Physics Important Viva Questions

*
angra Sir
Class 12 Physics

1.Define Ohm’s law.

Answer. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to
the voltage applied. The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain
constant.
2.What is the formula of Ohm’s law?
Answer. Ohm’s law is given by the formula: V=IR
Where, I=current, V=voltage, and R=Resistance.
3.What is specific resistance?
Answer. The resistance offered per unit length and unit cross-sectional area when a
known amount of voltage is applied is known as the specific resistance.
4.What is the SI unit of the potential difference?
Answer. The SI unit of the potential difference is volt.
5.The current is measured in which unit?
Answer. The unit of electric current is Ampere.
6.What is the unit of resistance?
Answer. The unit of the electrical resistance is Ohms.
7.Does the resistance depend on the temperature?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the temperature. As the temperature
increases, the resistance also increases.
8.What is electrical conductivity?
Answer. It is the measure of the ability of the material to allow the electric current to
pass through it.
9.Define a rheostat.
Answer. A rheostat is a two-terminal electrical device. The rheostat is a variable
resistor whose resistance can be changed to change the current flowing amount
through a circuit.
10.Does the resistance depend on the dimensions of the conductor?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the dimensions of the conductor.
11. What is the difference between potential difference and emf?
The potential difference is the work done in displacing a unit charge from one point
to another. Emf is the potential difference among the terminals of a cell when no
current is extracted from it.
12. Why is a connecting wire thick and enveloped with cotton thread?
Thick copper wires only possess negligible resistance, and covering them with cotton
helps to avoid short-circuiting.
13. What is the SI unit of resistivity?
Ohm-metre or Ω m is the SI unit resistivity.
14. What is the wire material used in a rheostat?
Constantan or manganin is the material of wire used in a rheostat.
15. How can we convert a galvanometer into (a) voltmeter (b) ammeter?
(a) By linking a high resistance in series.
(b) By linking a low resistance in parallel.
16. What is the influence of temperature on resistance?
Wire resistance increases with temperature.
17. Can we consider Ohm’s law as a universal law?
No, Ohm’s law is not a universal law. It totally fails on semiconductor materials and
for resistances at extremely low temperatures.
18. What happens when the voltmeter is linked in series in a circuit?
A voltmeter is a device used for measuring the potential difference across two points.
So, the voltmeter is linked between the two points. Furthermore, the voltmeter has a
high resistance, and therefore, the current in the circuit is drastically reduced.
19. What is meant by superconductivity?
In specific materials, the resistance completely vanishes below a distinct
temperature. This is called superconductivity
20. What is a metre bridge?
A slide wire bridge, also termed a metre bridge, is an instrument that works on the
principal Wheatstone bridge. To find unknown resistance of a conductor, a metre
bridge is used.
21. In a series combination of resistance, how do you find the equivalent resistance?
Since the same current passes through each resistor in series combination, the total
resistance RT can be calculated using the below equation:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + …….Rn
22. What is Wheatstone bridge?
A Wheatstone bridge is a particular type of electrical circuit that is used in measuring
the unknown electrical resistance of the circuit by balancing the two legs of the
bridge circuit, where the unknown component includes one of its legs.
23. What is the use of a metre bridge?
To measure the resistance precisely for a resistor, a metre bridge is used.
24. Which principle is followed by the metre bridge for its working?
The principle of the Wheatstone bridge is followed by a metre bridge for its efficient
working.
25.Which material wire is used in a metre bridge?
The materials such as nichrome, constantan or manganin are used in making the wire
of a metre bridge because these materials have a high value of resistance, and the
coefficient of the temperature of their resistances is low.
26. What is the case when the metre bridge is in a more sensitive condition?
The metre bridge circuit will be very sensitive when all four resistors have the same
resistance values.
27.What is the balanced condition of a Wheatstone bridge?
When no current flows through the galvanometer, the Wheatstone bridge is said to
be in a balanced condition. By adjusting the known resistance and variable resistance,
this condition can be achieved.
28. What are the restrictions of Wheatstone bridge?
The resistance of the leads and contacts becomes important for low resistance
measurement, but the Wheatstone bridge shows errors while measuring them.
29.What is the resistance which obeys Ohm’s law?
Answer: Ohmic resistance is the resistance which obeys Ohm’s law.
30. What is the resistance which does not obey Ohm’s law?
Answer: Non-ohmic resistance is the resistance which does not obey Ohm’s law.
31. Give two examples of non-ohmic resistance.
Answer: Vacuum tube diodes and transistors are two examples of non-ohmic
resistances.
32. Give three examples of ohmic resistance.
Answer: Metallic resistance like silver, aluminium, and copper are three examples of
ohmic resistances.
33. Is semiconductor diode an ohmic resistance or non-ohmic resistance?
Answer: A semiconductor diode is a non-ohmic resistance.
34. Give one example of a substance whose resistance lowers with an increase in
temperature.
A semiconductor is the best example.
35. How is an ammeter connected to an electric circuit?
An ammeter is usually joined in series in the electric circuit.
36. What is the main procedure to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter?
A galvanometer is typically converted into an ammeter by linking a suitable low
resistance wire (shunt) in parallel orientation with it.
37.How are voltmeters attached to an electric circuit?
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel.
38. What is the main procedure to convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?
A galvanometer is typically converted into a voltmeter by linking a high resistance in
series orientation with it.
39) What is a potentiometer?
A potentiometer is an electrical apparatus used for precise calculation of minute
potential differences and to analyse the e.m.f.s of the available primary cells.
40) What is the principle of a potentiometer?
The principle of a potentiometer is stated as the potential dropped along a section of
a wire of uniform area carrying a stable electric current is directly proportional to the
wire’s length.
41) What is meant by a cell’s e.m.f?
It is the highest possible potential difference along with a cell’s terminals in an open
electric circuit.
42) What is meant by a potential gradient?
The potential gradient is the potential variation per unit length of the given
potentiometer wire.
43) Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for the calculation of e.m.f?
For the purpose of measuring e.m.f accurately, no electric current should be taken
from the cell. In the case of a potentiometer, the readings are noted when the
electric current is zero. So the potentiometer measures the e.m.f correctly.
44) What is meant by terminal voltage?
Terminal voltage is the potential difference along with a cell’s terminals when the
electric current is being taken from it.

