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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru

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Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to
the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or
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for any particular use.
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Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the
time of going to press or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources
of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate
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acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.

product in this publication are for educational purposes only. We gratefully acknowledge each individual intellectual
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vkt lwpuk izkSn~;ksfxdh osQ bl nkSj esa f'k{kk txr esa f'k{kk vkSj f'k{k.k [kkldj Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa

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uohure ifjorZu dh izfrfØ;k Lo:i f'k{k.k lkexzh dk fuekZ.k vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA ^ia[kqfM+;k¡ fganh
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,oa izHkkoh midj.k osQ :i esa p;fur gqbZ gS ogha bldh lajpuk esa cPpksa dh #fp] {kerk vkSj ekufld
Lrj dk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gSA cPpksa dh mez osQ vuqlkj ikBksa esa rduhdh Kku] lgh roZQlaxr {kerk vkSj
O;ogkj oqQ'kyrk ls liQyrk izkfIr dk Hkh iwjk è;ku j[kk x;k gSA blosQ lkFk gh osaQnzh; fganh funs'kky;

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(Hkkjr ljdkj) osQ n~okjk izLrkfor ekud orZuh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl iqLrdekyk esa cPpksa dks
fofo/ mi;ksxh fo"k;ksa tSlsµvius ifjos'k] ifjokj] LowQy] d{kk osQ lkFkh] ?kj ls ysdj ckgj rd osQ thou
esa vkn'kZ] pqukSfr;k¡] euksjatu vkSj thou ewY; rFkk vkRe fodkl dh egRrk] deZ vkfn ls ifjfpr djk;k

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x;k gSA bu fo"k;ksa dks izkFkZuk] ys[k] dgkuh] cks/ dFkk] ,dkadh] i=k vkfn n~okjk le>k;k x;k gSA
bl iqLrdekyk esa gekjk mn~ns'; jgk gS fd f'k{k.k vf/xe dh izfØ;k esa iwjh d{kk dh Hkkxhnkjh gksA
bl Ük`a[kyk esa Hkk"kk osQ pkjksa dkS'kyµlquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk dk fodkl djus gsrq i;kZIr vH;kl
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LFkku&LFkku ij vè;kiu laosQr nsdj ,d l'kDr fn'kk nh xbZ gSA lwpuk izkSn~;ksfxdh osQ bl fo'ks"k {ks=k dh
fØ;kRed rFkk lwpukRed Lrj ij tkudkjh Hkh nh xbZ gSA
leLr iqLrdksa dk iz.k;u f'k{kk txr~ osQ iz[;kr fo'ks"kKksa ,oa deZB f'k{kdksa osQ lefUor iz;kl ls gh
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laHko gks ldk gSA ge mu lcosQ izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA ge mu jpukdkjksa dks Hkh vkHkkj Kkfir djrs
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cuk;k gSA
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• fØ;kdyki djokrs le; fo'ks"k è;ku nsa fd cPps viuh Kkusafnz;ksa rFkk des±fnz;ksa dk iw.kZ iz;ksx djsaA
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• fon~;kFkhZ n~okjk fd, x, iz;klksa dh iz'kalk djsa ftlls mUgsa izsj.kk feysA
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ikB dk uke ,oa fo/k Hkk"kk&dkS'ky xfrfof/;k¡ ikB ewY; ,oa mn~ns';
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1- la;qDr o.kZ la;qDr o.kZ] la;qDrk{kj fl[kkuk vH;kl rFkk mPpkj.k Hkk"kk dh cqfu;knh ckrsa
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2- [kqf'k;k¡ yk;k izHkkr lgh mRrj pquuk] okD; iwjs djuk] Hkk"kk dh ckr osQ lw;ksZn; rFkk lw;kZLr dh NVk dks ns[kuk] ppkZ djuk] izÑfr osQ Lo:i mldh thou mikns;rk
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L=khfyax&iqfYyax] lgh feyku] la;qDrk{kj

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4- cyoku dkSu iz'uksRrj] dgkuh osQ ?kVukØe dks igpkuuk] 'kCn d{kk esa ppkZ fdldk ?kj oSQlk] vkdkj osQ vuqlkj vgadkj fouk'k dk dkj.k gS] lHkh viuh&viuh
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5- yksdekU; fryd iz'uksRrj] lgh mRrj pquuk] fdlus fdlls dgk\] d{kk esa ppkZ] ns'k osQ egkiq#"kksa osQ fp=k igpkuuk lp cksyus dh izsj.kk nsuk] viuh xyrh Lohdkj
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6- dkSu fl[kkrk\
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iafDr;k¡ iwjh djuk] rqdokys 'kCnksa dk Kku] iafDr d{kk esa dfork dks y;&rky osQ lkFk xkuk] fcanqvksa izÑfr osQ Lo:i ls voxr djkuk] fuLLokFkZ Hkkouk
ls vyx 'kCn igpkuuk dks tksM+dj fpfM+;k dk fp=k iwjk djuk vkSj jax txkuk
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ikB dk uke ,oa fo/k Hkk"kk&dkS'ky xfrfof/;k¡ ikB ewY; ,oa mn~ns';
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15- eSlwj dh lSj
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iz'uksRrj] fyax&opu] lgh mRrj pquuk] laKk 'kCn] ppkZ] n'kZuh; LFkkuksa osQ fp=k fpidkuk] bZ&esy ns'k dh dyko`Qfr;ksa] ufn;ksa] ckx&cxhpksa dh
(i=k) la;qDr O;atu] 'kCn&;qXe] leJqfr fHkUukFkZd djuk a tkudkjh

