Science WA#2 Reviewer

P R O P PHYSICAL
E R T I ES PROPERTY
O F M A –T isT aEcharacteristic
R of
- matter that
Matter can normally becan be observed
observed or measured
in three states:
without changing the sample’s composition.
Solids, liquids and gases. Study the images below
to compare the three states. Apart from the three The properties of matter can generally be classified as
phases, Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) and either physical or chemical. Click on the properties to find
Plasma are also some states that are discovered, out more.
but not as commonly known. ETRINSIC - Physical properties that changes when the
SOLID - The molecules are arranged in regular, repeating amount of matter changes are called “extrinsic”
patterns. They are firmly in place but can vibrate within a properties
limited area.
INTRINSIC - Physical properties that remain the same
when the amount of matter changes are called “intrinsic”
properties

LIQUID - The molecules in liquids easily flow around one

another. They are kept from flying apart due to the attractive
forces between them. They take the shape of their container.

GAS - The molecules that make up gases fly in all

directions at great speeds. They are so far apart that the
attractive forces between them are insignificant.
- The density of the sun is 1.41 g/cm³, about 0.255 times
that of Earth’s. But It’s diameter is significantly bigger!
That means that our planet is smaller but is more
“tightly packed.” This makes sense because the sun is
mostly made up of gas
- The surface of the planet Mars appears reddish from a
distance because of rusty dust suspended in the
atmosphere. Iron Oxide Fe2O3
- The color of Uranus is blue, due to the presence of
methane. Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless
flammable gas! It is used primarily as fuel to make heat
and light. It is also used to manufacture organic
chemicals.
- Our universe is made up of matter—from the stars in
galaxies, to the planets, to the very air we breathe.
Matter can take up so much forms and can react in so
many ways! Recall the facts about space that were
presented to you. They presented color, mass and
weight, and even how some chemicals react. These are
just some properties of matter.
INTRINSIC
COLOR- Hate to break it to you, but matter doesn’t have
color! Think about it. For example, we see grass as green
because it reflects green light in the visible spectrum and
absorbs all other wavelengths. Our optic nerve registers
this as green. This is the same for all kinds of matter
because matter doesn’t generate its own light.
BOILING POINT - When boiling occurs, the more energetic
molecules change to a gas, spread out, and form bubbles.
These rise to the surface and enter the atmosphere. It
requires heat to change into its gaseous state. Liquids will
boil depending on the interaction of three properties:
Vapor pressure, the pressure of the environment
(atmospheric pressure) and temperature
MELTING POINT - The temperature (or more commonly
temperature range) at which a substance undergoes a
solid to liquid phase change (i.e., it melts) without an
increase in temperature. 
DENSITY - is a measure of mass per unit of volume. An
object made from a comparatively dense material (such
as iron) will have less volume than an object of equal
mass made from some less dense substance (such as
water).
 EXTRINSIC
MASS - is the amount of matter or substance that makes
up an object. It is measured in units called kilograms, which
can be abbreviated kg.
You may have heard that you weigh less on our moon than
on earth. Does this mean that you also have less mass?
Nope! Weight is a product of mass and gravity. Its unit is in
Newtons (N). Since the moon’s gravity pulls about 1.6
times less than earth’s, you’ll weigh less.
Mass always stays the same, while weight changes with
changes in gravity. PHYSICAL CHANGES involve states of matter and
LENGTH, VOLUME, & SHAPE energy. No new substance is created during a physical
change, although the matter takes a different form. The
size, shape, and color of matter may change. Physical
CHEMICAL PROPERTY – the ability or inability of a changes occur when substances are mixed but don't
substance to combine with or change into one or more chemically react.
other substances PHASE CHANGE – is a transition of matter from one
state to another

