rasa 6. Mponopyuu 73 TJIABA 6. T1POTOPITAH 6.1. Tonarue o nponopuax » apxurextype. OqHuM us BaxHeiiimHx MeTOAOB MOCTPoeHMA BbIDASMTeEIBHO 4 WenocTHO apxuTeKTypHOH (bopMBI aBIAeTCA NponopuMoHMpoBAHHe. T[ponopyua (nav. proportio) — co- PasMepHOCTL, OnpeeneHHop cooTHO- menue uacteit mexy co6oit. B coppe- MeHHOit AMTepaType NOHATHe NpoNOp- uuM ynoTpeOmmeTcaA B TDex OCHOB- HBIX, 4ACTHYHO nepeKpsIBasomHx Abyr Apyra snayenuax. Tleppoe — nan6onee GnusKoe K TOHATHIO CopasMepHOCTH — osHayaeT cooTHOWeHHe OCHOBHEIX napamerpos dopmer (q7mHa, uIMpHHa, BBICOTA). Mmenuo ato sHauenve uMelrT B Buy, kKorga ropopaT O MponopyHAXx KaKolt- am60 OTJ@IbHO. BaATOK Bem (37a- HMA, KapruneI, KHMrH u ap.). IIpo- opuMa ageck xapaktepusyer OGpeKT Kak lWestoe, cocraBsnerT OcHOBy ero 06- pasa. Tak, OMHO TOBKO COOoTHOUIeHHE mapaMeTpos (opMsI Mo TpemM KoOopaH- maTaM ye cmoco6HO coszaTb 06- pas cnoxoiicraua mM cTaTH4YHOCTH (xy6), AMHaMHKK (sprranytaa pwama) u ap. Bo stopom sHauenum nox mponop- uuelt B apxmTeKType (Tak 2Ke Kak HB MateMaTuKe) MOHMMaIOT paBeHcTBO oTHOWeHHH KORMUeCTBeEHHOA MepbI OHHX MH TeX 2%e OObEKTHBHBIX cBoiicrB B conocTaBAHeMBIx (opmax MIM UX YaCTAX WB MaTeMaTH4eCKO @opme sanucuimaior Kak a/s = ¢/d. 9To aHaveHne noHATHA ”nponopuuA” HCHONL3yeTCA B NO_aBAAIOULeM GomE- WIMHCTBe paboT, MOCBAWIeHHEIX mpo- NOPLHOHMpOBaHu B AapXHTeKTYpe. Ws maremaruueckoit sanucu raxoro NOHMMaHHA MponopuuM creryer, ¥TO anech B ocHOBe OOpasoBaHua Wen0cT- HOH (opMsI JexKHT NPHHIEHT reoMeT- Ppuyeckoro no,06ua. Han6osee pac- MIpocrpaHeHHEIM B apXHTeKType TIpH- MepoM IIPHMeHeHHaA NponopuHH Kak paBeHCTBa MaTemaTH¥ecKHXx OTHOTTe- Hui sBanetca obpasosanve copMEr Ha OcHOBe NOZObHEIX IpAMOyTOIEHH- KOB, AMaroHamM KOTOpEIX mHGO ma- pannenbusr (npaman mponopuua), 1H- 6o nepnenaukynapust (o6parHas mpo- mopuua) (puc.89 — 91). IIponopunw, cpeaHHe “eHbI KOTOpOH paBHEI Mex- ay co6o%, HaspinaioTr xenpeprisnoil. Ilpumepom Henpepsisxoi nponopyun MOKET CIYHUTS PAX no_ooHLIX npA- MOYTOABHHKOB, 8B KOTOPOM ZaHHA Mpexpiqymero MmpaMoyroxbHUKa paB- Ha LIMpHHe nocnenywutero. Syecb, Tak Ke KaK MB MaTeMaTH- ke, pasamuaioT 2Ba Bua OTHOUIe- Hui — payuonanvnwe, KoTopsle MOryT OBITS BEIpDAReHEI KaKMM-1H60 KOHCYHBIM UebIM HH ApooHem “4HcnOM, a uppayuoKans- bie, KOTOpEIe He MOryT ObITb BbIpA- 2KeHLI KOHEYHEIM uHCIOM (HANpHMeD, 2, 8, 5u ta). Onnako, ecam B MaTemaTuKe nox OTHOUWIeHHeM NOHMMaIOT ‘YaCTHOe OT Renenua onHok permumMuet Ha apy- Tyl0, TO NOHATHe OTHOWMeHHA B apXH- TeKType Topasq0 uIMpe M BKTOUAeT B ce6H BCe BHbi B3aMMOCBASH BeIH- “HH, XapakTepmayiouyNx obbeKTHB- Ble cBoiicrsa dopmer. Tlosromy B Tpersem w HauGonee NpaBAbHOM Ha. Ha BITIAA cCry4ae oA Mponopruelt B apxHTeKType NOHHMALOT 1106y10 3a- KOHOMePHOCTS B COOTHOMIEHUAX BemH- MMH, KOTOpaa cBagEIBAeT OT[EIBHEIC wacTH m mapaMerpst (opMs! B exMHOe uence. Takum oOpasom, nponopnus B APXUTeKTYpe ECTh NOHATHe, OTpaxKa- woulee §=OfHOpOAHOCTh «= (3aKOHOMeDp- HOCTS) vaMeHeHMi KomHHecTBeHHOI MepbI NpH Mepexogax oT ofHOH YacTH opmni K apyroii u K copme B yerom. Jlerko samerutb, 470 NMeppoe Hu BTO- Poe onpegenenun mponopuun sBna- 1OTCA YACTHEIMM CIyYARMH TocnenHe- TO onpegenenua. 6.2. Bugut mponopuwonamsHnix o7- HoweHHi. B Teopux u npaxruxe ap- XHTEKTYPBI XOPOWIO M3BECTHEI TAKHE BHAbI 3AKOHOMepHEIX (OAHOPOAHEIX) uSMeHeHMit BENMMMH, Kak apudmern- uecKan TapMOHHYecKan # TeoMeTpH- “eckas nporpeccun. Apumemuveckan npozpeccua Byt- paxkaeTcA PAXOM 4MCen, B KOTOpOM Kask0e Tocmeryioulee YHcNO GomBUIe74 Yacmp Il. Cpedcmea apxumexmypnoit Komnosuyuu mpexeiqymero Ha ORHY H Ty 2Ke BemH- anny. [pocreitumm™m mpumepom apxib- MermuecKoi mporpeccuH aBulneTca PAX enix HATYPANBHEIX 4CeER 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 m 7.2., o6pasom Koro- poro MOxKeT CAYKMTb OObIUHAA Mep- Han aHHelixa. Ilo mepe Bospacranua paga oTHOWeHHA (maTemaTuuecKHe) Mex,Yy COCeRHUMM WleHaMH pasBHBa- JOTCH OT KOHTPACTHEIX K HIOAHCHEIM, TipHOrwxasch B mpezere K paBeHcTBy (cpasuure, nanpumep, 1/2 u 999/1000). Tapmonuveckaa npozpeccua — ato PAA uMcen oOpaTHsIx pany “HceT apubmermueckoi mporpeccum, wanpu- mep: 1/2, 1/8, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/7. Qua nerkut B ocHose MyabiKanbHOrO CTpOA, TaK KaK BCIO MYSEIKARBHYIO TaMMY MOXHO NOTYYMTE, IpHKHMAR eTpyHy B TOWKAX, OTCTOAIIHX OT KOH- va Ha pauoHAnbHoe KpatHoe nepBo- HavanbHoH ee aAmHHe. OrHomenna (maremaTnueckme) MexKIy coceqHUMH wleHaMM rapMOHHYecKoro paqa 10 Puc. 91. Bude npo- nopyuti na ocnose no- Aobnux npaoyeort- nuns Puc. 90. Tipunyun zeomempureckozo no- Go6us 6 KoMnosuyUL acada Puc. 92. Ocuoonsse oudee padoe Mepe ero BOSpacTaHua Tak xe, Kak H B apudmeruyecko mporpeccuu, 13- MeHAIOTCA OT KOHTPACTHEIX K HI0aHC- upmm (puc.92). Teomempuvecxaa npozpeccua mpegcrapaaer co6oi pay uncen, B KO- TOpOM KayKNoe nocHezyouee 4HCRO Gomme (uM MeHbUe) MpezEIAymero B OHO M TO xe YNCIO pas. Hanpu- mep: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16. Orxomenne mexpy cocen- HMMM WleHamM reoMerpH4ecKoro pA- 4a