16- lR; dk iFk iz'uksRrj] lgh mRrj pquuk] okD; iwjs djuk] ppkZ] lgh vkSj xyr dk;ks± dh igpku
E thou esa lR; dk gh ewY; gSA
(izsjd dgkuh) laKk&loZuke igpkuuk] fyax] foykse] i;kZ;okph]
opu] j osQ :i] okD; iz;ksx

17- jaxksa dh rdjkj iz'uksRrj] foykse] i;kZ;] lgh@xyr okD; dh ppkZ] banz/uq"k esa jax Hkjuk ,drk dh Hkkouk txkuk] izse vkSj Lusg dk egRo
(okrkZyki) igpku] loZuke Hkjuk] vyx oxZ okys 'kCn dh crkuk
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18- vkvks Hkj ysa [kqf'k;k¡ iz'uksRrj] fdlus fdlls dgk] lgh feyku] eap rFkk ppkZ] pk¡n] rkjk vkSj ckny osQ fp=k cukuk ?keaM u djuk] fouezrk dk xq.k fl[kkuk
(,dkadh) foLe;kfncks/d] i;kZ;okph] foykse] opu] okD; vkSj muesa jax Hkjuk
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iz;ksx

fo'ks"k % ikB NksVs fn, x, gSa ftlls cPpksa dks Hkk"kk dk Kku iwjh rjg ls fn;k tk losQA
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1- la;qDr o.kZ 7

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2- [kqf'k;k¡ yk;k izHkkr 12

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3- [kwclwjr eqjxk 18
4- cyoku dkSu 25

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5- yksdekU; fryd 31
6- dkSu fl[kkrk\ 38

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7- uV[kV clar 42
8- uhy ijh 48

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9- pVksjk caVh 56
10- ge uUgs&uUgs cPps gSa
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11- ewY;oku oLrq 67
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12- tku gS rks tgku gS 72
13- Ý+yksjsal ukbfVaxsy 83
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14- gal 90
15- eSlwj dh lSj 95
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16- lR; dk iFk 101

17- jaxksa dh rdjkj 106
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18- vkvks Hkj ysa [kqf'k;k¡ 112

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· deZohj (osQoy i<+us osQ fy,) 120

iz'u&i=k % 1 121
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iz'u&i=k % 2 123
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la;qDr v{kj

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• O;atu ges'kk Loj dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSaA izR;sd O;atu esa ^v*

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dh èofu feyh gksrh gSA tSlsµ^d*A tc ge bldk mPpkj.k djrs gSa rks

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o~Q $ v dh èofu fudyrh gSA
• ;fn fdlh O;atu esa vU; dksbZ ek=kk u tqM+h gks rks Hkh mlesa ^v* dh

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èofu vo'; feyh gksrh gSA
• tc fdlh o.kZ esa ^v* dh èofu ugha feyh gksrh rks mlosQ uhps ,d

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frjNh js[kk [khap nh tkrh gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ;g v{kj vk/k gS
vkSj blesa Loj ugha gSA bl frjNh js[kk dks gy ;k gyar (~) dgk tkrk
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gSA tSlsµo~Q] p~ vkfnA
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• tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;atuksa osQ chp dksbZ Loj ugha gksrk rks os vxys
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v{kj osQ lkFk fey tkrs gSaA rc os la;qDrk{kj dgykrs gSaA

tSlsµo~Q $ ok ¾ Dokj] c $ o~Q $ l ¾ cDl
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• tc ,d tSls nks O;atuksa dk esy gksrk gS rks mls n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA
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è;ku nhft,
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• tc gyar okys O;atu v{kj osQ ckn ^j* vk, rks og v{kj osQ uhps yxrk gS]
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tSlsµo~Q $ j $ e ¾ Øe] m $ x~ $ j ¾ mxz] m $ e~ $ j ¾ mezA

• o~Q $ "k feydj ^{k* curk gSA ysfdu ;g Lora=k v{kj gSA bls la;qDr
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o.kZ dgk tkrk gSA

tSlsµo~Q $ "k ¾ {k ¾ v{kjA o~Q $ "k ¾ {k ¾ {kekA
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{k] =k] K] J ;s la;qDr o.kZ gSaA

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o~Q $ d $ vk ¾ Ddk µ pDdk o~Q $ V ¾ DV µ MkWDVj o~Q $ ; ¾ D; µ D;kjh

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o~Q $ d $ bZ ¾ Ddh µ pDdh o~Q $ r ¾ Dr µ HkDr o~Q $ j ¾ ozQ µ ozQe
o~Q $ [k ¾ D[k µ eD[ku o~Q $ e ¾ De µ gqDe o~Q $ j ¾ ozQ µ ozQ;

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[k

ca
[k~ $ r ¾ [r µ l[r [k~ $ ; ¾ [; µ l[;
x

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x~ $ x ¾ Xx µ lqXxk x~ $ / ¾ X/ µ eqX/ x~ $ j ¾ xz µ O;xz
x~ $ ?k ¾ X?k µ cX?kh x~ $ u ¾ Xu µ eXu x~ $y ¾ Xy µ Xykfu

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x~ $ ; ¾ X; µ HkkX; x~ $ .k ¾ X.k µ #X.k x~ $ o ¾ Xo µ Xoky
?k
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?k~ $ ; ¾ ?; ¾ ?;k ?k~ $ j ¾ ?kz µ ?kzk.k
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Ä
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Ä~ $ d ¾ Ä~ d µ (vÄ~ d) vad Ä~ $ x ¾ Ä~ x µ (vÄ~ x) vax

Ä~ $ [k ¾ Ä~ [k µ ('kÄ~ [k) 'ka[k Ä~ $ ?k ¾ Ä~ ?k µ (tÄ~ ?kk) ta?kk
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p
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p~ $ p ¾ Pp µ dPpk p~ $ N $ vk ¾ PNk µ vPNk

p~ $ N ¾ PN µ LoPN p~ $ ; ¾ P; µ P;ou
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N
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N~ $ o ¾ N~o µ mPN~okl N~ $ ½ ¾ N` µ mPN`a[ky

