare your data rom a ab with tat of our Section Summary cits commune dita soo cn eae ess ey the Des eanine conse is, {hd cen new expres bee etree main ype of apts sets ie orepreset re | rote ce gop and tr acs DA scr mal is nace Taetatn fan or tery D Scie hors and scesiiclons | UEEETRD Earth Science scene avon 6, Reseach scenic ave and theres, nd rte a conese example of each, Think Critically 4 Interpret Why would 2 model be inportan when suing the sar syste? 5. Explain when use aie graph acl raph, nd bar raph Earth selene saltcheck Quiz Secon + Conmuniatin Scene 1NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ON SITE IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF DISASTER Qs December 26, 2004, a massive earth- quake rattled the seafloor of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami was generated by the earthquake, which devastated the land- scape and Killed almost 300,000 people in 12 countries. After humanitarian efforts were underway, many Earth sci- entists mobilized to collect data before the area was changed by cleanup efforts. Planning the investigation Jose Borrero, an environmental engineer at University of Southern Califoria, wanted to determine the height of the waves sesociated with the tu rami, how far inland they traveled, the number of waves, and the distance between them. This Information would determine where to rebuild ‘owns and assist in the development of @ warn ing system and a hazard plan ‘aking measurements To measure heights ‘of the waves and the fllowing rush of water, Borrera looked for mud or watermarks on the builings that were left standing, He then placed ‘2 5:m pole next to the watermark to measure ‘the height the water reached, The closer he got to the coast, however, the less he was able to measure accurately. The water had surged up ‘over 5 m deep, 50 he relied on vsual estimates ‘and photos for documentation, With each mea surement, he recorded the location on the Global Positioning Satelite system (SPS) Altera sicday study of the devastation, Borrero had more than 150 data points. Upon returning to the United States, scientists used these data to determine thatthe waves reached 15-30 m high Jin Banda Aceh, and almost 3.2 km inland Using modets Its impossible and unethical to simulate natural disasters on an actual scale, so scantists use the data collected from reel ine: dents to ceate models of those events to learn ‘more about how nature behaves Using sietiic ‘methods and data gathered, scientists are able to provide information for model building oF com- puter simulation, Back a the lab, Borero applies the data to study other posible tsunami scenar Jos. He uses data to predict wave height and the {area of inundation along the coast, should a su fami hit the Unite states, He hopes that the data collected wil enable better detection and prevent widespread devas- tation from 2 natural tsunami disaster. garth Science a ora sie ue cs eccomparyng 9 ee pe way ou C/ cone oe natetye scenic met eeeMEASUREMENT AND SI UNITS .ckground: Suppse someone asked you to mes sure the area of your classraom in square cubits. ‘hat would you use? A cubits an ancient unit of fength equal tothe distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Today, SVs used as a stan- dard system of measurement. Question: Why are standard units of measure ingortant? Materials Tange graduated cylinder or beaker raph paper thalince cot of tring springscle sims Safety Precautions 2 OM Baa BE Procedure Read and complet the lab safety form. - Obtain set of rock samples from your teacher Measure the weight and length of to rock samples using a nonstandard unit of measure, You might use your pinky, «paperclip, or anything you choose. Record your measurements, Working witha partner, explain your unis of mes sure and which samples yo measured. Ask your partner to measure the rocks using your units Record your partners measurements 7 Use the information inthe Stalder Handbook to design «data table in which to record the following measurements foreach rock sample: te, volume, mas, weight, and density. 3. Carflytace the outline ofeach rock onto a piece ‘of graph paper Determine the area of each sample and record the vals in you data table 19, Secure cach rock with apiece of dry string Place the string loop over the hook of the spring sale to etermine the weight ofeach rock sample Record the values im your data table 10, Pour water ino a large graduated clinder unlit is ha ful, Record ths volume in the tale. Slowly lower the sample by its tring into the jinder. Record the volume ofthe water Subtract the two ‘values to determine the volume ofthe rock sample 11, Repeat Steps 9 and 10 for each rock. Make sue the original volume of water for each rock's the same fs when you measured your Bist sample, 12, Follow your teachers instructions about how to use the balance to determine the mass ofeach rock, Record the measurements in your able Analyze and Conclude 1. Interpret Hove did the results of your initial mea- surements (Step 4) compare with Your lab partners (Step 6) I they were diferent, why were they? 2, Propose What dos this ll you about the impor tance of standard units of measure? 3. Compare the ara of ech of your samples with the ‘volumes determined forthe same eock, Which tmethod of measurement was more accurate? Explain 44. Caleulate the density ofeach sample using this fo ‘ula: density = massivolume. Record these values in your data table Explain. Docs mass depend on the sie or shape of ‘rock? Explain 6, Identify the variables you used to determine the volume ofeach sample 17, Uist the standard units you wsed in thisivestgation and explain the standard unit advantages over your INQUIRY EXTENSION Inquiry Hove cosld you ind he volume frock, sch 2 punt, tha lt in water” Design an isesigaton to test our prediction Geotsh 24cS a a cs 3 iY Vocabulary See + mzonony (6) ‘hose ip 8) + meteorology (8) 1 eanogepy 7) ESE contol. 