45) Is a voltmeter used for measuring the e.m.f.?

No, the voltmeter takes electric current from the cell.
46) What is the reason behind the null point?
The null point is acquired because the cell’s e.m.f. is balanced by the potential
variation along a particular length of the connected potentiometer wire.
47) What is meant by a cell’s internal resistance?
The resistance applied by the cell’s electrolyte is known as the cell’s internal
resistance.
48) What is meant by a primary cell?
A primary cell is a type of cell which cannot be recharged.
49) What is meant by a secondary cell?
A secondary cell is a type of cell which can be recharged.
50) Why does a secondary cell give more electric current than a primary cell of the
identical e.m.f.?
A secondary cell gives more electric current than a primary cell because a secondary
cell possesses a very low internal resistance.
51) Which type of cells (primary cells or secondary cells) is employed in automobiles?
Secondary cells are typically used in automobiles because they provide the needed
large beginning current due to this cell’s relatively low internal resistance.
52) Is sensitivity impacted by potential gradients?
Yes, the lesser the potential gradients, the higher will be the sensitivity.
53) How is the potentiometer’s sensitivity affected by the length of the wire?
The sensitivity of the potentiometer rises with the increase in the wire’s length.
54) On what constraints does the cell’s internal resistance depend?
In the case of a cell, internal resistance depends on:
nature of the electrolyte
the concentration of the electrolyte
nature of the electrodes
distance between the plates
temperature
area of the plates inside the electrolyte