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t
t~ $ t ¾ Tt µ lTtu t~ $ j ¾ tz µ otz t~ $ ×k ¾ K µ Kku
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t~ $ ; ¾ T; µ T;kferh t~ $ o ¾ To µ Tokyk t~ $ ×k ¾ K µ Kkr

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×k~ $ p ¾ ×p µ i×pe@iape ×k~ $ t ¾ ×t µ Hk×tu@Hkatu

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V

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V~ $ V ¾ V~V µ yV~Vw V~ $ B ¾ V~B µ fpV~Bh V~ $ j ¾ Vª µ jk"Vª

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B

ca
B~ $ ; ¾ B~; µ ikB~;
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du
M~ $ < ¾ M~< µ cqM~<k M~ $ M ¾ M~M µ vM~Mk M~ $ j ¾ Mª µ Mªe

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.k
.k~ $ V ¾ .V µ ?k.Vk@?kaVk a .k~ $ B ¾ .B µ d.B@oaQB
.k~ $ M ¾ .M µ M.Mk@MaMk .k~ $ ; ¾ .; µ vj.;
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r
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r~ $ r ¾ Rr µ iRrk r~ $ Fk ¾ RFk µ dRFkk r~ $ j ¾ =k µ Nk=k

r~ $ d ¾ Rd µ mRdy r~ $ u ¾ Ru µ jRu r~ $ j ¾ =k µ i=k
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r~ $ i ¾ Ri µ rRij r~ $ ; ¾ R; µ o`QR; r~ $ j ¾ =k µ N=k

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n
n~ $ n ¾ n~n µ xn~nk n~ $ / ¾ n~/ µ cqn~/ n~ $ o ¾ n~o µ n~okj
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n~ $ x ¾ n~x µ mn~xkj n~ $ ?k ¾ n~?k µ mn~?kkVu n~ $ c ¾ n~c µ mn~cks/u

n~ $ ; ¾ n~; µ mn~;e n~ $ j ¾ nz µ dnz n~ $ o ¾ n~o µ n~okfjdk
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/
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/~ $ ½ ¾ /` µ /`"V /~ $ ; ¾ è; µ è;ku /~ $ o ¾ èo µ èot

u
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u~ $ ; ¾ U; µ vU; u~ $ u ¾ Uu µ vUu

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i~ $ i ¾ Ii µ cIik] NIij

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c

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c~ $ c ¾ Cc µ fMCck

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e

ca
e~ $ y ¾ Ey µ vEy e~ $ e ¾ Ee µ lEeku e~ $ g ¾ Eg µ oqQEgkj
e~ $ ; ¾ E; µ E;ku e~ $ j ¾ ez µ uez e~ $ g ¾ Eg µ oqQEgM+k

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j
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tc ^j* gyarokyk gks rks ^j* lkeus okys v{kj osQ mQij yxk;k tkrk gSA
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j~ $ d ¾ oZQ µ ikoZQ j~ $x ¾ xZ µ oxZ j~ $e ¾ eZ µ /eZ
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j~ $ p ¾ pZ µ [kpZ j~ $N ¾ NZ µ cNhZ j~ $; ¾ ;Z µ dk;Z

j~ $ t ¾ tZ µ xtZu j~ $V ¾ VZ µ dkVZ j~ $o ¾ oZ µ xoZ
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j~ $ M ¾ MZ µ xkMZ j~ $r ¾ rZ µ 'krZ j~ $ 'k ¾ 'kZ µ I+kQ'kZ

j~ $ Fk ¾ FkZ µ leFkZ j~ $n ¾ nZ µ nnZ j~ $ "k ¾ "kZ µ g"kZ
ht

j~ $ / ¾ /Z µ v/Z j~ $i ¾ iZ µ liZ j~ $l ¾ lZ µ clhZ

ig

;fn ^j* osQ igys okyk o.kZ Loj osQ fcuk gks rks ^j* o.kZ osQ uhps tqM+rk gSA
o~Q $ j ¾ ozQ µ ozQe M~ $ j ¾ Mª µ Mªe 'k~ $ j ¾ J µ Je
yr

r~ $ j ¾ =k µ =kk.k i~ $ j ¾ iz µ iz.k o~ $ j ¾ oz µ ozt

op

Hk~ $ j ¾ Hkz µ Hkze o~ $ j ¾ oz µ ozr x~ $ j ¾ xz µ xzg

o
C

o~ $ ; ¾ O; µ O;kikj o~ $ o ¾ Oo µ iQOokjk
vè;kiu laosQr % vH;kl ys[ku rFkk mPpkj.k nksuksa dks lkFk&lkFk djok,¡A

10
 'k
'k~ $ p ¾ 'p µ fu'p; 'k~ $ ; ¾ '; µ ';ke 'k~ $ j ¾ J µ Je
'k~ $ o ¾ 'o µ v'o 'k~ $ u ¾ 'u µ t'u 'k~ $ y ¾ 'y µ 'yksd

o n
"k

ti
"k~ $ V ¾ "V µ v"V "k~ $ B ¾ "B µ T;s"B "k~ $ ; ¾ "; µ euq";
"k~ $ .k ¾ ".k µ m".k "k~ $ i ¾ "i µ iq"i "k~ $ ; ¾ "; µ f'k";

ca
l

du
l~ $ r ¾ Lr µ iqLrd l~ $ o ¾ Lo µ Losn l~ $ u ¾ Lu µ Luku
l~ $ e ¾ Le µ Lej.k l~ $ u ¾ Lu µ Lusg l~ $ j ¾ lz µ lglz

