Professional Documents
Culture Documents
28 Some More Examples
28 Some More Examples
Subspace arithmetic
In class challenge problem: Let V1 and V2 be subspaces of vector space W.
1) Show that any subspace of a finite-dimensional vector space is finite dimensional.
2) Show V1 ∩ V2 is a subspace
3) Let V1 + V2 = {v in W | v = v1 + v2 for some v1 in V1 and some v2 in V2} Show this is a
subspace.
4) Show, if W is finite dimensional, that dim(V1) + dim(V2) = dim(V1 ∩ V2) + dim(V1 + V2)
Function spaces
Differentiation is a linear operation (it commutes with addition and scalar multiplication).
So instead of multiplying a vector by a matrix, we can “multiply” a function by a differentiation.
So, for instance, the linear differential equation y′ = 0 is looking for the nullspace of the
derivative operator. This is, of course, the set of constant functions. Notice that this is a
subspace of the set of functions.
More generally, we could look at the linear equation a(x)y″ + b(x)y′ + c(x)y = 0. Just as
the sum of matrices is a new matrix, the sum of differential operators is a differential operator.
So we are looking at another linear operation on the set of vectors. Thus, we are looking at
another nullspace. So the solutions to this equation should be a subspace of the space of
functions.
Example: y′ + y = 0. This has solutions Ce–x for any constant C. The set of multiples of a single
vector is certainly a subspace.
Example: y″ + y = 0. This has solutions A cos(x) + B sin(x) for constants A and B. It is the set
of all linear combinations of the nullvectors cos(x) and sin(x), so is a subspace.
Example: y″ – y′ = 2 does not have a subspace as its solutions, because it is not a homogeneous
equation. To solve, we find a specific solution, such as y = –2x, and add the null vectors. The
general solution is y = –2x + Aex + B.