55) Can a potentiometer be used to calculate the secondary cell’s internal resistance?
No, a secondary cell possesses very little internal resistance. Due to the low value, it
has no considerable effect on the potential difference.
56) What can be the reason for one-sided deflection in galvanometers?
(a) The primary cell’s e.m.f. may surpass that of the main circuit cell.
(b) Circuit connections may be incorrect or loose.
57) What is electrical resistance?
Electrical resistance is the hindrance provided by a material in the flow of current; it is
the physical property of a substance which allows it to oppose the flow of electrons,
that is, current. Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the
material and directly proportional to the temperature and length of the material.
58) What is direct current?
Direct current is the current whose direction remains the same. From a region of high
electron density to a region of low electron density, the flow of electrons in a direct
current is constant. Direct current is widely used in applications that involve a battery
and many household appliances.
59) Why is Ohm’s law not applicable to semiconductors?
The semiconductors are nonlinear devices, and this is the reason why Ohm’s law is
not applicable to semiconductors. This means that for variations in voltage, the ratio
of voltage to current doesn’t remain constant.
60) When does Ohm’s law fail?
When semiconductors and unilateral devices such as diodes come into play, Ohm’s
law fails to give the desired result because, in these materials, the physical conditions,
such as temperature or pressure, do not remain constant.
61)What is the unit to measure electric current?
Answer: Ampere is the unit used to measure the electric current.
62) Define ampere.
Answer: An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an
electrical conductor.
63) On the galvanometer scale, why is zero placed in the middle?
Answer: Zero is placed in the middle of the galvanometer since the galvanometer
needle can deflect on both sides.
64) Are there positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer?
Answer: There are no positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer.
65) A galvanometer is known as the fundamental electrical measuring
tool. Why?
A galvanometer is known as the fundamental electrical measuring tool because it is
designed to measure voltage and current.
66) Should the galvanometers possess a high or low resistance?
Galvanometers should possess a low resistance.
67) What is the main procedure to convert a galvanometer into a
voltmeter?
A galvanometer is usually changed into a voltmeter by joining a large resistance in
series with it.
68) Should voltmeters possess low resistance or high resistance? Why?
Voltmeters should always possess a large resistance; if not, it will decrease the
potential difference it is intended to measure.
69) What is the resistance value of ideal voltmeters?
Ideal voltmeters have infinite resistance.
70) Should ammeters have high or low resistance? Why?
Ammeters should always possess a low resistance; otherwise, they will decrease the
current it is intended to calculate.
71) A galvanometer is transformed into a milliammeter and an ammeter.
Which of the two devices will have better resistance?
The Milliammeter will possess better resistance.
72) What is the resistance value of ideal ammeters?
Ideal ammeters have zero resistance.
73) What do you mean by a galvanometer’s figure of merit?
A galvanometer’s figure of merit is the electric current needed to generate a one
division deflection in the galvanometer.
74) What is shunt resistance?
Shunt resistance is a resistance of low value. A shunt resistor is made using a material
of low-temperature coefficient resistance value. It can be used for measuring the
range to which it is extended when it is connected in parallel with an ammeter. And
the current through the load can be determined when the same shunt resistance is
connected in series with the load. For converting a galvanometer into an ammeter,
shunt resistance is used.

75) What is the reduction factor?