E
g
g~ $ j ¾ ß µ ßLo g~ $ y ¾ g~y µ izg~ykn
a g~ $ e ¾ g~e µ czg~ek
g~ $ o ¾ g~o µ ftg~ok g~ $ u ¾ g~u µ fpg~u g~ $ e ¾ g~e µ czg~e
iv
;fn vuqLokj ; j y o 'k "k l g fdlh Hkh o.kZ osQ i'pkr~ vk, rks
V

osQoy fcanh vuqLokj ( a ) dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµle~ µ laLdkj] laLÑr

©

fganh O;atuksa esa d ls e rd ik¡p oxks± esa la;qDrk{kj esa fcanh yxkbZ tk ldrh gS]
;g vc ekud fganh gSA
ht

doxZ µ d [k x ?k Ä µ (dÄ~?kk) oaQ?kk] (xÄ~xk) xaxk

ig

poxZ µ p N t > ×k µ (d×pu) oaQpu] (e×tu) eatu

yr

VoxZ µ V B M < .k µ (?k.Vk) ?kaVk] (>.Mk) >aMk

roxZ µ r Fk n / u µ (xUnk) xank] (vU/k) va/k
op

ioxZ µ i iQ c Hk e µ ([kEHkk) [kaHkk] (lEcU/) laca/

le~ µ la µ laLdkj] laLÑr
C

11
 2 [kqf'k;k¡ yk;k izHkkr

n
vk;k izHkkr] vk;k izHkkr]

o
thou esa [kqf'k;k¡ yk;k izHkkrA

ti
fudyk iwoZ ls lw;Z yky]

ca
tx esa iSQyk uo izdk'k]
mB x, ;qod&o`n~/&cky]

du
vk;k izHkkr] vk;k izHkkrA
xw¡t jgk iafN;ksa dk Loj]

E
cgrk 'khry LoPN ean iou]
f[ky mBs iwQy lqanj&lqanj a
gks x;k lqxaf/r ?kj&vk¡xuA
iv
µlksguyky n~foosnh
V
©
ht
ig
yr
op
C

12
 Jqrys[k
izHkkr iwoZ lw;Z izdk'k lqanj o`n~/

n
LoPN Loj lqxaf/r vk¡xu xw¡t ean

o
ti
u, 'kCn

ca
izHkkr µ losjk izdk'k µ jks'kuh
;qod µ ;qok o`n~/ µ cw<+s

du
LoPN µ lkI+kQ 'khry µ BaMk
ean µ /heh lqxaf/r µ [kq'kcwokyh

E
vH;kl&dk;Z
a
dfork dh ckr
iv
1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A
V

ekSf[kd
©

(d) thou esa [kqf'k;k¡ dkSu yk;k\

([k) tc iwoZ ls lw;Z fudyrk gS rc mldk jax oSQlk gksrk gS\
ht

(x) uo izdk'k dgk¡ iSQyk\

ig

(?k) fdudk Loj xw¡tus yxk\

(Ä) dkSu f[ky mBs\
yr

fyf[kr
op

(d) izHkkr osQ vkus ls D;k&D;k ifjorZu gq,\

([k) dkSu mB x,\
C

vè;kiu laosQr % f'k{kd] cPpksa dks iwjk mRrj cksyuk fl[kyk,¡A tc os cksysaxs rks le> ik,¡xs vkSj fy[k ik,¡xsA blh
ikB ls Øe lgh :i esa pyuk ”k:jh gSA
13
 (x) lw;Z dgk¡ ls mxrk gS\
(?k) iwQyksa osQ f[kyus ij ?kj&vk¡xu oSQlk gks x;k\

n
2- lgh mRrj ij () dk fu'kku yxkb,A

o
(d) ;qod&o`n~/&cky D;ksa mB x,\

ti
D;ksafd mudh uhan iwjh gks xbZ FkhA

ca
D;ksafd lqcg gks xbZ FkhA
([k) iafN;ksa dk Loj D;ksa xw¡tus yxk\

du
D;ksafd iwQy f[ky mBs FksA
D;ksafd lw;Z osQ fudyrs gh izdk'k iSQy x;k FkkA

E
3- lgh 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs dhft,A
izHkkr lqanj
a
thou tx ;qod
iv
(d) lwjt osQ fudyrs gh mB x,A
V

([k) gj lqcg esa uoizdk'k iSQyrk gSA

©

(x) [kqf'k;k¡ ykrk gSA

ht

(?k) lw;Z esa [kqf'k;k¡ ykrk gSA

(Ä) iwQy gSA
ig
yr

Hkk"kk dh ckr
op

1- cPpks! Hkk"kk cksyus osQ fy, ge oqQN èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSlsµ
v] b] bZ --- vkfnA bUgsa fy[kus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa]
C

mUgsa o.kZ dgrs gSaA d] [k] x ;s lHkh o.kZ gSaA o.kks± osQ esy ls gh 'kCn
fy[ks tkrs gSaA
14
 fganh Hkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gS vkSj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk jkseu
fyfi esaA nsoukxjh fyfi esa v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkS vkfn
Loj o.kks±@v{kjksa dks vki igpkurs gSaA buosQ lkFk ^½* Hkh ,d Loj gSA

n
½ dks NksM+dj vkSj lHkh Lojksa osQ vuqukfld :i Hkh gSaA ;s ukd ls cksys

o
tkrs gSaµ tSls] v¡] vk¡] b¡] b±] m¡] Å¡] ,¡] ,sa] vksa] vkSaA O;atu o.kZ esa ^v*

ti
tqM+k gksrk gS] ijarq vxj ^v* osQ vykok O;atu osQ lkFk dksbZ nwljk Loj

ca
tksM+k tkrk gS rks Loj ek=kk osQ :i esa cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ d esa vk]
b bZ m] Å , ,s vks vkSj vkS tksM+uk gks rks ;s bl izdkj cksys vkSj fy[ks

du
tkrs gSaµ dk] fd] dh] oqQ] owQ] osQ] oSQ] dks] dkSA bUgsa ckjg[kM+h dgrs
gSaA nks O;atuksa dks Hkh feykdj cksyk vkSj fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa la;qDrk{kj

