Contents vi 3 TRAFFIC STREAM FLOW MODELS 100 3.4 Introduction’ 100 3.2. . Vehicular Stream Models » 100 ARI Vehicular Following. 108 5.2.2 Safery Considerations, 302 Stream Variables 104 dahl Spacing and Concenirasion, 104 2 Headveay and Flow, 104 13 Average or Mean Speed, 104 3.34 Lime-Distance Diagrams of Flow, 106 34 Vehieolar Stream Fiquations and Diagrams 109 34.) The Fundamental Equation of a Vehicular Stream, 109 242. The Cose of Uniforra Flan, 109 343 The Case of Highway Trafic Flow, 114, 35 Stream Measurements: The Moving-Observer Method 117 35.1 Background, H17 15.2 The Moving-Observer Method, U8 3.6 Shock Waves in Traffic 123 3.61 Background, 123 462. The Shock Wave Equation, 125 37 Summary 129 Exercises 129 References 131 4 CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE AMALYSIS 133 4.1 Introduction 133 42 Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities 134 42) Background, 134 422 Pedestrian-Flow Models, 124 7 423° Pedestrian Level of Service, 136 4.24 Bicyele Level of Serviee, 136 43° Transit Systems: Uninterrupted Flow 138 43.1 Background, 138 43,2 Uninterrupted Speed. Flow Relaslonships, 139 433° Fleet Size, 141 434 Transit Nerwork leet Sice, 142