In order to produce 45∘ deflection in a galvanometer, a current is required, which is
known as a reduction factor; it is used in a tangent galvanometer. The reduction
factor is measured in ampere and denoted by K.
76) Why is an ammeter always connected in series?
Since the internal resistance of an ammeter is low, it is always connected in series.
There are high chances of short-circuiting if the ammeter is connected in parallel.
77) How does current electricity differ from static electricity?
As the name suggests, static electricity is static, whereas current electricity is
dynamic. The form of electricity in which charges constantly flow is known as current
electricity.
78) What is Static Electricity?
Fundamentally, the phenomenon of static electricity rises when the positive and
negative charges are divided. Electric charges that build up on the surface of
materials or substances are known as static electricity. These electric charges remain
static until they are discharged or grounded. This type of electricity is formed due to
friction.
79) What is a Voltmeter?
The potential difference or voltage among two points of an electronic or electrical
circuit is measured using an instrument which is known as a voltage metre or
voltmeter.
80) What is the working principle of a voltmeter?
A voltmeter is that it must be connected in parallel to the circuit in which the voltage
has to be measured; this is the basic principle of a voltmeter. A voltmeter is built in
such a way that it has a very high resistance value, and this is the reason why a
parallel connection is used.
81) What is a sonometer?
Answer: A sonometer is a device to showcase the relationship between the frequency
of the sound produced by the string when it is plucked and the length, tension, and
mass per unit length of the string.
82) What is Alternating Current (AC)?
Answer: Alternating Current is a current that changes its magnitude and polarity at
regular intervals of time.

83) What is a Direct Current (DC)?