E
dgrs gSaA tSlsµ
{k] =k] K] J] D;] [;] T;] iz vkfnA a
iv
uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa la;qDrk{kj 'kCn igpkfu, vkSj mUgsa [kkyh LFkku
ij fyf[k,A
V

izHkkr iwoZ o`n~/ vk;k ean LoPN

©

lqanj&lqanj lqxaf/r vk¡xu lw;Z cky

ht

izHkkr
ig

2- if<+,] lef>, vkSj ,d 'kCn Lo;a fyf[k,A

yr

(d) foykse 'kCn

op

[kq'kh × xe f[kyuk × eqj>kuk iwoZ × if'pe

cky × o`n~/ 'khry × m".k vk;k ×
C

vè;kiu laosQr % f'k{kd ^o.kZ fopkj* dk xgjkbZ ls vè;;u djsaA d{kk esa cPpksa dks rjg&rjg osQ iz;ksx ls vPNh
rjg le>k,¡A tc cPps vPNh rjg le> tk,¡ rc vxyk ikB 'kq: djsaA
15
 ([k) i;kZ;okph 'kCn
[kq'kh µ g"kZ izHkkr µ lqcg

n
tx µ nqfu;k iaNh µ [kx

o
iwQy µ lqeu iou µ gok

ti
(x) fyax

ca
iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax
;qod ;qorh o`n~/ o`n~/k

du
ckyd ckfydk yM+dk

E
3- if<+,] lef>, vkSj tksM+dj fyf[k,A
lw $ j~ $ ; ¾ lw;Z e $ u~ $ n
a ¾
iv
iw $ j~ $ o ¾ l~ $ o $ p~ $ N ¾
i~ $ j $ dk $ 'k ¾ lq $ u~ $ n $ j ¾
V

i~ $ j $ Hkk $ r ¾ lq $ x $ u~ $ f/ $ r ¾
©

4- 'kCnksa dks muosQ lgh vFkZ ls feykb,A

ht

dyjo gok
ig

izHkkr lalkj
yr

tx /hjs&/hjs
op

ean if{k;ksa dk 'kksj

C

iou losjk

16
 lksp&le> dh ckr
1- lwjt osQ fudyrs le; vkSj fNirs le; izÑfr esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu

n
gksrs gSa\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A

o
ti
2- bl fp=k dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj crkb, fd bl fp=k esa D;k&D;k
gks jgk gS\

ca
du
E
a
iv
V

oqQN djus dh ckr

©

• iwQyksa osQ lgh uke pqudj fyf[k,A

ht

xqykc xsank pesyh lwjteq[kh dey

ig
yr
op
C

vè;kiu laosQr % cPpksa dks Åij fn, x, iwQyksa osQ vaxzs”kh uke Hkh crkb,A

17
 3 [kwclwjr eqjxk

n
lqcg dk le; FkkA iwoZ esa lw;Z dh ykyh iSQy

o
jgh FkhA cjxn osQ isM+ dh Mky ij cSBk eqjxk

ti
ck¡x ns jgk FkkA lw;Z dh dksey fdj.kksa ls
mldh yky dyxh cgqr lqanj yx jgh

ca
FkhA tc og ck¡x nsrk rks dyxh cM+s
”kksj ls fgyrh vkSj lqanj yxrh FkhA

du
mlh le; ogk¡ ls ,d ykseM+h
fudyhA mlus isM+ ij cSBs eksVs

E
rk”ks eqjxs dks ck¡x nsrs ns[kk rks og
a
gDdh&cDdh jg xbZA
iv
eqjxs dks ns[kdj mlosQ eq¡g esa
ikuh Hkj vk;kA og isM+ osQ uhps [kM+h
V

gks xbZA eqjxs us ykseM+h dks ns[kk rks

'kh?kz gh le> x;k fd ykseM+h ”k:j
©

mls pkykdh ls ekjdj [kkuk pkgrh gSA

ht

ykseM+h cksyhµ¶eqjxs HkS;k! rqEgkjk Loj rks

cgqr ehBk gSA ehBk Loj lqudj eq>s ,slk yxk fd rqe eq>s cqyk jgs gksA
ig

eq>s cgqr dke FkkA ”kjk Hkh I+kqQjlr ugha Fkh foaQrq rqEgkjk ehBk Loj lqudj
eq>ls ugha #dk x;k vkSj eSa Hkkxh&Hkkxh vk xbZA¸
yr

eqjxk cgqr cqn~f/eku FkkA og ykseM+h dh pky le> x;kA mlus vius
op

eu dks iDdk fd;k vkSj cksykµ¶ij ykseM+h cgu! eSa rks jks”k gh losjs&losjs
blh izdkj ck¡x nsrk gw¡A¸
C

vè;kiu laosQr % cPpksa dks crkb, fd eqjxs osQ flj ij dyxh gksrh gSA ;g izkr%dky lw;Z mxus osQ igys ^oqQdM+w&ow¡Q
oqQdM+w&ow¡Q* cksyrk gSA izkphu dky esa tc ?kfM+;ksa dk vkfo"dkj ugha gqvk Fkk] rc bldh ck¡x ls gh le; dk irk
pyrk Fkk fd Hkksj gks xbZ gSA

