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Anatomy Test 3 Marking Guide
Anatomy Test 3 Marking Guide
NO: ____________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read all the instructions carefully
2. This paper consists of five (5) sections namely A, B, C, D and E
3. Write your examination number on each page of the answer sheet used
4. Answer all questions
5. Cell phones and other unauthorized materials are NOT allowed in the
examination room
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 1
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 2
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
8. Ascites:
A. It is an accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity
B. It is an accumulation of fluid in the meninges
C. It is an accumulation of fluid in the thorax
D. It is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
E. It is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
9. Parkinson’s disease:
A. This is a disorder of the joints and muscles
B. This is a disorder of the lung tissues
C. This is a disorder of the basal ganglia
D. This is a disorder of the blood cells
E. This is a disorder of the respiratory system
10. The common cold (coryza) is usually caused by the:
A. Retroviruses
B. Rhinoviruses
C. Papilloma virus
D. Herpes virus
E. Epstein bar virus
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 3
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
C. F _____________Bronchiolitis
D. F _____________Tuberculosis
E. T _____________Diphtheria
1. Match the electrolyte in column A with its corresponding composition in the blood
plasma
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Na+ A. 24 mmol/L
2 K+ B. 104 mmol/L
3 Ca2+ C. 0.75-1.5 mmol/L
4 Mg2+ D. 142mmol/L
5 Cl- E. 14 mmol/L
F. 1-2 mmol/L
G. 4 mmol/L
1 2 3 4 5
E G F C B
2. Match the electrolyte in column A with its corresponding composition inside the cell
(intracellular fluid)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Na+ A. 54 mmol/L
2 K+ B. 12 mmol/L
3 Ca2+ C. 150 mmol/L
4 Mg2+ D. 12 mmol/L
5 Cl- E. 34 mmol/L
F. 4 mmol/L
G. 10-6 mol/L
1 2 3 4 5
D C G E F
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 4
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
1. Concerning inflammation:
a) Mention five causes of inflammation: 2.5 MARKS
i. Physical agents like:
1. Heat
2. Cold
3. Radiation
4. mechanical trauma
ii. Chemical agents like:
1. Organic, inorganic poisons
iii. Infective agents like:
1. bacteria virus
2. Bacterial toxins
iv. Immunological agents like:
1. cell mediated reactions
2. antigen antibody reactions
b) list the five cardinal features (signs) of inflammation: 2.5 MARKS
i. Pain and tenderness (dolor)
ii. Swelling (tumour/oedema)
iii. Redness (rubor)
iv. Heat (calor)
v. Loss of function or reduced efficiency (funtiolaesa)
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 5
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
c) List at least four (4) symptoms that will make you realize a person has
Schizophrenia: 2 MARKS
i. Hallucinations
ii. Delusions
iii. Disorganized speech
iv. Disorganized or catatonic behaviour
v. Negative symptoms
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 6
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 7
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
7. Give out the meaning of the following common types of connective tissue disorders: 2
MARKS
a. Acute pyrogenic arthritis:
This is the infection of the joints by pus-producing bacteria. It is
caused by any pyrogenic bacteria like staphylococci.
b. Gout:
This is arthritis due to congenital abnormality of uric acid
metabolism, leading to abnormal high uric acid in the blood.
c. Osteoarthritis:
This is due to a degeneration of the articular cartilage of joints. It is
common to older people.
d. Osteomalacia:
This is a different form of weakening of bones due to vitamin D
deficiency.
b) List the differences between benign and malignant tumours based on the
factors mentioned below: 2.5 MARKS
FACTOR BENIGN MALIGNANT
1. Metastasis None Frequent
2. Local growth Expansible Infiltrative
3. Vascular invasion None Frequent
4. Mitoses Few Many
5. Growth rate Slow Rapid
c. Oncogenic Viruses are viruses that cause cancer. Mention at least four
examples of cancers caused by virus: 1 MARKS
i. T-cell leukaemia
ii. cervical cancer
iii. Burkitt lymphomas
iv. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
v. Hepatitis B and C
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 8
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
1. Explain the Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System: 6 points each 2.5
marks
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS):
It is a cyclical disorder of severe physical and emotional
distress.
It may be presented by oedema, weight gain, breast swelling
and tenderness, abdominal distension, backache, joint pain,
constipation, skin eruptions, fatigue and lethargy, greater need
for sleep, depression or anxiety
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD):
It is a more severe syndrome in which PMS-like signs and
symptoms do not resolve after the onset of menstruation.
Endometriosis:
Is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the
uterus.
It can cause inflammation, pain, scarring, and infertility.
Symptoms include premenstrual pain or unusually severe
menstrual pain
Breast cancer:
Generally is not painful until it becomes quite advanced
Any lump, no matter how small, should be reported to a
physician at once
Ovarian cancer:
Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer include age (over
age 50), race (whites are at highest risk), family history of
ovarian cancer, more than 40 years of active ovulation, null
parity, a high-fat and low-fibre
Cervical cancer:
Starts with cervical dysplasia; a change in the shape, growth,
and number of cervical cells.
The cells may either return to normal or progress to cancer.
Increased risk is associated with having a large number of
sexual partners, having first intercourse at a young age and
smoking cigarettes.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):
This infection may be specific or non-specific.
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 9
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 10
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
2. Explain the four mechanisms of extracellular fluid regulation: 3.5 marks each point: 1
mark for introduction
a. Neural mechanism
Neural mechanism changes the frequency of action potentials
carried by sympathetic neurons to the afferent arterioles of the
kidney in response to change in blood pressure
When baroreceptors detect an increase in arterial and venous
pressure, the frequency of action potential carried by
sympathetic neuron to the afferent arteriole decreases.
Consequently the afferent arteriole dilates
This increases glomerular capillary pressure, resulting in an
increase in the glomerular filtration rate, an increase in filtrate
volume and an increase in urine volume
b. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
The Renin angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism responds to
small changes in the blood volume
Increased blood pressure results from increased blood volume
Juxtaglomerular cells detect increase in blood pressure in the
afferent arteriole and decrease the rate of renin secretion
The decrease in renin secretion results in a decreased
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
Reduced angiotensin II causes a decrease in the rate of
aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex
Decreased aldosterone level reduces the rate of sodium (Na+)
reabsorption from the distal renal tubules and collecting ducts
Consequently more Na+ remains in the filtrate and fewer are
reabsorbed
The effect is to increase the osmolality of the filtrate, which
reduces the ability of the kidney to reabsorb water
The water remains with the excess Na+ in the filtrate
Thus the volume of urine produced increases and extracellular
fluid volume decreases
The opposite occur in case of decreased in blood volume
c. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) mechanism
The ANH mechanism is most important in responding to
increases in extracellular fluid volume
An increase in pressure in the atria of the heart, which usually
results from an increase in blood volume, stimulates the
secretion of ANH, which decreases Na+ reabsorption in the
distal and collecting ducts
This increase the rate of Na+ and water loss in the urine
Thus increased ANH secretion decreases extracellular fluid
volume
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 11
REG.NO:_____________________________________ EXAM.NO: ____________________
[Date]
Human anatomy and physiology: Test 3 12