THE EFFECT OF SMART GRID SYSTEM

ON THE NATIONAL GRID

MINI PROJECT

Submitted by

K.DIVYA

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN
POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

SIR ISSAC NEWTON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, PAPPAKOVIL, NAGAPPATTINAM-611102

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

OCTOBER-2022
 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this report titled “THE EFFECT OF SMART GRID SYSTEM ON
THE NATIONAL GRID”is the bonafide work of of MS.K.DIVYA ( Roll
No:821721411006) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not from part
of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.N.RAGUVARAN.,M.E., Mr.T.VADIVELAN., M.E.,

Head Of The Department , Project Supervisor ,

Department Of Electrical Department Of Electrical

And Electronics Engineering , And Electronics Engineering ,

Sir Issac Newton College Of Sir Issac Newton College Of

Engineering And Technology , Engineering And Technology ,

Pappakovil, Nagappattinam – 611002 Pappakovil, Nagappattinam – 611002

Submitted for the mini project Viva-voce examination held at Sir Issac Newton
College Of Engineering And Technology on...................................

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

திட்டசுருக்கம்

பல நாடுகளின் தேசிய கட்டங்களின் உள்கட்டமைப்பு மிகவும் பழமையானது மற்றும்

மின் உற்பத்தி, பரிமாற்றம் மற்றும் விநியோகங்களின் அடிப்படையில் பாரம்பரிய
தொழில்நுட்பங்களை உள்ளடக்கியது. கூடுதலாக, இந்த அமைப்புகளின்
கட்டுப்படுத்தும் தன்மை மற்றும் கண்காணிப்பும் திருப்திகரமாக இல்லை. மறுபுறம்,
ஸ்மார்ட் கிரிட் தொழில்நுட்பங்கள் மின் நிலையங்கள் முதல் இறுதி பயனர்கள் வரை
அல்லது நேர்மாறாக இரு வழிகளிலும் மின் அமைப்பைக் கண்காணிக்கவும்
கட்டுப்படுத்தவும் அதிநவீன கருவிகளை உள்ளடக்குகின்றன. இதனால் பல பாதிப்புகள்
மற்றும் மின் சரிவு முன்கூட்டியே கண்டறியப்படலாம் மற்றும் தேவையான
எச்சரிக்கைகளை எடுக்க முடியும். கூடுதலாக, ஸ்மார்ட் கிரிட் அமைப்பு கண்காணிப்பு
மற்றும் மின் ஆற்றலின் மேலாண்மையை தலைமுறையிலிருந்து இறுதி-பயனர் வரை
வழங்குகிறது, மேலும் ஸ்மார்ட் மீட்டரிங், கட்டம் இணைப்புக்கு வாகனம் மற்றும்
கட்டத்திற்கு புதுப்பிக்கத்தக்க ஆற்றலை ஒருங்கிணைத்தல் ஆகியவற்றை வழங்குகிறது.
மேலும், குறைந்தபட்ச இழப்பு மற்றும் குறைந்தபட்ச சட்டவிரோத பயன்பாட்டுடன்
கூடிய மின் ஆதாரங்களின் திறமையான பயன்பாடு ஸ்மார்ட் கிரிட் தொழில்நுட்பத்திலும்
கையாளப்படுகிறது. இந்த காகிதம் தேசிய கட்டங்களில் ஸ்மார்ட் கிரிட்
தொழில்நுட்பங்களின் விளைவுகளை எடுத்துக்காட்டுகிறது மற்றும் அவர்களின்
கிளாசிக்கல் கிரிட் அமைப்பை ஸ்மார்ட் கிரிட் அமைப்புக்கு மாற்றுவதற்காக
அதிகாரிகளுக்கு சில பொருத்தமான பரிந்துரைகளை முன்மொழிகிறது.
 ABSTRACT

The infrastructure of the national grids of many countries is very old and
includes classical technologies in terms of power production, transmission, and
distributions. In addition, controllability and monitorability of these systems are
also not satisfactory. On the other hand, smart grid technologies include
sophisticated tools in order to monitor and control the power system in both
ways from power stations to end-users or vice-versa. So that many
vulnerabilities and power collapse can be detected in advance and necessary
cautions can be taken. In addition, the smart grid system offers the monitoring
and the management of the electrical energy from generation to end-user, and
provides smart metering, vehicle to grid connection as well as integration of the
renewable energy to the grid. Moreover, the efficient use of power sources with
minimum loss and minimum illegal usage is also handled in smart grid
technology.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe our gratitude to our Dr.T.ANANTH, MBA., Ph.D., Chairman, Sir
Issac Newton College of Engineering and Technology, pappakovil , Nagappattinam
for extending the college facilities to the successful completion of our project and
his kind patronage.

I also thank our Dr.G.GIFTSON SAMUEL, M.E., Ph.D., Principal, Sir

Issac Newton College of Engineering and Technology, for providing us sufficient
facilities and needed environment.

I extend our sincere thanks to our Mr.N.RAGUVARAN, M.E., Head of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sir Issac Newton College of
Engineering and Technology, for permitting us to work on this topic.