18
 ykseM+h cksyhµ¶eqjxs HkS;k! D;k rqeus lquk ugha\¸
¶D;k ugha lquk ykseM+h jkuh\¸µeqjxs us ehBs Loj esa iwNkA
ykseM+h cksyhµ¶lkjh nqfu;k osQ i'kq&if{k;ksa esa ,drk] fe=krk vkSj izse dk

n
>aMk iQgjk;k tk jgk gSA vc ge lc fe=k gks x, gSaA lcus feydj ;g

o
iDdk fu'p; dj fy;k gS fd dksbZ izk.kh fdlh nwljs tho&tarq dks ugha

ti
ekjsxkA lc ,d&nwljs dk lEeku djsaxs vkSj fey&tqydj jgsaxsA vc rd u

ca
tkus ge yksxksa us ,d&nwljs dk fdruk jDr cgk;k gSA eq>s rks lksp&lkspdj
gh cgqr nq[k gksrk gSA eqjxs HkS;k! vkvks] uhps vkvks] ge nksuksa [kwc [ksysaxs

du
vkSj <sj lkjh ckrsa djsaxsA¸
eqjxs us dgkµ¶ykseM+h jkuh! rqeus cgqr vPNk lekpkj fn;k gSA gekjs

E
oqQN vkSj fe=kksa dks Hkh bl [kcj dk irk yx pqdk gSA os Hkh gekjs lkFk
[ksyus&owQnus vk jgs gSaA vc ge lc feydj [ksysaxsA rc rd rqe BaMh gok
a
dk vkuan yksA¸
iv
pkykd ykseM+h us cM+h mRlqdrk
V

ls iwNkµ¶dkSu ls fe=k\¸ eqjxs us

dgkµ¶vjs! ogh f'kdkjh oqQRrsA
©

lkjs osQ lkjs nkSM+rs gq, b/j vk

jgs gSa] ykseM+h jkuh! cl vk,
ht

gh le>ksA¸
ig

;g lqurs gh ykseM+h ?kcjk

xbZA og flj ij ik¡o j[kdj
yr

Hkkxus yxhA eqjxs us g¡lrs gq,

dgkµ¶ykseM+h jkuh! Hkkxrh
op

D;ksa gks\ gekjs lkFk [ksyksxh

ugha\ vc rqEgsa fdl ckr dk
C

Mj gS\¸

19
 Jqrys[k
ck¡x iwoZ pkykdh 'kh?kz ,drk cqn~f/eku lEeku

n
fe=krk f'kdkjh fu'p; I+kqQjlr mRlqdrk jDr HkS;k

o
ti
u, 'kCn

ca
'kh?kz µ rqjar lEeku µ vknj] b””kr
pky µ Ny jDr µ [kwu] ygw

du
Loj µ vkok”k I+kqQjlr µ le;] vodk'k
fu'p; µ iDdk ck¡x µ eqjxs dh vkok”k

E
eqgkojs a
iv
eq¡g esa ikuh Hkj vkuk µ [kkus dh izcy bPNk gksuk
izse dk >aMk iQgjkuk µ ,drk&HkkbZpkjs dk izpkj djuk
V

flj ij ik¡o j[kdj Hkkxuk µ rs”kh ls Hkkxuk

gDdh cDdh jg xbZ µ gSjku jg xbZ
©

vH;kl&dk;Z
ht

ikB dh ckr
ig

1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRRkj nhft,A

yr

ekSf[kd
op

(d) eqjxk dgk¡ cSBdj ck¡x ns jgk Fkk\

([k) eqjxk oSQlk Fkk\
C

(x) ykseM+h osQ eq¡g esa ikuh D;ksa vk x;k\

(?k) ykseM+h flj ij ik¡o j[kdj D;ksa Hkkxus yxh\
20
 fyf[kr
(d) eqjxk ykseM+h dks ns[krs gh D;k le> x;k\

n
([k) ykseM+h us vius vkus dk D;k dkj.k crk;k\

o
(x) ykseM+h us eqjxs dks D;k lekpkj fn;k\

ti
(?k) eqjxs us fdu fe=kksa osQ vkus dh lwpuk ykseM+h dks nh\

ca
2- lgh mRrj ij () dk fu'kku yxkb,A
(d) ykseM+h isM+ osQ uhps D;ksa xbZ\

du
D;ksafd og isM+ osQ uhps lksuk pkgrh FkhA
D;ksafd og isM+ ij cSBs eksVs&rk”ks eqjxs dks [kkuk pkgrh FkhA

E
([k) eqjxk ykseM+h dh ehBh ckrksa esa D;ksa ugha vk;k\
a
D;ksafd mls ykseM+h vPNh ugha yxrh FkhA
iv
D;ksafd og ykseM+h dh pky le>rk FkkA
3- fdlus] fdlls dgk\
V

(d) ¶rqEgkjk Loj rks cgqr ehBk gSA¸

©

fdlus dgk µ fdlls dgk µ

ht

([k) ¶rqeus cgqr vPNk lekpkj fn;k gSA¸

fdlus dgk µ fdlls dgk µ
ig

4- lgh 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs dhft,A

yr

lEeku izk.kh fu'p; lekpkj lw;Z

op

(d) iwoZ esa dh ykyh iSQy jgh FkhA

C

([k) lcus feydj ;g iDdk dj fy;k gSA

(x) dksbZ fdlh nwljs tho&tarq dks ugha ekjsxkA
21
 (?k) lc ,d nwljs dk djsaxsA
(Ä) rqeus cM+k vPNk fn;k gSA

n
Hkk"kk dh ckr

o
ti
1- cPpks! ge vius vklikl tks oqQN Hkh ns[krs gSa] mu lcdk dksbZ u dksbZ

ca
,d uke gksrk gSA uke crkus okys 'kCnksa dks laKk dgrs gSaA
tSlsµrqEgkjk uke] rqEgkjs HkkbZ&cguksa osQ uke] rqEgkjs ekrk&firk] rqEgkjs

du
nknk&nknh] pkpk&pkph] rkmQ&rkbZ] ukuk&ukuh] ekek&ekeh] ekSlk&ekSlh]
cqvk&iwQiQk] iM+ksfl;ksa osQ uke] rqEgkjs f[kykSuksa osQ uke] rqEgkjs dejs dh