TOXICITY - is the degree to which a chemical substance or

a mixture of substances can damage an organism.
CHEMICAL STABILITY - refers to the potential changes in
composition in the product due to chemical reactions that
may occur, such as oxidation, polymerization, etc.
FLAMMABILITY - the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite,
causing fire or combustion.
REACTIVITY - is the relative capacity of an atom, molecule,
or radical to undergo a chemical reaction with another
atom, molecule, or compound.
CHEMICAL CHANGES usually occur as irreversible
chemical reactions involving the rearrangement of the
atoms of one or more substances and a change in their
chemical properties or composition, resulting in the
formation of at least one new substance.
Examples:
Color Change (example, potassium permanganate +
iron (II) sulfate
Temperature Change (example, Magnesium +
Hydrochloric acid)
Odor (example, rotting banana; also has color change)
Precipitation reactions (formation of insoluble solids in
aqueous solutions)
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS – states that the
mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical
reaction—it is conserved.
mass reactants=mass products
Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction; products have
the same mass as reactants.
Consider the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl). To
form NaCl without any excess reactants, 23 g of Na must
combine with 35 g of Cl. The NaCl formed would
therefore have a mass of 58 g, with all the Na and Cl
combined.
SHORT-CHAINED HYDROCARBONS - have lower
boiling points. They tend to evaporate quickly. This is
because the strength of the attraction between
molecules is low, and thus can easily escape the liquid
phase.
LONG-CHAINED HYDROCARBONS - have higher
boiling points. They tend to evaporate slower than
short-chained hydrocarbons. This is because the
strength of the attraction between molecules is
higher, and thus cannot easily escape the liquid
phase.
Ex: LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) = C1 – C4
Naptha (General Solvent) = C5 – C7
Petrol = C5 – C10
Jet Fuel = C10 – C16
Diesel = C14 – C20
Wax = C20 – C50

*not all sodium reacted with the chlorine How do we get these products from Crude Oil?
As you can see, we can separate the reaction into two
parts: reactants and products. If we determine the total
mass of the reactants and products separately, we should
see that the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the
products.

Here, the same elements reacted as the previous

example, but notice that there is an extra two grams of
Na. So, all the Cl reacted with Na. Since we only need 23 g
of Na, there was an excess of 2 g. Now, look at the mass
of the reactants and products. They are still the same! So,
in summary, the law of conservation of mass applies to all
chemical reactions whether there are excess reactants or
not.
C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF M A T T E R
CRUDE OIL - is mainly made up of hydrocarbons,
compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon. They come
in many lengths. Hover over the shot and long-chained
hydrocarbons to know more.
= where we get fuels for cars, cooking oil/gas, and lighter
fluid
= HYDROCARBONS: compounds made up of hydrogen
and carbon; come in many lengths