Ha BceM ero NporaxeHuu ocraeTcA TOCTOAHHEIM, PaBHEIM sHAMeHATeTIO mporpeccuu.Taasa 6. Tiponopyuu ed Paget uncen MoryT OzITb nonyue- HEI H Ha ocHOBe Apyrux, Gomee un MeHee COMHEIX 3aKOHOMepHocTell. Hanpumep, cyulectayioT pAABI, Karx- quit 4neH KOTOpEIX paBeH mIpeabiny- qemy, BO3BeReHHOMY B Kaxy10-nH60 crenexb (xsagpat, Ky6 u 7.a.). Onna- KO M3NMINHe KOHTpacTHBIe OTHOUIe- HM CMCXHEIX WIeHOB TAKMX PATOB NpenarcrsyioT HX UPHMeHeHHIO 2A TapMonMsalMH dopMEr. Tilupoxo ucnonsayioren 5 apx- TeKType AXAUTMBHEIe PATE, TOCTpO- eHHEIe Ha CyMMMpoBaHMM uMcen. Ha- mpumep, 8 page uucex 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... (pax Ox6onavam) Kax- api nocneayioumit wer, HayHHan C 8-ro papeH cymMe jByx mpembiay- uqux. OTHOMIeHHe Mexy CMe:xKHEIMH ujleHaMM — TaKOTO paqa, HAuMHAA C 5-ro weHa, mpakTw4ecku TocTOAHHO ™ pasxo 1,62. SameyaTerbHEIM CBOMCTBOM apHip- MeTHYECKOTO, TAaPMOHHYECKOTO H TeO- MeTPHYeCKOrO PAAOB ABIAeTCA TO, 4TO KaKyJoe H3 YMCeN Mpeqcrannaer co6oi coorsercrseHHO cpemHee apuib- MeTHYeCKoe, CpeqHee rapMOHHueCcKoe CpemHee TreoMeTpHyecKoe mpemsiny- uyero M Nocnegywulero unenos. Tak, B apwdbmeruueckoit mporpeccun 1, 2, 8 uncxo 2 =(3+1)/2; » rapmonwue- exoi mporpeccux 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 uucno 1/3 = 2/(2+4); B reomerpuueckoi mporpeccuu 1, 2, 4 uucno 2 = 1x4/2. Tlostomy uucna apudmeruuecKo- TO, TrapMOHM4ecKoro HM TreoMeTpH¥e- cKoro pagOB HasBIBaloT cpeqHUMM uncnamu. CpeqHwe uvcna m3qaBHa cAYMMAM ApXuTeKTOpAM, cKy.IBIITO- paM M XY/O%KHMKaM B KaYeCTBe Cpen- craa AOCTHKeHUA TapMOHHYHBIX CO- oTrHomeHKit. Han6omnee uapecTHEIM M B TO 2Ke BPeMA 3araqO¥HBIM PAZOM cpeqHUx MHCeI ABANETCH TAK HaSbIBAeMOe Om- Howexue sonomozo cevenua. TepMuH "gonoToe ceuenve” 6zi1 spezen JIeo- Hapgo 2a Bunun Ana uaBecTHoro ene mugaropeiiuam onucaHHoro OBKIH- HOM eTeHMa OTpesKa B TAX HasEIBae- MOM "KpaiiHem M cpeqHeM oTHoUe- “uM”, TIpx KoTOpoM GombmaA ero “acTh ABIAeTCA cpezHeit Mponopuno- HambHOo MexK_y BCeEM OTPesKOM meubmeit uacreio (puc.93). Ecam am- HY OTpesKa MPHHATE 3a eRMHHLY, TO ero yacTu GyxzyT BLIpaxKaTbCA mppa- UMOHAISHEIMM “nemamu X= 0,618, a — x = 0,382. Ha ocnose orux 4H- cea Mower ObITb NonyyeH reomeTpH- ueckuit pax ... — 0,146 — 0,236 — 0,382 — 0,618— 1 — 1,618 — 2,618 — 4,236 — 6,854 — ..., o6na- Py2KMBaemEIa pM paccmoTpeHuM ca- Moro WIMpoKoro Kpyra ABleHHi npH- pogsI, McKyccTBa # apxuTeKTyps. He caxyyaiino sHaMeHUTHI uTanbAHCKHiT unocop u matemarux @pa Jlyxa Tlawyomm Ha3bipan 30n0T0e ceyenne "6oxectBeHHOl mponopuueli”, a He- menkuit yuensit A.[eiisuur npososr- NacHx s0nOTCe ceyeHHe yHHBepcanb- How mponopumel, pasHo xapaxrep- Ho 08 cOBpeMeHHEIX TBOpeHHit Mpupomst H wckyccrsa. Sonoroe ceve- HMe HCNOAbIOBAT B CBOeEM TROPYECTBE U.B.2Konroscxui, a JIe Kopotosse MONOKUN ero B OCHOBY cBOero ”Moay- aopa”. Somoroe ceyeHue BbIpaxKawT o6braHo uncoom 1,618 wan o6parHbim emy uucaom 0,618, ama KoTopEIx m0 mpeanomenui T.Ky6a u M.Bapa TIpHHATH cumBomst ® u 1/M. Orn uucna ABAAWTCA 3HaMenaTenamu. Bospactaiouero (P) u yObiBaioulero (1/®) panos sonororo cevenua.. Mx- repecHoit ocoSeHHocTHI0 9THx YHCeT ABAACTCH UX CHOCOSHOCTS MPH C.103%Ke- HMM C equHMUeH (qa D) u OpH BbI- 4UHTAHHM M3 enMHMUBI.(ama 1/) za- BaTb KBagpaTbl caMMx ceOs, T.e. 1 + @ + @; 1 — 1/@ = (1/)?. Sonoroe ceuenve — 970 egHHCTBeHHAA reomeT- puyeckan mporpeccua, o6azarouas IpH3HaKOM agquTHBHOTO pana (D3 = D, + ,). TIponopyuonuposanue xax meron KONMYECTBEHHOTO cormacoBaHHA Yac- reli mu uenoro uMeeT B cRCei OcHOBE TeOMeTPHYECKYIO HAM YMCOByIO 3a- KOHOMEPHOCTE, KOTOpaR cnocobcTByeT AOCTHKEHHIO VCTETMUECKO! UeTOCTHO- CTH, rapMOHHYHOCTH oGbeMHO-mpo- crpancrsenHoii dbopmnr aa cuer o6ne- AMHeHMA ee pasMepos B Kaky10-2n60 cuctemy.76 Yacmp Il, Cpedcmea apxumermypxols romnosuyuit Oco6exnocTH cucmem TeCHO CBA3aHEI Co crocobamu nponopyucnannnsix crpomtescrsa um M3MepeHUA, KOTO- pure MpHMeHANHCh apxHTeKTOpAMH To uxu wHoH anoxu. B ,pesHocru mponopumonansusie cucTeMb! TOry4a- aM C NOMCUXbO MepHoro umHypa ¥ KOAbEB MYTEM OTHOCHTETBHO TIPOCTEIX TeOMeTpHYeCKHX MOCTpoeHHit Ha oc- HOBe TpeyrOTBHHKa, KBagpata, MpA- MOYrOXBHMKA MIM Kpyra. B [Ipesnem Erunte umpoxo uc- nomssoBanach cucTema mponopuHoHi- POBaHHA Ha OCHOBe "CBALeHHOTO erH- TeTCKoro TpeyrombHUKAa” C COoTHOIIe- Huem cTopox 3:4:5, nosponaBmuero romy4aTs IpAMO yrox u pay MpAMO- YFOJBHHKOB CO CTOpOHaMM, BbIpaxKeH- HBIMH B MpOCTEIX WeMEIX 4MCTax (pc. 94). Cuetema nponopumoHmposanua Ha OCHOBe BIMCAHHEIX KBazpaTOB 2a- Bana reoMerpH¥eckuit pag c orHome- uuem 1 :V2, B KoTOpom wepezonamHch uppaqMoHaNbHBle M WeNbIe mpocTsie uncna (puc.95). Ora cucrema ucnomb- soBalach Kak B Erunte, tak u 8 6o- Puc. 93. Jerenue om- peska AB 6 xpainex u cpeduem omnowe- uaz Puc. 94. "Coauyen- eit” eeunemeruit mpeyzoavnur u npo- nopyuonuposanue Ka 20 ocnoae a ocnose snucan- oir U onucannelx Pasnocmoponnux ‘mpeyzorbnuxos Puc. 97. Cuemexa mpuanzyruposanus Muzancxozo cobopa Puc. 98. Cucmena mpuanzyrupoeanun 6 speveckols apxumer- mype Puc. 