I thank our guide Mr.T.VADIVELAN, M.E., Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sir Issac Newton College of
Engineering and Technology, for his valuable guidance, suggestions, inspiration,
constant encouragement and kind treatment during this project work.

I thank our project co-ordinator Mr.A.MANIKANADEESWARAN, M.E.,

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sir Issac
Newton College of Engineering and Technology, for his valuable guidance,
suggestions, inspiration, constant encouragement and kind treatment during this
project work.

I also express our grateful thanks with respect and obedience to our parents
and friends who were the backbone of all our deed. Without their encouraging
words, we would not have completed our project successfully.

Finally, I would like to thank all the people who have contributed to a great
extend towards the initialization, development and success of our project.

K.DIVYA
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 1

LIST OF FIGURES 2

1 INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

1.2 SMART GRID SYSTEM 5

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6

2.1 REQUIREMENT OF SMART GRID 7

2.2 CLASSICAL GRID 8

3 ADVANTAGES 9

CONCLUSION 10

REFERENCE 11
 CHAPTER 1

1.INTRODUCTION

Classical infrastructure of power grid, from power generation to end users, includes
several power devices in order to transfer the power generated at a power station to end
users safely and efficiently. These power devices are power generators, transformers, power
switches, power breakers, transmission and distribution lines, utility meters, relays and
fuses. So that each of all these components has its own potential problems due to old
technologies used. On the other hand, modern power system technologies offer integration
of renewable energy to the grid, smart metering, bidirectional energy flow, preventing
power outages, sustainability of clean and safe energy, as well as energy efficiency.
Moreover, controllability, measurability and cyber security of the energy at each point of
the grid are unavoidable in a modern power grid system. If any classical power system is
integrated in with an information and communication technology, then the power grid is
converted in to a smart grid and bidirectional power flow is provided. A smart gird system
is a kind of sophisticated technology that allows not only bidirectional power flow but it
also has several different aspects such as availability, effectiveness, accuracy,
controllability, economically, flexibility, interoperability, maintainability, measurability,
optimality, reliability, sustainability, stability, security, and scalability [1-6]. As figured out
in Fig. 1, all these features of the smart grid make the power grid robust enough against any
power failure, voltage sag, power losses, voltage and frequency fluctuation, over voltage,
and over current. Moreover, a smart grid system brings producers, network operators and
prosumers, as well as energy policy makers. While a classical power grid consists of only
producers and network operators at national grid level, a smart grid combined the
prosumers and policy makers in to the game. Because, a consumer can also be a producer
and sell the energy produced to the grid. The energy produced by a prosumer can be
obtained directly from a renewable energy sources or a battery system.
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

1.2 SMART GRID SYSTEM

A smart gird system consists of a bidirectional power flow combined with an
information and communication technologies. All power devices used in the grid are
smart and interoperate with each other. They are observable and controllable
devices.We have defined the smart grid with four main units as power generation,
power transmission, power distribution and power consumption. All these units have
bidirectional energy flow within the smart grid. As the energy line is highlighted in blue
color, communication line is highlighted in green color.Power generation unit consists
of renewable and non- renewable energy sources including micro grids.Power
transmission unit involves of power transformers, power breakers, power switches,
relays, capacitors, transmission lines, electricity poles and their apparatuses. Power
distribution unit has transformers, power switches, smart meters, fuses as well as
relays.Power consumption unit includes all types of loads like houses, factories, street
lights, electrical vehicles and batteries.
 CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1.Jyothilal Nayak Bharothu, PhD Student, Dr. M Sridhar, Member, IEEE, and Dr R
Srinivasa Rao “ A literature survey report in smart grid system”

This paper also proposes possible future guidelines In this paper, providing a literature survey
report on concerned and facilitating technologies for the Smart Grid. It presenting here with
two major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system and the smart management
system.

2. T. Halder Assistant Professor Electrical Engineering Department, Member IEEE

Kalyani Government Engineering College Kalyani, District- Nadia, West Bengal

The paper patently predicts the pulling off the high efficiency, reliability, economics and
sustainability of the power generation, transmission and distribution systems using smart grid
which brings together the turning points of the power sector, information technology (IT) and
the communication data from head to tail of distributed generation. In the smart grid, the
consumers not only wholesale the additional electricity to utility through the smart meter of
the grid but also the power utility prevents the pilferage and provides uninterrupted power.

3. Adi Candra Swastika1 , Resa Pramudita2 , Rifqy Hakimi3 School of Electrical

Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung, Indonesia.

Smart Grid and Internet of Things (IoT) are two technologies that become highly developed
lately. In the perspective of energy saving, smart grid is an excellent solution to optimize the
energy consumption while the IoT can be a solution that offers consumers the convenience of
having a realtime method to control and monitor energy usage in a home. In this paper the
authors propose the design of smart grid system design based on IoT for smart home.