12) ‘eapenent vibe (p. 2) + potest (10) "pendent alate (12 HE Sytme Itai Uns 3 ei + Sete methods (2.10) {eet notion (18) + sete aw 18) 1 edo modal p18) ‘een theory 6.19) —— 22 chop 1 sual Gude fer ocean (CUCL Earth scientists use specific methods to investigate Earth and beyond. Key Concepts SCG arth science encompasses fie areas of study: ronan metorelogy, geology, oceanography and environmental since «Enh individ nto four tens the geosphere hydrosphere atmosphere sn biosphere «arth systems ae ll interdependent 1 identifying the intersationsips Between Earth systems lend to pec tie and subypecalde, «Technology is important, ot onlin cence, bat in every ie {arth science as contributed othe development of many ems asd in everyday le [SERIKAI Scientists use scenic methods to structure the experiments ‘and investigations + Senta work in many waysto gather dat 11 gond sonic espesianen inca an independent vail, dependent ial and enol An imesigitn, however does not ince ‘conto. + Graphs tbls and charts are thee common ways to communicate data from an experiment «+ Shea modern version ofthe metre sytem, i standard form of measure tent that al scents can ae + Tocxpes vey lage or ery small amber, cents ws cette TEERIKES). Precise communications ruc for sietsts a share thet ren ffectivety wth each ther and with oe, «+ Scientists communcite datas others can learn tess, verify the esl examine conclsins fr bay and conduct new experiment «There re thre nan types of grap scents us to represent dat: Tine apts, ice graphs abd bar graphs «= Bona modal ean accurate epesentation of a de thor 1 Scientific theories and siete laws are sometimes discovered siden. eS 3 vocabulary Puzletaker rir ceri1 Assessment 1. geosphere, mantle 2, ydrosphere tn 3 ography, hydrospher samosphere 5, geology biosphere For Questions 6 99, il the blanks with the corret 6 When 7 The rom the Study Guide futing experiments, scientists use to help gue their processes. _ isthe one factor that can be manipulated by the experimenter 8. Scientists use a form of shorthand called _ to express very large or 9. Mos scientific studies and exp system of unit called tence using the following 10, scientific hoon 1, scientific aw 12, scien iin th 1. Inthe fla fie model temperature, pressure, and humidity 1M, ‘Their measurements come from features ofthe ‘weather affects the 16. The: ‘and they lok at how and hydrosp and geosphere its of thei measurements come from andthe metric stem. Chapter Test 17, Which one ofthese is NOT a specialized ares of. B. environmental science . technology D, oceanography Use the figure below to answer Questions 18 and 19. 18, Which type of cients is shown above? A. oceanogeapher B, geologist . astronomer D, meteorologist 5. Which type of esearch is this scientist conducting? A. fd researe Blab research . brary esearch D. biological rese 1. Which isa sequence of tps ascents might us to conduct an investigation? Ua» analysis, tes, question, conelude B. test, question, conclude, analysis C queston, test, analysis, conclude Dz conclude, test, question, analysis Chapter semen 28Use the figure below 10 answer Questions 26, Explain hovr technology relates wo scence Use the photo Below to answer Question 27. = f ! 21, enti the Barth system cat is abel A, | ‘AL atmosphere B. biosphere . yarosplice D. geoephere 27, entity the Stunts that would be used t reasre each ofthe above items. 28, Summarize eich of Eat systems and explain 22, Identify the Fath system that i labeled sesame ‘A. atmosphere | B. biosphere 29, Compare and contrast an investigation and an hydrosphere experiment aes 30, Apply Why might a graph be more help in explaining data than just writing the results in 23, Which type makes up 97 percent of Earth water? A. groundwater wordst B, saltwater ‘1. Apply When ie is heated above 0° it melt 1. Apply When ice is heated above °C, it mets ae Isthis a theory ora law? Explain, D. spring water 24, Which s true of scientific models? | A. They never change. qm They mune ere forateatien years | 5p, Why would © ey amanaintercnten | © ceerarnenricemid sand dat, “ D. They are generally the work of one sient Inydeosphere? 33, Design an Experiment Suppose you want find 25, Select the corect scientific notation for the elect of sunlight on the temperature of a room 150,00,000 km withthe shade up and the shade down, Desribe AL 130% 10km — G 15> 10¢km how you would test this hypothesis. What woud be B1Sx10km B.S x 10°km | your varibles? What would you use asa contol? 24 Chapter t+ ses ERCP iiS Chapter test OT‘4. Propose An ecologist want to study the ffs ‘of polation on plant growth. The scents uses {ovo groups of plans. To the fst group a typeof pollatantis added, To the second group, nothing Padded. The scientist records plat growth for tach plant fortwo weeks, What isthe purpose of ‘he second group in the scientists study? 35, Caleulate Copy the abe into your notebook. ‘Complete the table. Once you have made your conversions expres each answer in Scenic Cen 36, Use the following terms to make a concept map sumnariing the nits usd to measure each ‘quantity diseused in the chapter time, density temperature vane, mas, weight length, are, °C g/ml, kn s,m, kg and N. or help z refer tothe Slider Handbook ‘Challenge Question, 37, Bvaluate A scents is drug, Filty patients have been diagnosed with the type of cance the drug is designed to treat. Ife control is used, the patients might not receive any medication. The patients do not know if they are receiving the placebo othe ‘nee medication, For this reason, the patients a Allowed to also receive traitonal treatment hey choose, How will his impact the research? How should the scientist account fr this infor mation in the results? Should the scientist be allowed to discourage patients from receiving seiened “= chapter Test a 38. QUEEINTADD Earth Science: agine you are vwritng an explanation ofthe scientific methods for someone who has never done a scientific Investigation before, Expin what the scientific methods ae and why they ae so important. BR documen- Based Questions acne ro: om mes spat ures 0-200, Noe Capa ass. Use the graphs blow 1 answer Questions 39-81 a esr 59, Is there a consistent pattern i the graphs? Is, whats the pattern showing? 40, What do the graphs express cegarding the num ber of sunspots that have Been scen and recorded since the 17008 41, What would you predict would be the pattern for the years 2000 to 2100? ‘Cumulative Review In Chapters 2-30, Cumulative Review questions will help you review ad check your understanding of concepts discussed in previous chapters chapter + hssnent 25