95. Cucmema nponopyuonuposanus a ochose enucan- be U onucannoix xeadpamos Puc. 99. Hocmpoenue pada 3oxomoz0 ceve- hua Ha ocuose Kead- pama Puc. 96. Cucmena nponopyuonuposanus jee mlO3qHMe BPeMeHa, HANpPHMep, B CPenHenexoBke A TOCTpoeHHa ToT MeCKHX GallleH; oTHomienHe cToponEI M qMaroHanH KeampaTa cpagnmmaior apeBHepycckyto caxKeHb u Kocy10 caakens. Cucrema BmMcaHHBIX paBHOcTO- POHHHX TpeyrombHMKOB maeT pad Ha ocHoBe ABYX YepemyIONMXcaA OTHOUIE- Hui: CTOPOHLI TpeyroILHHKa K BBICO-Taasa 6. TMponopyuu 7 te (2/V8) m suicorst x moxoBHHe cTO- ponsr (/3) (puc.96). Itponopnuoxnpo- BaHHe Ha OCHOBE PAaBHOCTOPOHHerO TpeyrombHMKa ocobeHHO WIMpOoKO mpH- MeHANIOCh B CpeqHEBeKOBEE, Te cHC- Tema TpHaHTyTMpoBaHHa NpoHMssIBa- mua BeIO CTpyKTypy ToTM4ecKHX co60- pos (puc.97), oqHaKo oTHomrenus, cBoiicTBeHHBIe 9TOH cHcTemMe, MOryT OuiTh OOHapyxKeHbI MB ApXHTeKTYpe Apyrux 9n0X, HanpuMep, B apxuTeK- type IIpesxeit 'penun (pc.98). Sonoro mpsaMoyronbHHK MoxKeT 6uiTh nonyueH MocTpoeHMem KBanpaTa ABCI, xax moxasano ua puc.96,a,6. Ecnwm paccMaTpupaTb KBaqpaT Kak 4aCTb MOMyYeHHOTO MPAMOYTONBHNKA, TO CTOPOHBI OcTaBileroca npxMo- yroabuuxa 6yayT cooTHOCHTECA B 30- otom ceyenum. Stor mponecc MOxHO MOBTOPHT, YTOOLI NOAyHMTEL pA 30- NOTEIX MpaMoyromsHHKos (puc. 99). B 30m0TOM oTHoUIeHMM Haxo;AT- cm cToponbt pasHoBexpeymprx Tpe- yronbauxos¢ yrnamu 36:72° a 72° umm 108; 36° 36°. HockomsKy amaro- HAH MpaBHABHOTO MATHYTOASHMKA paccexawr ero Ha TpeyronbHuxn MMeHHO c TakuMM yrnamu (pc. 100), PAR B3ONOTOTO ceyeHUA MoxeT ObITE nomyyeH TaKxKe Ha ocHone nexTar- paMMs! — naTayronsHOi aBeaqs1, 06- PasosaHHoi mpogsenvem cTopox mpa- BHIBHOrO naTHyromuuKa (pyc. 101) MXM sBe3sqyaTOrO AecATHyTONEHUKA (pue. 102). Pan sonorsix orHomenuit HeOqHOKPAaTHO OOHAPYXKMBANHCL MHO- TOUMCIeHHLIMH MccHesOBATeNAMM B maMaTHMKax apxuTextyps Erunra, Tpenuu, Puma, Pyccxoro u Sanaquo- Exsponeiicxoro cpemuesexosna, Penec- caxca. Tlepeuucnenuste cacremst mponop- MMOHMpOBaHMH ABIHIOTCH reoMeTpH- MeCKMMH, B YHCIOBOM BBIpaKeHMH Ou MeHee yAOOHSI B McrOnBSOBaHEH, Tak Kak BKIIO¥AIOT HPpanMoHATBHBIE uncma. OgHako cymecrByioT nmponop- UMOHANbHEIe CHCTeMEI, OCHOBAHEBIC Ha umcnoBEIx (apubmeruueckux) mpvemax cormacosaHua wactel m ue- oro; 8TO TAK HasEIBaempIe Mody.te- uve cucmemet. Tpocreiimmm mpume- POM MO;ysIBHOH cucTeME! ABIAeTCH78 Yaems Il. Cpedemea apxumexmypnot Koxnosuyun MacmTaSHam ceTKa, B KoTOpyio BnH- cprBaloTea Kax oOumit apc, TaK # metanu coopyxeHusn. MonybHaa cuc- Tema mponopumoHHpoBaHuA mpegno- maraeT cyulecTBoBaHHe mody.1a — yc- xosHOow equHHULI u3sMepenua. Mo- AYAbHEIE MPOMOPUMH WIMPOKO mpuMe- HAJMCh Ha MPOTAKeHMH BCerO pasBH- THA apxuTextyps. Hax6onee apKum MIpwMepom MofysBHOM CHCTeMEI Mpo- NOPMMOHMpOBaHHA ABIAeTCA MOCTPOe- HMe AHTHYHEIX OpAepos, B KOTOPEIX B KayecTBe MORyA HcnOmBayercaA mH60 qMamerp, 160 paguyc KOOHHBI (pc. 103). Tpumensemaz » Hamieit crpaHe MogysHaa cuctema (EMC) Tax %e wcnonbayeT eqMHTit mony» (M = 100 cm), Ha ocnose Koroporo TYTeM eTO WIeHeHHA WI YMHOKEHHA nomy4aioT ce MpMHATHIe B CTPOH- TeNECTBe PAasMepEI. TIponopnmonuponanue Momter. 6417S MCTIOMEZOBAaHO B ABYX OCHOBHEIX HampasxeHusx: Kak MeTOR cosnaHHa uenocTHOH (opMEI MH KaK MeTON BBI- ABICHUA 3AKOHOMepHOCTel nocTpoe- Puc. 100. Soxomoe cevenue u namuy- 2oabHUK Puc. 102. Cucmexa nponopyuonuposanua a ocnose seesdua- mozo decamuyzoav- Puc. 101. Cucmena una nponopyuonuposanus a ochoee nenmaz- PONne Puc. 103. Cucmena modyawnete nponop- tyutse spevecnon op- depe HMA yoKe COSqAHHBIX ADXHTeKTYPHEIX opm. Ipu srom cnezyer nonumars, 470 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH, BEIABICHHBIC B yeKe COBMAHHEIX — APXHTeKTYDHEIX @opmax, ZaneKo He Bcerza ocosHaHHO TipHMensnuc, ux cosqatenamu. Care- ayeT TAK2Ke NOMHUTS, TO Mporopun- OHMpoBaHMe — fOCTATOYHO cHIEHOe, HO MaseKO He eRMHCTBEHHOE cpencTBO TapMOHM3anMH apXHTeKTypHO! dop- MBI _H TO9TOMY OZHO TOKO coBep- uleHcTRO nponopuHM ene He ABIAeT- ca rapaHToM nonyyeHua copepuleHHo- TO apxuTeKTypHoro npOMsBeReHHA.‘Taaea 6. Tiponopyuu 79 Korrpomsmue nompocut 1, Yro raxoe nponopnma? B waxex sua: sx Momer ynorpe6aTseH TO HONKTHE? 2. Uro Taxoe Menpepsinnax mponopnms? 3. ro raxoe "epeanme wncna"? B vex pale peuMyulectRenHoro McoxhsonaNHA CpeANEX uucex 21a TapMonusarum GopM? 4. Uro taxoe "sonotoe cevenne”? B vem ocoGenoctx aToro otHomennn? 5. B wem coctowr pasnyma mexxy nporop- nueil x nponopnuomuponanmen? 6. Kaxue cuctems! mponopmmonmposanun aut anaere? 7. B Wem coctout otmmue reomerpuye- CKHX MH WHONOBHIX cHcTeM mponopyHouposa- a? 8. Yo raxoe Mony.15? 