Answer: Direct current is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge. Example: The
mobile battery gives DC.
84) List two uses of a sonometer.
Answer: Sonometer is used to find the frequency of the tuning fork. It is also used to
find the tension in the string.
85) Can the frequency of the alternating current be found using the sonometer?
Answer: Yes, the alternating current frequency can be found using the sonometer.
86) What is the unit of frequency of an alternating current?
Answer: The unit of frequency of the alternating current is hertz (Hz).
87) Define an electromagnet.
Answer: A magnet that can be magnetised through electric current is known as an
electromagnet.
88) What is the formula to calculate the percentage of error?
Answer: The percentage of error is given by the formula:
Percentage error=DifferenceActualValue×100%
89) How is a direct current different from an alternating current?
Answer: Alternating current changes its magnitude and direction, while the direct
current has the same magnitude and direction throughout.
90) What is the spherical mirror used in this experiment?
A concave mirror is a spherical mirror used in this experiment.
91) What are the two types of spherical mirrors?
Convex mirrors and concave mirrors are the two types of spherical mirrors.
92) Which type of mirror always generates a virtual image?
Convex and plane mirrors always generate virtual images.
93) What is the aperture of a spherical mirror?
The aperture of a spherical mirror is the diameter of the circular rim of a spherical
mirror.
94) Define the pole of a concave mirror?
The pole of a concave mirror is the centre point of the reflecting surface of this
mirror. It is denoted as ‘P’.
95) Define the centre of curvature on a concave mirror.
The centre of curvature is the sphere centre of which the concave mirror is a part. It
is denoted as ‘C’.
96) Define the centre of curvature on a spherical mirror.
The centre of the sphere in which the spherical mirror is a part is known as the centre
of curvature.
97) What is the correlation between the radius of curvature (R) and focal length (F) of
a concave mirror?
The correlation is given by the formula,
f = R/2.
98) Define the principal axis of a spherical mirror.
The principal axis is the imaginary line travelling through the principal axis and the
pole of the spherical mirror.
99) What is the radius of curvature of a concave mirror?
The radius of the sphere of which a concave mirror is a part is called the radius of
curvature.
100) Define the principal focus on a concave mirror.
The rays that are parallel to the concave mirror’s principal axis meet at a particular
point on the mirror’s principal axis just after the reflection. This point of convergence
is called the principal focus on a concave mirror.
101) What are the two types of lenses generally used?
Concave lenses and convex lenses are the two types of lenses generally used.
102) Is the convex lens’s focal length taken -ve or +ve?
The convex lens’s focal length is taken as positive since it meets the beam of light.
103) A convex mirror is a type of diverging mirror. Therefore, it doesn’t generate a
real focus. On the other hand, a plane mirror is not a type of diverging mirror. Why
doesn’t it generate a real focus?
As far as a plane mirror is concerned, the reflected and the incident rays form an
identical angle with the mirror. In fact, reflected rays don’t converge, and therefore, it
generates a virtual image.
104) What is the mirror formula?
The mirror formula is given by,
1/f = 1/v+1/u
f is the focal length
u is the object distance
v is the image distance
105) Define the law of reflection for mirrors?
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all exist in the exact same plane.
∠i = ∠r
106) Give the number of refracting surfaces a lens possesses.
A lens has two refracting surfaces.
107) What is the ideal position of a body if you want to get an image of the same
dimension in the case of a concave mirror?
The body should be positioned at ‘C’ of a concave mirror in order to get an image of
the same dimension.
108) Which is the mirror typically used for shaving? Why?
The concave mirror is typically used for shaving. This is mainly due to the fact the
object is positioned between the focus and pole of the mirror. The resulting image
will be virtual and magnified.
109) Consider a situation where you are standing in front of a mirror, and the image
looks as follows:
The head looks to be very large, the body looks to be normal size, and the legs look to
be tiny.
110) What is the nature of mirrors used in this scenario?
In this case, the mirror is a combination of types of mirrors. The top section is a
concave mirror, the middle section is a plane mirror, and the bottommost section is a
convex mirror.
111) What are the two main types of mirrors?
Plane mirrors and spherical mirrors are the two main types of mirrors.
112) What is denoted by the symbol ‘R’ in a concave mirror?
The radius of curvature is denoted by the symbol ‘R’ in a concave mirror.
113) Give two general uses of concave mirrors.
Concave mirrors are extensively used by dentists and in solar cookers.
114) What type of images do concave mirrors generate?
Concave mirrors generate real and virtual images.
115) If a body is at infinity, where will the image be generated in the case of a
concave mirror?
The image will be generated at the focus point of the concave mirror if a body is at
infinity.
116) When do concave mirrors produce virtual images?
Concave mirrors produce virtual when objects are positioned between the focal point
and pole.
117) What happens when parallel rays strike a convex lens?
Parallel rays converge at the focus of the convex lens.
118) When light rays pass through the optical centre of convex lenses, what happens
to the light rays?
Light rays will pass through without deviating when it passes through the optical
centre of convex lenses.
119) Do the characteristics of the images produced by convex lenses rely on the
location of the object?
Yes, convex lenses form virtual images only when positioned between the optical
centre and the focus point. In the case of all other locations, convex lenses produce
real images.
120) How will you distinguish a concave lens from a convex lens experimentally?
If the given spherical lens produces a real sharp image of a faraway object, it is a
convex lens. If not, it should be a concave lens.
121) If half of the concave lens is covered when focusing on a faraway subject, what
will be the effect on the image produced?
An image will be generated as normal, but the image intensity will be half the original.
122) What is a convex mirror?
Answer: A convex mirror is defined as a spherical mirror that features an outwardly
bulged reflecting surface.
123) What is a convex lens?
Answer: A convex lens is a type of lens that is thicker at the centre and thinner at the
edges. It converges on a straight beam of light.
124) Explain the type of image formed by the convex mirror.
Answer: A convex mirror always creates only virtual images that are erect and
diminished for all object positions.
125) What kind of image is created by the convex lens?
Answer: The convex lenses form real as well as inverted images of different sizes.
Erect, virtual, and enlarged images are formed based on the object’s position.
126) What is a convex lens referred to as?
Answer: A convex lens is also referred to as a converging lens.
127) Which type of lens has a negative focal length?
Answer: The concave lens is the lens which has a negative focal length.
128) Define the power of the lens.
Answer: The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length.
129) How is the lens power measured?
Answer: Lens power is measured in dioptres (D).
130) A convex lens is used to treat which type of refractive error in the human eye?
Answer: The convex lens is used to treat hypermetropia or long-sightedness.
131) Why is a convex lens used in cameras?
Answer: A convex lens is used in cameras because it focuses light in order to create a
clear and sharp image.
132) What are the types of mirrors?
Answer: Types of mirrors are,
Plane mirrors
Spherical mirrors
133) Define focal length.
Answer: Focal length is the distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus of the lens.
134) Is a convex mirror a transparent or opaque object?
Answer: A convex mirror is an opaque object.
135) What happens to the incident ray, which is an incident on a convex lens?
Answer: A convex lens converges the incident rays towards the principal axis.
136) Which lens is known as a diverging lens?
Answer: A concave lens is known as a diverging lens.
137) When a concave lens is combined with a convex lens, what would be the quality
of the image?
Answer: A sharper image is formed when a concave lens is combined with a convex
lens.
138) The lens works on which principle?
Answer: The lens works on the principles of refraction.
139) Which type of lens is used in the human eye?
Answer: Convex lenses are the lenses used in the human eye.