E
ph”kksa osQ uke] feBkb;ksa osQ uke] diM+ksa osQ uke] xk¡o&'kgjksa osQ uke]
lM+dksa&ck”kkjksa osQ uke] LowQy] ou&miou] lw;Z] vkdk'k] pk¡n&flrkjksa]
a
i'kq&if{k;ksa] dhM+s&edksM+ksa rFkk ufn;ksa&igkM+ksa osQ uke laKk dgykrs gSaA
iv
uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa laKk 'kCnksa ij xksyk yxkb,A
V

(d) cjxn osQ isM+ dh Mky ij cSBk eqjxk ck¡x ns jgk FkkA
©

([k) lw;Z dh ykyh iSQy jgh FkhA

(x) mldh yky dyxh cgqr lqanj yx jgh FkhA
ht

(?k) og isM+ osQ uhps [kM+h gks xbZA

ig

(Ä) eqjxs HkS;k! vkvks] uhps vkvksA

yr

(p) vjs! ogh f'kdkjh oqQRrsA

2- if<+,] lef>, vkSj fyf[k,A
op

i $ o~Q $ dk ¾ Ddk µ iDdk v $ p~ $ Nh ¾ vPNh

C

p$ $ ¾ µ pDdk v $ p~ $ Nk ¾
e$ $ ¾ µ eDdk t $ u~ $ rq ¾
22
 3- 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk irk pys] mls opu
dgrs gSaA

n
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu nsf[k,A

o
,d (,dopu) vusd (cgqopu)

ti
ca
eqjxk eqjxs

du
oqQRrk oqQRrs

E
a
Mky Mkysa
iv
V
©

>aMk >aMs
ht

ykseM+h yksefM+;k¡
ig
yr

4- 'kCnksa osQ lgh vFkZ osQ lkFk js[kk [khapdj feykb,A

op

pkykdh vodk'k lekpkj ,d lkFk

I+kqQjlr vknj th cgykuk [kcj
C

lEeku prqjrk fey&tqydj eu cgykuk

23
 lksp&le> dh ckr
• vkidks bl dgkuh esa dkSu lcls vPNk yxk vkSj D;ksa\ d{kk esa

n
ppkZ dhft,A

o
ti
oqQN djus dh ckr

ca
• if{k;ksa dks mudh cksfy;ksa ls js[kk [khapdj feykb,A

du
oqQgw&oqQgw

E
a
iv
pha&pha
V
©

oqQdM+w¡&ow¡Q
ht

dk¡o&dk¡o
ig
yr
op

Vsa&Vsa
C

vè;kiu laosQr % vH;kl ij cy fn;k x;k gS ftlls Nk=kksa dks Hkk"kk dh le> vk losQ rFkk f'k{kd vPNh rjg mUgsa
fl[kk losaQA

24
 4 cyoku dkSu

n
,d taxy esa xkSjS;k dk tksM+k jgrk FkkA muosQ uke Fksµpha&pha vkSj VdcdA

o
mu nksuksa us ,d isM+ ij viuk ?kksalyk ?kkl osQ fruosQ] #bZ vkSj ia[k cVksjdj

ti
cuk;k FkkA nksuksa [kwc [kq'k jgrs FksA lqcg gksus ij nksuksa nkuk pqxus fudy tkrs
vkSj 'kke dks ?kksalys esa okil vk tkrsA

ca
,d fnu pha&pha us ?kksalys esa rhu vaMs fn,A pha&pha vkSj Vdcd dh [kq'kh
dk fBdkuk u jgkA nksuksa vius cPpksa osQ vaMksa ls ckgj vkus dk bar”kkj djus

du
yxsA mlh taxy esa ,d vdM+w gkFkh Hkh jgrk FkkA mls vius cy ij cgqr
?keaM FkkA lHkh i'kq&if{k;ksa dks rax djus esa mls cgqr e”kk vkrk FkkA

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,d fnu vdM+w mlh isM+ osQ uhps vk x;k] ftl ij
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pha&pha vkSj Vdcd dk ?kksalyk FkkA mlus viuh lw¡M+ ls
iv
isM+ dks ”kksj ls fgyk;k ftlls isM+ ij j[kk pha&pha
dk ?kksalyk uhps fxj x;k vkSj mlosQ vaMs VwV x,A
V

vius VwVs vaMksa dks ns[kdj pha&pha vkSj Vdcd

cgqr nq[kh gq,A pha&pha fpfM+;k ”kksj&”kksj ls jksus
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yxhA Vdcd us dgkµ¶gesa bl gkFkh dks lcd

ht
ig
yr
op
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25
 fl[kkuk gh iM+sxkA¸ rHkh Vdcd dks ,d mik; lw>kA og rqjar viuh fe=k
phaVh osQ ikl x;kA nksuksa us feydj ,d ;kstuk cukbZA
m/j gkFkh isM+ osQ uhps vkjke dj jgk FkkA oqQN gh nsj esa mls uhan vk

n
xbZA phaVh pqiosQ ls gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa ?kql xbZA mlus gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa ”kksj

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ls dkVkA gkFkh nnZ ls rM+i mBkA og b/j&m/j mNyus yxk ij fdlh Hkh

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rjg nnZ de ugha gqvkA m/j gkFkh dks nnZ ls