9. Hasosmre ocuoBHuie wanpasnenus uc- NOMSOOBAHBA UPONOPHMORHpOBAHMA B ApXuTeK- Type. 10. [locrarowso sm coseputeumsix npomop- nwt 418 WloxyueHMs copeputennoro apxureK- ‘TypHoro mpoussenenuA?80 Yacms Il. Cpedemea apzumexmypnols komnosuyuu TJIABA 7. MACINTTABHOCTB 7.1. Tlonsrue macurra6nocru B apxmTextype. Yenonek Kak mepa opranmayemoro mpocrpancrsa. Baus- we No 3ny4aHmio croBa “MacuITas” 1 "macurraSocTh” B ApXHTeKType HMe- 10T, OfHAKO, pasnMYHEIe sHAYeHHA. Tlonatue "apxuTextypHerit macurra6” (B nO¥TH NOAHOM cooTBeTCTBHH ¢ 06- uIMM onpezeteHHem MacurTaba B c10- Bapax!) Bkmo4yaloT mpexne Bcero TIpeacTaBeHHA YenOBeKa O BeIMYHH- HOM COOTHOUIeHHM BCero 32aHHA ¥ ero uactei, uacteit unm parmenton 32aHHA M ero JeTaneli, 3qaHHA HK KOMTIeKca agai M OKpyxalomlero mpocrpaHcrsa — KOHTeKcTa, B KOTO- POM cyilecrsyer sqaHue unM Apyroit apxurextypHurit o6sexr. B coorsercr- BHM € 8THM MOXHO CYHTATH, 4TO He- KoTOpas KomnosmuMA (oTmeRBHBIii OveM un KoMTimeKc OSeemos) HMEeT Kpynusrit MacuTaé B Tom cay4ae, ec- 4M OHA COCTOHT H3 AOcTATOUHO Kpyn- HBIX B cpaBHeHHM c ee o6uelt BenH- “MHOM uacteli (um snemeHToB). B To xe BpeMa, KoMTosHIMA (m106a8 ap- XHTeKTYpHAR (bopma’, pacuneneHHas Ha Gonee Mekue azemenTHI, O6maqaeT MemKuM MacuiTatom HAM MeHee Kpynuiim Macnrra6om. Mur y6equmen B 9TOM, eCIM nocTpoHM ma Oymarn HECKOABKO KOMNOSHUMH ¢ PASTMUHEI- MM MacuITaOHEIMM xapakTepucTuKa- MM, KOTOpBIe MoryT 6uITs conocras.1e- HBI'B TOM cry4ae, ecm DAAOM C KARK- ABIM MPHMePOM TIOMECTHTE yeTOBHOE wsoOpaxkenue QurypsI veroReKa on- HOi BEICOTSI. 1Macmra6 (em. Mastab): 1. Ornomenne YeenbIueMMIx paccTosMHA H paaMepos ma Kap- ye MIM weptexe x jelicranrerbAHM. 2. Ox- nar sHavenne, panmax (no Tomxosomy ctonapro pyeckoro aasixa nox pen. J.H.Ymexosa. M., THM u H2C, 1938). 2Eue pes navommuaem, uTo noHsTHE "ap- XMTeKTYpHA GopMa” OTHOCHTCH He TOTEKO K. SaHHIO HAM ero TeTAIH, OHO SHANHTETEHO INH pe W OTpakaer pencraBueHue o mpocrpaxcrse, OpraHnoonanHom epexerBamy apxwrexTypHt. Oguaxo mpercrasnenve 06 apxu- TeKTyPHOM MacuITaGe Kak ‘peayrETaT KONMYECTBEHHOTO COOTHOMIeHHA Mex- Ay wenbiM Mero YacTaMM gaTparuBa- eT JHUIb O2MH M3 acleKTOB BaxXHO! mpo61embt MacmiTa6HocTH apXxHTeK- TypHol cpeqst — KomMuectBeHHO-reo- MeTpuueckuii, cBAgaHNBI aumIE Cc MSMepeHHeM, MATeMATHYeCKHMH Jeli cTaHaMM, (UKCHpy!OUyHMH NOTO2Ke- Hue Beule. SHaunTersHO Gonee BaxK- HBIM MOMEHTOM B TIOCTH3KeHHM CMBIC- 41a W CyTM apxMTeKtypHoro MacuiTa6a. ABAACTCH HEOOXOAMMOCTS pasobpaTEcA B TOM, MOYeMy Te HIM HHEIe 3TaHUA HJM MpocrpaHeTsa pasnmyawrca nO MacuiTaOHBIM xapakTepucTuKam. Jin 9Toro HEO6xOgMMO NPUBed NOHATHE mMacuma6Hocmu Kak BaxKHOK KaueCcT- BeHHOH xXapaKTepHcTHKH apxuTeK- TypHod cpeasi, ogHOM ua ueHTpANE- HBIX xKaTeropuit! apxureKtypHoit KOMNOSHUHH. Mat HasbiBaem apxuTeKTypHOe npocrpauetso macuiTaOHbim B TOM cayyae, ecru venoBeK, Haxomstuuiicn 3 HeM (“gyuiMi nO ymuue, MepeceKa- lout Momarb, ABMraloUIMiica HAM mpocto Haxogaumiics 8 mpoctpancrse muTepbepa), OllyulaeT 9TO pocTpaH- TBO, BOCHPHHMMaeT ero M cooTBeTCT- BeHHO OeHMBAeT KaK copasMepHoe, yno6Hoe, coorsercTByioulee HasHaye- MIO, TOCTH>KUMOe W OcBaMBaeMoe, T.e. "cpoe”. CmoxKHOCTS, OAHAKO, 3a- KMOUBETCA B TOM, ¥TO KOrZa MBI TO- BOpuM "4emOBeK”, cnenyeT sBcerna NPHHHMATS BO BHUMAHHe, ¥TO ""enO- BeKAa Boobie” He cyulecTByeT, ¥TO Ye- 4OBeK %KMBET B ONPemeNeHHOM MecTe Ha Bemse, 8 onpenenenHerit ucropn- ueckMi Mepwoy Mw NpMHagneKUT K onmpeyexenHomy connanbHoMy coo6- lecTBy, K onpezeneHHO KyxeType M, HakoHen, K onpeyenenHo sospa- crao rpynme. Bee atm o6croaTenect- Jitareropua (rpey. kategoria) — mpeqens- Ho MINpoKoe MoHATHe, B KOTOPOM oTpaRerE wanGoree oOmMe cyIMecTBeHEBIe pHOReKR, CAAA H OTHOMeHAR MpeAMeTOR H ARIEHHSPuc. 104. Eeunem- cxuil Kanon eannus no Jlencuyey. OGun us etunemexux xano- oe, onucanneex Juo- @opom Cuyuauiexux, npedycmampueaem asdexenue xy xcKoit Quzypes c zox0eHim yoopox na 21 1/4 «a emu, dno denenue Pasno Gaune cpedne: 20 naxvya. Beicoma Quzyper 6e3 z0x0010- 20 yOopa pasna 19 modyrel (no B.IT. Muxatiaoey) Puc. 105. Anmpono- MoppNas cuMeoruKa opunecnois Koxonnet Puc. 106. [Ipeenepyc- crue xepes Ours. ‘Smom cnocos usmepe- nus ompeaxoe npa- xolt obecnewuear co- ‘Pasmephocms vexoee- xy u ydo6emea npoyecce empoument- emsa (no A.A. Tuyy) Ba onpenenmoT NpHHNUMMATEHYW OT- HOCHTEALHOCTE oYeKKu macumasno- cmu apxutextypHoro mpocrpancrsa. Sra ouenka uMeeT ucTOpHyeckH H cO- Maso oOycnoszenusit xapaxrep, 470 CBAAHO KaxK ¢ Ky.IbTYpHO-cOuH- aNbHBIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH TIpo- CTPAHCTB HM OTAENBHBIX OOLEKTOB, HX aHAMeHMAMM, Tax HC MpocrpaHCcTBeH- HO-BPeMeHHEIMM pec TaBeHHAMH morei, ObIBUIMMM, HAlIpHMep, B nep- BOOLITHEIX cOOOUIeCTBAX KYJIbTOBO- Muon0rnueckuMH. Tiperctapnenua o wenoseKe Kak Mepe Bcex Belei ObIIH HeOTBeMte- Mod YacTbi0 XKM3HH mOgelt, HayMHaR ¢ ApesHeiinmx spemex. Benomuum "KaHOHEI” ApeBHHX eruntaH, orpa- 2kaBIMe onpeneneHHoe ocMEICTeHHe PaaMepHEIX cooTHOMeHHH YacTel 4e- mopevecko urypsl M HasBaHUA enH- HMUL maMepeHHa "T0KOTE”. OnMH 3 ApeBHeermmercKux KaHOHOS BK PasgzemeHMe YenOBeyecKol dburypbI 110 suicore Ha 21,5 yacru, Kayan 43 KOTOpEIX 61a PaBHAa AnMHe cpeqHero namua pykH (puc.104) [30]. Muoxecrso mpxmepos npamoro coorBeTcTBMA mponopuMoHasbHo-mac- mrraSHsix xapakTepucTHK apxHTeKTy- PSI pasMepaM YeXOBeYecKOTO Tena Ha- XOAMM B ONBITe anTHuHOcTH. "Mrax, eC yYCTaHOBNeHO, 4TO UHCNO Haline- HO H3 “WIeHOB YeNOBeYeCKOrO Tea, — rosoput Burpysuit, — u ecau cyuie- ersyer coorsercrsue mexay orqenb- HBIMM WI€H@MH 4 OOUIMM BHAOM BCe- TO Tena, OTHeCeHHOe K wacTH, NpHHA- Tol 3a HCXOAHYI0, TO. HaM ocTaeTCA C YBQKCHMEM OTHECTHCh K TEM, KTO 1 Mpa nocrpolixe xpamos GeccmeprHerx Goros mpouszenu takoe wieHeHue B cpoux pa6orax, ¥To m oTzenbHBIe ya- CTH H OOmee Nen0e Haxo_aTCA B HaZ- Jexamux mponopyusx u copasmep- noctu [80, c.141]. Xopomo nazectHo TaKoe Ka¥ecTBO ApeBHerpeyecKoro Op- zepa, Kak ero aHTponomopdyocrs, T.