140) What is an optical aberration?

The property of the lens that causes blurriness or distortion during the formation of
an image is known as an optical aberration. The light is spread out or dispersed due
to optical aberration rather than being focused on a certain fixed point. Optical
aberration is an unwanted property of the lens, and by using a grouping of lenses
rather than using a single piece of the lens, it can be eliminated.
141) What is magnification?
Magnification of the lens is basically the ratio of the linear size of the image to the
linear size of the object.
m = (linear size of the image/linear size of the object)
142) What is chromatic aberration?
Dispersion is the reason why chromatic aberration occurs. Due to chromatic
aberration, a lens fails to focus all colours on the same point, and colourful fringes
around an image can be observed due to chromatic aberration. An achromatic
doublet can be used to fix chromatic aberration.
143) What is total internal reflection?
When the light rays travel from a more optically denser medium to a less optically
denser medium, the phenomenon that happens is known as total internal reflection.
144) What are optics, and what are their types?
The study of the wave properties of light is known as optics, and it is divided into
three categories:
Diffraction
Interference
Polarisation
145) What is wave optics in physics?
The branch of optics that studies the phenomena for which the ray calculation of
geometric optics is not valid, like interference, diffraction, polarisation, and others, is
known as wave optics.
146) Does the refractive index affect the power of the lens?
Answer: Yes, the refractive index is one of the factors that affect the power of the
lens.

147) When a convex lens is combined with a concave lens, what would be the quality
of the image?
Answer: A sharper image is formed when a convex lens is combined with a concave
lens.
148) Which lens is used in the magnifier?
Answer: The convex lens is used in the magnifiers.
149) What is a prism?
A prism is a transparent optical device with polished, flat surfaces that refract light. At
least one of its surfaces must be angled. A similar optical device with two parallel
sides is not a prism.
150) How many edges are there in a prism?
There are nine edges in a prism.
151) What is meant by the angle of deviation?
The angle of deviation is the angle at which a light ray turns away from the original
way while moving through a prism.
152) What is the angle of minimum deviation?
The minimum value of the deviation angle is called the angle of minimum deviation.
153) What is the importance of minimum deviation?
At the condition of minimum deviation, light beams move inside the prism parallel to
the prism’s base, and the angle of emergence is equal to the angle of incidence.
154) Does the colour of light influence the angle of minimum deviation?
Yes, it is varied for different wavelengths or colours.
155) Which word is used as the abbreviation for remembering the names
of seven colours in white light?
VIBGYOR is the word used for remembering the names of seven colours in white light.
156).What is the conclusion of the graph of ‘i’ and ‘D’?
The deviation is minimum only at one special value of incidence angle.
157) Why are there dual values of incidence angle for one particular value
of deviation angle?
In the case where an emergent light ray is reversed, then the angle i changes to e and
the angle e changes to i. The reversed light ray will possess the exact deviation as
before.
158) Does a ray of white light produce a spectrum on travelling through a
hollow prism?
No, dispersion does not happen in the air. For the generation of the ideal spectrum,
light needs a perfect prism.
159) Which colour deviates the least?
Red colour deviates the least.
160) Which colour deviates the most?
Violet colour deviates the most.
161) Which colour possesses the highest refractive index?
Violet colour has the highest refractive index.
162) Which colour has the lowest refractive index?
Red colour possesses the lowest refractive index.
163) What is the formula to calculate the refractive index of a medium?
The following formula can be used to compute the refractive index of a medium:
n = c/v
where, the refractive index of the medium is denoted by ‘n’
the velocity of light in a vacuum is denoted by ‘c’
the velocity of light in the medium is denoted by ‘v’
164) Is the speed of light faster in glass or water?
As compared to glass, the speed of light is faster in water since the refractive index of
glass is 1.5, and the refractive index of water is 1.3. According to the equation n = c/v,
we know that the refractive index of a medium and the velocity of light in that
medium is inversely proportional to each other. Hence light travels faster in water.
165) What is the normal shift?
There exists an apparent shift in the position of an object when placed in a particular
medium and viewed along the normal from another medium, and this shift is known
as the normal shift.