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rM+irk ns[k pha&pha vkSj Vdcd cgqr [kq'k FksA
brus esa taxy osQ lHkh tkuoj Hkh ogk¡ vk x,A

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phaVh us iwNkµ¶gkFkh HkkbZ! D;k vc Hkh rqe
i'kq&if{k;ksa dks rax djksxs\¸

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gkFkh cksykµ¶ugha] ugha]
a phaVh jkuh eq>s {kek dj
nksA eSa vkxs ls fdlh Hkh
iv
i'kq&i{kh dks rax ugha d:¡ xk
V

vkSj u gh viuh 'kfDr ij

?keaM d:¡ xkA eSa le> x;k
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gw¡ fd dHkh fdlh dks NksVk

ugha le>uk pkfg,A¸
ht

;g lqudj phaVh gkFkh

ig

dh lw¡M+ ls ckgj fudy

vkbZA mlosQ ckgj vkrs gh
yr

gkFkh dks nnZ ls NqVdkjk

fey x;kA bl izdkj
op

,d uUgh&lh phaVh us
fo'kkydk; gkFkh dk
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?keaM pwj&pwj dj fn;kA

26
 Jqrys[k
xkSjS;k bar”kkj vdM+w fe=k lw¡M+

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nnZ rM+irk {kek 'kfDr ?keaM

o
ti
u, 'kCn

ca
rax djuk µ ijs'kku djuk vdM+w µ ?keaMh

du
cVksjdj µ bdV~Bs dj e”kk µ vkuan
lcd µ ikB fo'kkydk; µ cM+s vkdkj okyk

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eqgkojs a
iv
[kq'kh dk fBdkuk u jguk µ vR;ar izlUu gksuk] cgqr [kq'k gksuk
?keaM pwj&pwj gksuk µ vgadkj VwVuk
V
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vH;kl&dk;Z
ht

ikB dh ckr
ig

1- uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRRkj nhft,A

yr

ekSf[kd
(d) xkSjS;k osQ tksM+s dk uke D;k Fkk\
op

([k) fdldks vius cy ij ?keaM Fkk\

(x) Vdcd D;ksa [kq'k Fkk\
C

(?k) phaVh fdldh fe=k Fkh\

27
 fyf[kr
(d) pha&pha osQ vaMs oSQls VwVs\

n
([k) pha&pha vkSj Vdcd us viuk ?kksalyk oSQls cuk;k\

o
(x) gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa phaVh oSQls ?kqlh\

ti
(?k) phaVh us gkFkh ls D;k iwNk\

ca
(Ä) gkFkh dks fdlus lcd fl[kk;k vkSj oSQls\
2- lgh mRrj ij () dk fu'kku yxkb,A

du
(d) phaVh us gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa ?kqldj D;ksa dkVk\
D;ksafd og ns[kuk pkgrh Fkh fd gkFkh oSQls rM+irk gSA

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D;ksafd og gkFkh dks lcd fl[kkuk pkgrh FkhA
a
([k) phaVh gkFkh dh lw¡M+ ls ckgj D;ksa fudy vkbZ\
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D;ksafd og le> x;k Fkk fd fdlh dks NksVk ugha le>uk pkfg,A
D;ksafd mlus phaVh jkuh ls {kek ek¡x yh FkhA
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3- dgkuh osQ Øe ls okD;ksa osQ igys 1] 2] 3 --- fyf[k,A

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phaVh pqiosQ ls gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa ?kql xbZA

gkFkh us viuh lw¡M+ ls isM+ dks ”kksj ls fgyk;kA
ht

1 ,d fnu pha&pha us ?kksalys esa rhu vaMs fn,A

ig

phaVh us gkFkh dh lw¡M+ esa ”kksj ls dkVkA

?kksalyk isM+ ls uhps fxj x;kA
yr
op

Hkk"kk dh ckr
1- if<+, vkSj lef>,A
C

• Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ o.kZ dgykrh gSA bl ewy èofu osQ VqdM+s
ugha gks ldrsA
28
 • o.kks± ;k v{kjksa dk lewg ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gks] 'kCn dgykrk gSA
• 'kCn o.kks± ls curs gSa vkSj okD; 'kCnksa lsA

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• ewy èofu;ksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSlsµdye] y[kumQA

o
;s lc 'kCn gSaA

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2- if<+,] lef>, vkSj ,d 'kCn Lo;a fyf[k,A

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(d) opu
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu

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tksM+k tksM+s gkFkh pkj gkFkh
nkuk nkus iaNh nks iaNh

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?kksalyk ?kksalys a i'kq rhu i'kq
vaMk xkSjS;k
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phaVh phafV;k¡ jkr jkrsa
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frryh Mky Mkysa

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jkuh ckr
([k) la;qDr v{kj
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p~pk µ Ppk cPpk .k~ $ Mk ¾ .Mk µ v.Mk@vaMk

ig

u~gk µ Ugk uUgk M~ $ M ¾ M~Mk µ vM~Mk

yr

iz µ izdkj .k~ $ V ¾ .Vk µ

op

lksp&le> dh ckr
1- ^cyoku dkSu* dgkuh ls vkidks D;k lh[k feyrh gS\ bl dgkuh
C

dk ,d vkSj var lksfp, vkSj d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A

29
 2- D;k phaVh gkFkh dks fdlh vkSj rjhosQ ls Hkh lcd fl[kk ldrh
Fkh\ lkspdj d{kk esa crkb,A

n
oqQN djus dh ckr

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1- fdldk ?kj oSQlk\ lgh uke fyf[k,A

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2- i'kq&if{k;ksa dks muosQ vkdkj o

osQ v
vuquqlkj Øe nhf
nhft,A
yr
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30
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