€. CXOACTBO OPMBI KOTOHHBI C 4e- nopeveckoi durypo% (puc.105). B cpeqHMe BeKa uenOBex MaMepAI MHD TONBKO "CBOMM COOCTBEHHBIM Macul- Ta6oM, a sTY Mepy OH HaXxOmuT B ca- MoM ce6e, B CBOeM Teme, B cBOei eA-82 renpuoctu” [16, c.29], orcioma w M3- BecTHEIe M3ApeBIe MePEI: OKOTD, QyT, nage, caren» u Ap. (puc.106). Tipencrasnenua 0 macurra6HocTH MpocrpaHcTBa paquKanbHO MoMeHH- "Mch ¢ MOABNeHHeM — CKOPOCTHIX cpeaeTs KOMMyHHxauMi — ‘TpaHC- nopta # cax3H. IporaxenHocTs yaui, MbI HOMepAeM AaseKO He BeerTa Co6- CTBeHHSIMM HOraMH, a OTpoMHBIe 32a- HMA HAM He BCerma KaXKYTCA CTONb yx Oompummu. Uo e KacaeTcH "xeuByWMx” B KyTsTypax mpeqcTaB- neni 0 MacurTaSHOcTH, TO OHH CO: xpanmotes mu noHnHe. UasectHetit aMepHKaHCKHi COBpeMeHHBI apxH- rextop m Teoperax Keaux JIunu, Ha- mpaMep, 8 CBoe manecTHOH KHHTe "ConepuienHaa dopma 8 rpaqoctpou- TeneeTBe” OTMeyaeT TOMHyI0 HempH- eMeMOCTS aA cpemHeTO ceBepoame- PHKAaHWAa TPAXHUMOHHOTO 9CKHMOC- CKOrO 2KHIMINA KAK "BECEMa TECHOTO, emactTaHoro wenosexy” [25]. Eom cpapHurs oneHKy MacmTaHocTH mpo- crpaHersa cospeMeHHoro = ropona MIOAbMM pasHOrO Bospacta, oKazKer- ca, 470 OHA MPHHNMNMANbHO pasIHy- HA — MPHBEIIHEIe AIA BPOCITBIX J10- Yacms II. Cpedemea apxumexmypnolt Komnosuyuu Puc. 107. Kaaccuve: cxui: npumep Marcu: xaxbHo Kpynnomacur maSuol opms: ee- Auxue nupaxude 6 Tuse. Tepeonavant- nas ebicoma nupaxu- u% Xeonca (na emo- pom nnane) 146.6 % NecMOmpR Ha C6010 shaxumensnocms Sot- a Ott mpydxo onpe Geaunoit 6¢3 cono- emaexenus ¢ puzy- ott venosexa Puc. 108. Ixowad mpex exacmed 6 2. Bpasuaua. Kpynno- ‘acuuma6noe npo- ‘empanemso ofpasosa: no ¢ noMoUb9 30a: nuit Aaxonusnols Popmet, pasmewen- edx na Boaswuom paccmoanuu Opye om Opyea 1 — naxama deny ‘mamoe, 2 — Cenam; 3 — adaunucmpa- muewels xopnyc: 4 — Bepxosnviti cyd new yrmust u ABopbt OymyT KasaTECH ROUIKOIBHHKY OFpOMHBIMM, HeocEO- eHHEIMM mM Jake Bpaxteduimu. Bo- mee Toro, JaxKe B OObTuHO! KBapTupe 2KHIOPO Joma, Tye BspocmErit yenOBeK uysersyer ce6a IpHBEIUHO mM yBepeH- HO, MalleHbKuit peGeHOK x%MBeT CO- BCeM B PYTOM Mupe: MpoctpaHcTBO KBaprupbi c GoxbuIMMH BeIaMM AIA BSPOCMBIX He COMaCIITASHO eMy, OHO "He ero”, peGeHoK "y ceOa noma” B cBOeM yrouKe MIM KOMHaTe, OOama- XOUIMX BTOPEIM MacuITaGom B CpaBHe- HMM Co Bcet KBapTupolt. H, Hakonen,Paaea 7. Macumadnocm> 83 MpocTpanerso A1a MHAWEUAyaNDHOHt Jeatensocra peOexxa — mup urpy- ue, cocraBiaiomMi KaK Ost TpeTHit macurra6 mpocrpaxcrsa [26]. 7.2. 3apucuMocTs macurra6nocrx apxwrekrypHoit dopmst or xapaxrepa ee usenennocru. Crenenb M xapakrep “reHeHHOCTH o6sema aH m1pocrpaH- CTBa HeIOCpeCTBEHHO BJIMHIOT Ha MacurTaOHOCTh OOnekTa. HimenHo n09- TOMy HanGonee XapakTepHBIM mpume- POM MpenenbHO KpynHOMacuuTaOHEIx opm sexmorca mpamuast Eran- Te, BepHee Te Ha HHX, KoTOpHIe HE umewr weneHnii (komnaexc B Tuse), a mpumepom mpoctpaxcrs, o61azai0- W\HX KPYNHBIM MacuITaGom — m10- uyaau (puc. 107, 108). Yacto nonatne MacutabHoctu bopmsr cOmmxaetca c npercraBiennsa- MO ee copasmepxocra. Tax, apes- He TpeKM CUHTAIM copasMepHEIMH crpoenHa H cKYABITYpsI THI B TOM cay4ae, ecnm ORM RocnpHHuManucs MMeHHO TaKosLiMH. OCHOBHBIM KpH- TepweM copa3MepHocrn G6ni0 "peamb- Hoe BiiqenHe”, a oSecneunpan copas- MepHOCTS rnapHuim o6pasom puTm wulenenuit dopmut. B coorsercrsxx c THM, KAK MaBecTHO, u ORIN coaqa- HEI CIEQMANBHEI€ KAHOHEI, 32MMCTBO- BaHHBIe rpexamu y erHnTaH mM Mepe- paOoTaHHEIe cormacHo mpeycraprzenn- am mopett [Ipesneit Snzaqs. Umexxo CTpeMeHHem mnpuOmMaHTs apxHTeK- TypHY!0 dopMy K BocnpuaTHO YeN0- BeKa H YCTAHOBHTS MexKy HAMM rap- MOHH4HOe B3AHMOReHCTBHE OObACHA- TCH BOSHUKHOBeHHe 3HAYHTeENBHOTO KomMuecTBa cHCTeM. mponopunoHMpo- BaHMA, NOHCK BeIW4MHHEIX cooTHO- mieHHit M cosqaHMe OOsacHmouIux Ux teopnit. Orcioza u ona M3 UeHTpany- HBIX KaTeropHii _pesHerpewecKoro soquecraa — "OBpHTMMA”, XOTA, KAK WgBeCTHO, CAMO TIOHATHE oBpHTMHW MOABUOCh BHepsbie y IInaTroHa Kak o6osHayeHne ocoboro cocToaHHs, Bo3- HMKalouyero y YenOBeKa, ABMDKYIerO- ca NOX MYSBIKy, Korma MysbIKany- HBIt PHTM Brome OBTazeBaer TeTOM [80]. lo ornoménw0 x apxutexrype sepummua ogHayaeT ompenexeHHy10 copasMepxocTs opmsI YenoReyecKo- My BocnpuaTmio. Equnan, uesocruan, TapMOHWuHad mw MpeKpacHaa ¢opma, comacurra6uax-yenoBexy, Bcerga CBA- 3IBazlacs ¢ XapaKTepoM ee 4IeHeHHO-84 Yacmp I. Cpedemea apxumexmypnol: xoxnosuyuuTaasa 7. Macumabuocms 85 Puc. 109. Cxema acumasnol pasxep- nocmu Tlappexona, Ocuosanue pacno 10 cmonax zueaxma, evicoma opdepa — eoicoma €20 mena, evicoma mumnana — ebicoma zoxoee (no HII. Uleaexeey) Puc. 110. 