4.Kartik Sharma Department of Electrical Engineering Central University of Haryana,

Mahendragarh sharmakartik788@gmail.com Kalpana Chauhan2 Department of
Electrical Engineering

Electrical Energy demand is increasing due to increasing Industry and population. There is a
need to build an intelligent system to address and deal with large energy consumption with
high losses to monitor & deal with it called “Smart Grid”.
2.1 REQUIREMENT OF SMART GRID

Power outages or blackout in a national grid system affect millions of people in the
country and cause many economical losses in terms of business and production as well as
poor life standard. In addition, transmission and distribution losses in the World vary
between 5% and 20% depending on the infrastructure of the power grid.

A smart grid system is unavoidable since it has the ability of protection against cyber
security, facilitating the enlargement of grid system for the smooth integration of renewable
energies like wind [7-8], electrical vehicles and battery systems using power electronics [9],
solar [10], providing smart metering, allowing the energy observation and the control,
mitigating the fluctuations of the voltage, the frequency and the current, creating a good
harmonization between producers, prosumers, network operators and policy makers [11-
14].

This study will be an efficient and effective tool for researchers, engineers, transmitter
and distributer operators, prosumers and policy makers in order to convert the classical
national grid system to a smart grid system.
2.2 CLASSICAL GRID

Power generation unit in Fig. 3 has several renewable energy sources and non-renewable
energy source. Renewable energy sources can be wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel,
geothermal, wave, tidal, and fuel cell as the non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels,
coal, petroleum, nuclear and natural gas. However, the concept of the smart grid is to use of
renewable energy sources as much as possible. Therefore, many researches have been done in
the literature in order to include more renewable in to smart grid system. Some of these
researches are a novel intelligent approach for yaw position forecasting in wind energy
systems [7], critical aspects of wind energy systems in smart grid applications [8], a survey
on the contributions of power electronics to smart grid systems [9], an enhanced dynamic
model of battery using genetic algorithm suitable for photovoltaic applications [10],
photovoltaic maximum power point tracking under fast.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING SMART GRIDS

As explained earlier, using smart grids provides a number of fascinating issues for
managing, monitoring, controlling, securing and easier, faster and optimal. Here are the
recommendations and important issues for smart grids summarized below as

 Providing better power quality and quality of services

 Supporting distributed generation systems
 Enabling flexible system design
 Achieving easy operation and control
 Handling self-healing from power disturbance events
 Decreasing the defective effects of electrical chain on environment,
 Enabling active participation by consumers in demand response
 Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attack
 Enabling new products, services, and markets
 Optimizing assets and operations efficiently
 Allowing the consumers to participate optimization of system operation,
 Providing further information to end-users about how to use the sources
CONCLUSION

Power grid infrastructures of many countries in the World are very old and create many
problems including short circuit, oscillation in the voltage and current, losses, low
efficiency, blackouts, and cannot provide secure, reliable, clean and economic electricity
required by consumers.

On the other hand, the smart grid is an evolutionary process and cannot be
established in a single step. It provides many benefits for all stake holders such as
financial firms, manufacturers, R&D organizations, consumers, electric utilities,
environmental protection agencies, regulatory bodies, independent system operators.

So that converting the classical grid to a smart grid populates its own new business
areas and provides increased efficiency, reduced losses, flexible price for consumers,
secure and sustainable electricity as well as robust and digitalized infrastructure.
REFERENCE

I. Colak “Introduction to Smart Grid”, 3rd International Smart Grid Workshop and
Certificate Program (ISGWCP), Pages: 30-34, Istanbul, Turkey, MAR 21-25, 2016.
EUROSTAD Statistics Explained.

Eurostat and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Statistics Division (Energy Statistics Yearbook).
R. J. Campbell, “The Smart Grids: Status and Outlook”, April 10, 2018.
D. Elzinga, “Electricity System Development: A Focus on Smart Grids Overview
of Activities and Players in Smart Grids”,
https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/eneff/eneff_h.ne
ws/Smart.Grids.Overview.pdf (last accessed June 17, 2020).

M. Yesilbudak, S. Sagiroglu and I. Colak, "A novel intelligent approach for yaw
position forecasting in wind energy systems", International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 69, pp. 406-413, July 2015.

I. Colak, G. Fulli, S. Bayhan, S. Chondrogiannis and S. Demirbas, "Critical aspects

of wind energy systems in smart grid applications", Renewable & Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Vol. 52, pp. 155-171, December 2015.

I. Colak, E. Kabalci, G. Fulli and S. Lazarou, "A survey on the contributions of

power electronics to smart grid systems", Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, Vol. 47, pp. 562-579, July 2015.

S. Blaifi, S. Moulahoum, I. Colak and W. Merrouche, "An enhanced dynamic model

of battery using genetic algorithm suitable for photovoltaic applications", Applied
Energy, vol. 169, pp. 888-898, May 2016.

B. Abdelhakem, I. Colak and O. Isik, "Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking

under fast varying of solar radiation", Applied Energy, vol. 179, pp. 523-530, July
2016.

I. Colak, G. Fulli, S. Sagi1roglu, M. Yesilbudak and C.F. Covrig, "Smart grid

projects in Europe: Current status, maturity and future scenarios", Applied Energy,
Vol. 152, pp. 58-70, August 2015.