MATTER – anything that has weight and takes up space
MIXTURES - are substances that are combined, but do not
exhibit chemical bonds. They can be separated physically
by filtration, distillation, etc.
HETEROGENOUS mixture - is any mixture that is not
uniform in composition - it's a non-uniform mixture of
smaller constituent parts. (ex: salad)
SUSPENSION - are mixtures containing particles that settle
out if left undisturbed. (ex: cereals and milktea)
THIXOTOPIC MIXTURES – some suspensions separate into
a solidlike mixture on the bottom and water on top. When
the solidlike mixture is stirred or agitated.
COLLOID – a heterogeneous mixture of intermediate sized
particles (between atomic-scale size solution particles and
the size of suspension particles) (Milk is an example of a
type of heterogenous mixture called a “colloid”)
TYNDALL EFFECT – colloid particles disperse lights
BROWIAN MOTION – erratic movement of colloid particles
HOMOGENOUS mixture - is any mixture that is uniform in
composition throughout. It’s also called a “Solution”.
Ex:Bronze is an example of a solid solution. It consists primarily of
copper, with about 12–12.5% tin and sometimes with the addition of
other metals
- Sugar and water is an example of a solution where the solvent is
liquid, and the solute is a solid.
- Carbonated drinks are examples of solutions where liquids are the
solvents and carbon dioxide gas is the solute
When two or more elements combine in a chemical
reaction, COMPOUNDS are formed.
Ex: Table salt (NaCl) is a combination of Sodium (Na),
and explosive metal, and Chlorine (Cl), a poisonous
gas. - Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3),
commonly known as rust, forms when iron is exposed
to air or water. - Ammonium
nitrate (NH4NO3) is used in fertilizers. When it ignites,
it can cause a dangerous explosion
ELEMENT is a pure substance which cannot be broken
down by chemical means. Known elements are
catalogued in the Periodic Table.
Ex: Copper is an element which is a good conductor of
electricity. It’s used in many appliances.
- Carbon has many forms, or “allotropes.” One of its
forms is diamond. It forms when coal is subjected to
extreme heat and pressure.
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
- states that a compound is always composed of the
same elements in the same proportion by mass, no
matter how large or small the sample. The mass of
the compound is equal to the sum of the elements
that make up the compound.
The example above shows us a glimpse to the law of
definite proportions, which states that a compound is
always composed of the same elements in the same
proportion by mass. To further illustrate this law, let
us look
at some examples from
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/law-of-definite-
proportion-examples.html:
• Salt, written as the chemical compound NaCl, is
made up of atoms of
Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl). The exact same
proportions of sodium
and chlorine must always be combined in order for
salt to be created.
• Sulfuric acid is made up of the individual elements
of hydrogen, sulfur,
and oxygen. The chemical compound is written
H2SO4. The same
proportions of hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen must be
combined to create sulfuric acid.
 MIXTURE – is a combination of two or more pure substances
One important feature of this law is that the condition is to
in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical
compare the proportions of the elements in a compound properties.
by mass. To be more specific, water is 89% oxygen, and
11% hydrogen by mass. EVAPORATION
Basis of Separation:
Percent by Mass
• Boiling Point
How can we determine if water is 89% oxygen and 11%
hydrogen? How can we determine the percent by mass of WHAT HAPPENS
an element in a compound? We can use the following
• Evaporation is a procedure where water is driven off
equation:
by heat from an aqueous solution of salt and water.
mass of element
Percent by mass (%) = x 100 Framers in Nasugbu, Batangas harvest salt from brine
mass of compound formed by old rocks.
Example 1: FILTIRATION
Consider this: An environmental scientist obtained a - is a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid
from a liquid Basis
524.00 g sample of water from Taal lake. She found out
of Separation:
that it contained 466.36 g oxygen. What is the percent
mass of oxygen in the compound? • Particle Size

When to use:

• Filtration is a procedure where particles of different

sizes are separated via a porous material.

Modern pitchers make use of Brita © filters.

DISTILLATION
Example 2: - is a physical separation technique that uses a porous
barrier to separate a solid from a liquid.
Consider this: 1.0 g of hydrogen reacts completely with
Basis of Separation:
19.0 g of fluorine. What is the percent by mass of hydrogen
in the compound that is formed? • Boiling Point

When to use:

• Distillation is the process by which a liquid is heated

to create a vapor and then condensed back into a
liquid again.

Here, the total mass of the compound was unknown, but
the needed information on the mass of the elements
that made it up was given. So first, we obtained the mass
of the compound by adding 19.0 g of fluorine to 1.0 g of
hydrogen. Then we proceeded to dividing the mass of
hydrogen to the mass of the compound and then multiply
by 100.
!NOTE THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN THE ANSWER!
CHROMATOGRAPHY
- is a technique that separates the components of a mixture
dissolved in either gas or liquid (called the mobile phase)
based on the ability of each component to travel or be
drawn across the surface of a fixed substrate (called the
stationary phase).
Basis of Separation:
• Solubility
When to use:
• Chromatography is a procedure where a sample is
passed through a medium (a suspension, a liquid or
a gas) in which the components travel in different
rates, and thus are separated.
SUBLIMATION – is a process during which a solid
changes to vapor without melting, i.e. without going
through the liquid phase
CRYSTALLIZATION – is a separation technique that
results in the form of pure solid particles of a substance
from solution containing the dissolved substance.