3uxote om emopois noxoeu- not 16. 6 Tomnenz. Tlepucruxs 6oxa Bemmues Pue. 111. Xpax Tlo- celidona 6 Tlecmyxe CTH: KomMuecTBeHHBIe XapakTepHCTH- KM Onpenensau KayecTBo Bem, "1160 HMKaKOM XPaM He MOXKeT MMeTS Npa- BHABHOM KOMMO3MIKHH Ges copasmep- HOCTH H Mponopuuit, Ges Toro TOUHO- TO “WeHeHMA, KAKQe ECTb y XOPOTIO cnomenHoro yenoneKa”, — yrsepx- aaa Burpysuit (80, c.101). Ognako ApesHue rpekH, a Bcney 3a HMMM HM PHMJAHe, cosqaBan mpo- crpaxcrsa ana oOwTaHMA HM AeaTeNb- HocTH smoge%, mpucnocobreHHEIe K uexoseKy M comacuITaGHEIe emy, HH- Korga He 3a6bIBamM O TOM, 4TO JOM Sora — xpam, AonKex OOmaqaTh Apy- THMM KavecTBaMM M ADYTHM MacuITa- 6om, 4eM 2KHIMUIe YenOBeKa, 4TOOEI uexosex, BxXoAAuIMi B XpaM, 4yBCT- BOBAN, UTO OH HUET HE B CBO JOM, a B yom Gora (puc.109). B stom cayyae A@PXHTeKTYPHEIt MacuiITa} KaK cpez- TBO OpraHMsanMM mpocrpancrsa BLI- XOMT 38 PaMKM Mpocroro coorseTcT- BMA apxuTeKTyPHOH opMEI weNOBeKy (puc.110) sererynaet KaK pesy.b- Tat xysoxecTBeHHOrO OcmBICTeHHA (bopMEI H BEIPaxeHus ee conmaxEHO! wJeH, BOMTOWMIeHHOM B O6bemHO-npo- erpancrsenuyio opmy. Coszazaa Tlap@enou, soqumi Wxrux penmax o6pas xpama jeBst A@uHbI-BOMTeIb- HMUBI Ha OCHOBe MponopuMoHANBHBIX OTHOWeHHA, Ha KOTOpBIX cTpoHAHCh OcHOBHBIe “eHeHUA xpama, cpoiicT- BeHHEIX MponopuMAM wemOBeyeCKOii urypst, yBenmuenoi B AecaTs, pas. Ha puc.109 sunxo, yo uexenHocTE oOnema xpama nouTH 6yKBambHO 10- BTOpseT OCHOBHAIe pasMepHEIe 3aBH- CMMOCTH HeaMbHOTO My2KCKOrO Tesla [88]. Tlaphenon o6nanaer KpynHEim Macurra6om, KoTopsit B ene Go1s- wie Mepe xapakTepeH Aq Apyroro H9BeCTHOO NaMATHHKA aPXMTeKTYDHI auTuuHocta — xpama [locelinona B Tlectyme (puc.111). Hurepecuo orme- Tub, 4ro xpamst [[pesne Tpenuu OTMeYAIHCh BYMA OCHOBHEIMH Mac-86 acme II. Cpedcmea apxumexmypnol: xomnosuyuu mra6usima XapakrepHerHKamn: da- camst OseMa, OOpalleHHsIe K OKpy- 2kalOMeMy MIpocTpaHCTBy H ComocTaB- aembie ¢ HUM, Obi Gomee KpynHOrO MacmiTa6a, em mpocTpaHcTso HH- repsepa, He wMepulee conocrasneRMA c oxpyxazomelt cpenoli, pacuzenen- Hoe Ha Pax TloMemleHuit H OOpamren- Hoe HepedKO ABYXBADYCHEIM PAIOM xonoHH (puc.112). Opzepran cucrema, npumeHapura- ACH B TeveHHe MHOTHX BeKOB He TomsKO Kak MpHHNWN mocTpoeHua KOHCTPYKTHBHOM OCHOBSI 3nAHMii, HO, raapHuIM O6pasoM, Kak xymoxecTBeH- net saBIK, cpeqcTso @opMupoRaHHA, o6pasa, ager MHO%eCTBO MmpHMepos mpaMo# saBucuMocTH MaculTaGa coo- py2KeHHA OT XapakTepa ero wW1eHeH- HocTH (cm.pHe.37). Kommuecrsenusie Meronst ana oGecnevexna Macurra6Holt venosexy CTpyktypst mpocrpancrsa mpumeHa- aucb soquumn [pesxeit Pycu. K ra- KUM MeTORAM OTHOCHTCH TAK HASEIBA- embIe "Macuma6nole amanone.”, B Po- JM KOTOPBIX WACTO BBICTYIIANH OCHOB- HBIe TOMeUICHHA afaHna, — B 3aBH- cuMocTH oT HX BeEIHUMHS! yoraHanan- BamnMcs B onpeseneHHol mporopyHo- HaqSHOi BaaMMOCBASM PagMepEI PY- Tux noMemennit. Takum o6pasom, ieneuma mpocrpancrseHHoii crpyK- TYPE snaHHA OOecredHBANH ero (byH- KMMOHANBHO-scTeTHUeCKHe KayecTBA vw KOMHOGHUMOHHYI0 WeTOCTHOCTS [35] (puc.113). 7.8. [pmemnr m epenersa werpaxe- ua MacurraGuocra. Kak Buu, "1e- HEHHOCTL ABIACTCA AKTHBHBIM Cpes- CTBOM KOMMOSHIMM B jemTeDHOCTH 3onuero M UCMOMBIYeTCH He TOIBKO B WeIAX yBenMueHHs WIM yMeHBINEHHA mactrra6a o6sexta. B HeKOTOpEIX CH- TYANWAX HEOGXOAHMO AAT npencTas- aleHue apuTemio 06 HeTHHHBIX pasMe- pax coopyxXeHMA HIM NpocTpaHcTBa. Sok @yHKUMM He BEINOAHmOT, Ha- mpumep, feTamm u smeMeHTEI rpeye- cKMx nepuntepos, TAK Kak caMH 9TH coopyxkeHus He ‘conepxaT “eTKOrO ykasaHua Ha MX HCTHHHYI BerHUH- xy. Uro6sr ouenute wcTHHHBIe pas- MepsI OObekTa, enOBeK fomKeH CPpaBHHTE ero C 4eM-TO, PAsMepEI ¥erO y Hero He BEISEIBAIOT COMHeHHI. StoTaaea 7. Macumasuocms 87 cBoiicTBO “eNOBeueCKOTO BOCIDHATHA MpoaBagerca, HANpHMep, B CHTyAa- UMM, KOrNa AeTUHK BEIHY2K7eH BEI- NOAHATS Mpusemrenue Bezomoit uM MAIIMBbI, NOTAraACh AMI Ha TOKa- 3aHMa coOcTBeHHOrO speHHa. B stom cmyyae, ecru caMoneT HAXOAHTCA HA OTKPEITHIM MpocTpaHCTsoM, Hanpu- Mep, cTemsi0, B KoTOpoit Her zepenbes MH KPYMHEIX BOACeMOB, MANTeHBKAR AYRMNa BOALI MAM TOHEHEKHA nober MomoqoTO fepesua, MoryT OsITs mpH- Have! 3a Gonee KpynHEie opMEt, HO BHAMMBIe ¢ GonbIOro paccroaHua. HenepHan oveKa paccronHMA 0 3eMAM MOMKET TOCHyKMTh NPMIMHO apapHH. CumbHo ucKkaxaer mMacurTabubiit crpoit mpoctpancrsa ero HeapTukysn- POBAHHOCT, HepacuneHeHHocTS, rH- HepTpo@uposanHOCTh OTACAbHBIX De- nposexrenuit memoda anaxoeuit, xxapaxmep- novo dan saauncKol xyamypei. B dan- nom cayvae — Kar 9mo ofsacnaem Bum- Pysuls — aemop no- ‘cmpoiixu ucnoarso- ax GHanozwn ¢ o6pa- 30m pacmyujux de- peeves Puc. 112. Buyrpen- AA KonoKNada xpaxa Tlocelidona 6 Tlecmyme. C no- xoUbIO wrenenus opm ne monoxo obecnewisaemen 60ne- was comacumas- nocm» enympennezo npocmpancmsa xpa- a, Ho Sxazodaps enbuel morujune ROROWH eepxnezo apy- ca docmueanoce ouy- enue omxocumext- noi xeexocmu ecelt xononnades. 