166) What is the apparent shift?

The difference between the distance of the object and the distance of the image from
the refracting surface is known as apparent shift.
167) What are the sources of error in the experiment – To determine the refractive
index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
It may be possible that the scale used in the microscope might not be adjusted
properly.
Thin lycopodium powder layer on the glass slab.
168) On what factors does apparent depth depend?
Apparent depth depends on the following factors:
The thickness of the medium
Nature of the medium
Colour of the light
169) What happens when the light ray travels from a rarer medium to a denser
medium?
Answer: When the light ray travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it
bends at the interface of the two mediums and again travels in a straight line.
170) State true or false: The refractive index is dimensionless.
Answer: True. The refractive index is a dimensionless quantity.
171) What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
Answer: The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 * 10^8 m/s.
172) Which is the phenomenon that is responsible for the sunrise and sunset?
Answer: Atmospheric refraction is the phenomenon that causes the sunrise and
sunset.
173) Define absolute refractive index.
Answer: The ratio of the velocity of the light in the air to its velocity in a medium gives
the absolute refractive index of the medium.
174) What is the refractive index of the air?
Answer: The refractive index of the air is 1.0003.
175) What is the refractive index of glass?
Answer: The refractive index of glass is 1.52.
176) Does the refractive index vary with wavelength?
Answer: Yes. The refractive index varies with wavelength.

177) Why is the speed of light in water faster than the speed of light through glass?
Answer: The speed of light in water is faster than the speed of light through glass
because the refractive index of water is lesser than that of glass.
178) What is the angle of the prism?
Answer: Refracting angle of the prism or the angle of the prism is defined as the angle
formed between the two refracting surfaces of the prism.
179) What are the three types of materials based on electrical
conductivity?
Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are the three types of materials based on
electrical conductivity.
180) What is the relationship between resistivity and electrical
conductivity?
The electrical conductivity of the material is reciprocal to resistivity.
181) What is a hole in the context of a semiconductor?
A hole is a place in the crystal lattice of a material which is vacated by an electron. It
is considered a positive charge.
182) What is an intrinsic semiconductor?
An intrinsic semiconductor is a pure semiconductor that does not possess any
significant dopant species. It is also called an i-type semiconductor or undoped
semiconductor.
183) What is an extrinsic semiconductor?
An extrinsic semiconductor is an impure semiconductor that possesses significant
dopant species.
184) What is an n-type semiconductor?
An n-type semiconductor is a type of intrinsic semiconductor doped using arsenic
(As), antimony (Sb) or phosphorus (P) as an impurity.
185) What is meant by doping?
Doping is the process of deliberately adding appropriate impurities to pure
semiconductors.
186) What is meant by a junction?
A junction is a common surface of p-type and n-type semiconductors.
186) What is meant by a junction potential barrier?
A junction potential barrier is a potential difference between junction terminals of
semiconductors.
187) What are the two types of biasing?
Forward biasing and reverse biasing are the two types of biasing.