3mom mpuex — o8Ho us Puc. 113. Tipuxene- nue "macuima6noix. amaxonos” 6 naane Tepennozo deopya ¢ Mocxoeckou Kpexxe, XVII 6. (no AA Tuyy) raneit « anemenos. Taxan curyéuna COOTHOCHMA C eNOBEYECKOH PeubIO, B Koropoi HeBepHo paccrapreHbi aK- UeCHTEI M0 CMBICMy HM 3BY4aHHO, a Take MpHcyTCrBy!oT HHMIeM He O6b- FCHHMBIe TAYE, ¥TO, ecTecTBeHHO, MpHBOAMT pews K aOcypaHOl dop- me — Gecemicmuue. Hctopuuetkas 1 COUMAIbHaA KOHKpeTHOCTS MacmTa6- HOCTH MpocrpaxeTna B apxurextype HOXCKasKIBAeT HAM, TO OCHOBHEIM KavecTsoM MactTaOHoro mpoctpaxcr- Ba ABJIACTCA ETO (yHKUHOHAIBHOCTS, cooTsercrsHe cBOeMy HasHayeHm0, TO H BBIGLIBACT OLYUeHHe OCBOeH- HOCTH M KoM(oprHocTH mpoerpaxcr- Ba, T.e. ero coMacmuTaDHOCTH. Tiperctapsenwe o comacurra6xo- crm mpocrpaHersa B ropoze casaurBa- eTCA B CBOW O¥epens cero BeAMUHHOI W PAaCcTOMHMAMM Mexny KpyTHEIMH OGseMamH, ¥TO mM onpenenseT mpo- CTPaHCTBeHHyWO CTpyKTypy cpeazbl — ocHony ee comacuiTaOHOCTH M gyHX- UMOHANBHOCTH, a TaKae MHcOpMA- TuBHoeTH. 30HBI ONTHMANBHBIX pac- cTOAHHA Mexny OTAeIDHEIMH KpyT- HBIMH aueMeHTAMM ToposcKoit cpe- eI — 3aHWaMM um Hx KommLeKca- MH — JO22%KHBI opmMupoBaTECA Cc yueTom BosmoxuHocrelt u ocoeHHo- creik "enosewecKoro BocnpHATHA, KO- Topbie B SHAYMTeMBHOH cTeneHH BAH- s00T Ha Nepexkupaxue, oulymeHne ye- ZOBeKOM KDyMHBIX Mpocrpancrs. Ha- npumep, "Topoackue mpocrpancrsa, PasMepKI KOTOPEIX —_MpeBBIAIOT 180 — 140 m, Kasxyrea venopexy ri- NePTPOdupoBaHHEIMH, Tak Kak 9TO MAKOHM@IbHOe PaccTomHHe, Korsa ye-88 Yacme II. Cpedemea apxumermypuoit Komnosuyjuit AOBeK B cOCTOHHMM paamHuaTE jevicT- BMa quogeii”, B TO BpeMA, KaK "ro- PonckHe mpocrpancrsa, pasMepEr Ko- TOpEIX He Mpessimaror 25 M, BEIBEI- pair OMlymieHwe MHTMMHOCTH, TAK Kak B mnpenenax gToro pavcroaHMA MBI HMeeM BOSMODKHOCT ysHaaTb mone B THO M fake PAsTHTATS BEI- paxenue muua” [7, ¢.37] (puc.114). Tipamepom weyxauHoro — pemexus mpocrpaxcrsa B ToponcKol cpese c TOHKH SpeHHA ero MactITA6HOCTH MO- TYT CAYMTb HEKOTOPHIE HOBEIC >KH- apie paiiOHEI, B KOTOPbIX KOHTPAaCcT Mexqy MACCHBOM BICOKMX H KDyTI- HEIX OGzeMOB — 2KHNEIX 3aHHi — u SHAYHTeIDHLIMM TIO BeNHUHIe Tpo- crpaHcTsaMu MexKAY HAMM TIDHBOANT K OULYIMeHMIO HeMacluTADHOCTH, HeO- cBoeHHOCTH MIpocTpaxcTEa B WeI0M H mame BuigiBaeT oMtyulenue Tonas- menuocru. Tonasamomas rameptpo- Q@uposannocts copmst Oprma ymectHa Mi OTAMYHO BHINOTHAA CBOW POD B anoxy dapaonos [pesxero [apctsa, CTPOMBILUX TIMpaMMBI ANIA BOSBeAH- umpanua cobcrsenoit BxacTH, omHa- KO OHa HeyMecTHa B mpocrpaHcTsax, oxmueTsopmoulmx yior MpMBeTaH- ocr COOCTBeHHOTO oma. Tipapoza MacurraGHocra apxu- ‘rexTypHOro Mpoctpaniersa TIpomB.AeT- Pue. 114. Basucu: ocmb npedcmasze- hua 9 macumase npocmpancmea u ¢z0 oenuvunte u ydaren Hocmu spumena om o6sexma Pue. 116. Yxasame- au xacumaba u uc- mune pasmeprs sanua. Pox yxasa mexelt Macurmasa exinoansiom oKonnese u Boepurie npoemn. B Peayabmame usofpa 2eHue odKo20 u mozo 2xe Offsema Moxer npuobpemam npu snaxu Goma pas- 2usiolt gmaxenocmu Puc. 115. Pasmewe- nue Konmaxmnols 30- Ho 6 euxO!L 30- empoiuxe. Tipomexy- mouneit: xacumad ‘obecneweaemes pop- manu "Maxol apxu- mexmypes” u o6opy Gosanuen demcxoit uzposott nnowadru ca B Kauecsexxom naane. Koamuect- BeHHax cTOpoHa MacuITadHocTH cpe- wet pelaetcx ¢ MOMOUIbIO TAKHX cpencts, Kak perynmponanne nenwiH- HBI QueMeHTOB T1pocrpaHcrra mM pac- cTosHMit MexKZy HMMM, 4TO OTHOCHT- ca K KOMMOSHIHOHHOMy BaaHMozeli- crpmo Mexny OOnemom M cpenoit, MexKAY OOBEMaMH M MeXKZY OObeMOM W YeROBEKOM, YTO OCOHeHHO BaxKHO TO orHomeHMiO K Tak HagbIBaeMoil "KOH makmuoi 3one”,T.e. K MpocrpancTBy, B KOTOPOM (byHKUMOHHpyeT wenOBeK. Kontakrnas aona omanaer macurra-Taasa 7. Macumasnocm 89 6om, nawGonee mpuOmxeHHEIM K pasMepaM ‘enoBeKa, u sABAReTOR KAK Grr nocrenHHM sBeHOM B MacuITabHOM PARy upoctpancrea: Kpymubie o6ne- MBI MpocTpancTsa, Gouee Menkue 1, HAaKOHeL, coBscem HeGonbUIMe “IM, Kak HX MHOrAa HasbiBaloT — "MHK- Pompocrpancrsa” KOHTaKTHOH 30HEI. Oreytersue anemeHtop cpemsi, o6s1a- wax MpoMexyTounoit macmTa6- Hoi SHAMMMOCTEIO HM UpHBOUT K 06- mek Hemacurra6Hocrm mpocrpaxcrsa (puc.115). = Baaknyio pore B BEIMBNEHHM Mac- mra6HocTH MrpaioT Tak HagbIBaeMBIE ykasaTerm macura6a — omemenTul (PopMEI uu MpoctpaneTsa, ¢ KOTOpEI- MH YeNOBeK MIPHBEIK BsauMogelicTsO- BATb HeMocpesCTBeHHO: OKHa, AREpH, cryneHM xecTHun, orpaxqeHua Oan- KoHOs 4 nOAKMi, neTaIM, TaKHe, Ha- mpumep, Kak aBepHEte pyuxu. Burpa- 3uTeRBHBIM yKagaTenem MacmITaéa 3qaHMA MOryT CIY:KMTS xapaKTepHBIE aueMeHTEI ero mpoctpaHcTBeHHoit CTpyKTYpsI, HanpuMep, »unaK sHeii-90 Yacmb II. Cpedcmea apxumexmypnol Komnosururs Puc. 117. Tpu eapu- auma Konxypenozo npoexma pamywu 6 Topoumo. Apxum. B. Peeexx. Hu o0un us mpusedenneix 6a: Puanmos He Sor npu- ham re ucnoanenwo, o8KaKo ux asmope. pewaau xacumas s0anus @ 0dH0K Kx0- Me — xpynnomacur- mabnese, Aaxonusnne u euipasumeabinie ofaemes Boars Ovi- au yenewno Konry- Puposamb ¢ 1060K munon sacmpotinu Ka B MHOTOeTAKHOM 2%HIOM OMe MIM KpymHoe mpocrpancrso 8 obue- CTBeHHOM 32aHHM B TOM cury¥ae, ecTe- CTBEHHO, €CIM OHO BEIABIEHO B Ofbe- Me KaK @KTHBHBIM o1emMeHT KOMNO3H- ua (puc.116). Pacnpoerpanenuoi omm6xoit, npwponames K McKaxeHm0 macut- raOHOCTH 3aHMA, ABUAeTCA cTDemze- HMe CTyeHTOB B Mpouecce mpoeKTH- POBaHHA OfHOCeMeliHOTO MamOoTax- HOPO 2%KMOrO OMA uM HeGoABHIOTO O6ulecTBeHHOTO 37aHHA C 3AbHEIM TOMeMeHHeM MaKCHMANBHO pacuuie- HATb eTO OGM, OTBOAH K@KJOMY T0- MeleHHI0 porb OTZeXBHOTO azeMeHTA xomnosuumH. B pesynbtate ManeHb- Koe 32aHMe BEITAAAHT Kak CHIbHO yMeHLIeHHas Kona GombUTOro. Tpa- AMUMOHHEIC OPMbI apXHTeKTYPHOTO Mpocrpancrsa, cKaaqBIBABIIMeCH B TeueHHe jMTeNEHOrO BpemeHH (pyc- Ke MOHACTHIPH HIM HaponHOe 2KH- auuje) Kak MacmTaOuErit O6bem Hu cH- crema acurTaSHEIx mpocrpaxcrs, mpHooperamm cBOH KawecTBA B mpo- uecce cayeHHa “enoBeKy uM oT6opa WM Tex KavecTs, KOTOpHe HMenH RelicTBUTeIBHyWO WeHHOCTE KaK yTH- AWTADHY1O, TAK H XyAONeCTBeHHY1O. 7.4. Apxurextypumit = macurra6 Kak cpencrso xynomectsenHow BErpa- auTembuocTu. YHusepcanbuoe u rH6- Koe cpeacrso KOMNOsHuMM — apxH- TekTypHErt macuiTa6 cayxKMT He TOABKO pery1aTOpoM Tpebyemoii MepsI COOTBETCTBHA BOCIPUATHA YeTOBeKA H ero AenTeMBHOCTH Cc OKDy2KaloLHM mpoctpaxcrsom. Macurra6 moxert Ha- MepeHHO HCKaxKATECA, eCXM OH HC- MomBayeTCA C KOHKPETHOM WeNbIO BbI- SBATE TO HIM WHOe 9MOLHOHATEHOE OTHOMeHHe K apxHTeKTYDHOMY 00%- exty. Torga MacuiTaO aBaaeTcCA BbI- pasuTenem wjeonOrHyecKOH nosHHH apxuTextopa mB CaMOM OOwem BHae Momer OBITh MpemctasseH B Tpex oc- HOBHBIX MPORBACHHAX: KAK OOBIYHBIE yenoseyeckuit MAM aHTpononormue- eKuit macurra6, Kak HecKom»KO mpe- yBenwuennsnit u npuazaomuil o6bex- ‘Ty oco6oe ssyyaHne, O.1usKoe K KaTe- Topuu "repowueckoro”, TopmecrBeH- HOTO H, HAKOHeN, runepSorMaMpoBaH- Hb, wupeyseamueHHEri MmacmTa6, npHOamxatoumiica K HemacuITabHO- cru ("amacurra6nocru”), ut0 HeOOxo- AMMO B TOM Cay4ae, eciM OObeKT 2ON- eH 3AHATh B CHCTeMe MpOCTpaHcT- BeHHOTO OKpy2KeHHs ocoGoe MeCTO, BEIeIMTECH, IpHOGpecTH ocoby!0 MA- Qopmarnsnocrs [36]. B stom cayyae MOHATHe yKasaTena MacuiTaba Kak 6s1 aHHY.upyetca, TO MpHBOAMT K HeonpegenMMocTu MCTHHHOM BerH4H- HBI COOpyeHHA, a ”HEOMpeseTMMOCTE usnueckux pasmepoB coopyKeHHA emaer ero HeconocTaBHMEIM C BeH- MMHAMH OKDPy2KalOUIHX apXHTeKTYP- HBIX @opM, Ouarogapa yeMy OHO co-Taaea 8. Towdecmeo, moanc u Koxmpacm 91 XPaHAeT KOMMO3HIMOHHOe 3Ha¥eHHe” [17, c.131] nase » usmenmomrelica 50 Bpemenn cpeze ( puc.117). Korrpoasusie sonpocsr 1. Obsacumre paanmune mexxy nonaTHem "mactiTa6” w "MacmITa6nocte” 3 apxuTextype. 2. C noMomsw cpexcrs KoMMoaHnEE apxu- TexTop pemaer mpobremy macuiTaba mpoekTH- Pyemoro o6nexra? 3. KaxmM o6pasom Mo%xko onpexenuts, TJIABA 8. TOK ECTBO, HIOAHC H KOHTPACT 8.1. Houarne TompecTBa, uioaca a KouTpacta. Cxona Konmp- acm u wWoaxc He ABAmOTCA cnenudu- MeCKUMM apXHTeKTYPHEIMM TepMHHa- MH, OHM OOme3HauMMEI M mpHMeHs- worca Torga, Korga Hy2KHO ompere- 4HTS CTeneHb pasmM4HA MexKIY Ka- KEMH-s1M60 MpeqMeTaMM HIM ABIEHH- simu). Mexogusim cocrosuvem mpu or- cuere pasmM4uA aBxAeTe cocroaHHe MomHOrO cxoqcTBa, coBnazeHUA, OnH- HAKOBOCTH, UAeHTHYHOCTH, T.e. mo: Gecmea. O6osHayenue mepst paamH- 4MaA Mexy opMamn, BenHuMHAMK WI UBETOBLIMH TOHAMH ¢ MOMOIISIO TOHATH KOHTPacTHocTM M HIOaHCHO- CTH IPMHATO B Tex OOnacTAX YenOBe- Meckolt TenTemsHocTH, Tye OCHOBHY10 PON B OUeHKe aBneHHi ZelicrBuTeRL- HOCTH ErpaeT 2uBOe BOCTPHATHE, He- TocpexcTBeHHaA peaKNHA YenOBeKA, B uckyccTse = B Tepsy10 —_ouepen. Konmpacmueim cawrawr taKoe OTHO- WeHHe Mey cpaBHMBaeMLIMH OOn- eKTAaMM, B KOTOPEIX ABHO npeobaza, eT pagimune, woaxcnem — xorga aBHO mMpeo6xagaer cxoxcTso mpH He- aHa4MTeALHOM pasauuHH. ToxnectBo, H0aHc mM KOHTpact Tak 2e, Kak M MacurraOHOCTS, aBAA- 1OTCH KaTeTOPHAMH apxuTeKTypHOI KOMNO3HNHH HB TO %Ke BpeMA ee cpeacTBaMH, ¢ MOMOMIEIO KOTOPEIX pe- aOTCR MHOrHe KOMIOSHLLMOHHEIE segaum. OTH KaTeropHH MOxHO Ha- 3BaTb KOsHNeCTBEHHO-KayeCTBeHHEI- MH, TAK KAK OHH BLIpa2KAaIOT c1O%K- uu npouecc HaxoneHHa Konmuect- Lxourpacr (paxn. contraste) — nporspo- TonomdocTs B KaKoM-tn6o oTKomienun. Hioane (@paxn. nuance) — orrenox, ToHKoe paatHune 3 -wem-TH6o (Ilo cxosapw Yiiaxona). MacmrTa6¥o coopy>KeHMe WK — mpocTpaxicrso aM Wemacmrra6Ho? BeHHEIX HsMeHeHM B pasIM4HH opm u nepexona ux B HOBOe KayecT- BO. DTO OTHOCMTCA B OAMHAKOBOM Me- pe K MpocTbim OGbeKTaM HM CAOXKHLIM, HanpuMep, K axeMeHTapHEIM reomer- PHYeCKMM cburypaM MK TpexmepHEIM Obsexram. Ha puc.118- momHo mpo- cneqMTE Mpouecc Hapactanusa KonMYe- CTBeHHEIX H3MeHeHHi B apMe M Ka- YecTBeHHoe nepepowtjeHue XapaKTepa pasmM4unA Mexy cbopMamu B pesy.b- TaTe U3MeHeHHA BeIHYMHEI HM pasBH- TMA NO BepruKanu. Toxyecrso, HioaHc uM KOHTpacT Kak KOMMO3MuMOHHEIe cpezcTBa ur- Pawor dopmupyioniyi0, _perysupyi0- kyi0 pox B COsAaHUM LeOCTHO! ap- XHTeKTYpHOH KOMMOSHUMH, onpere- 4a Mepy OTHOWeHK Mexay apyrH- MH cpeqcTBamMu KOMMO3HMuMH. Bos- MO2XHOCTH NPOABIeHUA 9THX Tpex TH- nos OTHOWeHui ROcTaTOHHO MIMpoKH mM UMCNomEayIoTCA rnaBHEIM o6pasom AMA ynopaqovenua mpocrpancrsex- Holi CTPYKTYpEI apxMTeKTYDHO! dop- MBI, YaCTO peliaionMM o6pasom 43- MeHAR ee OO1MK, 4TO HM COCTaBIAeT OcHoBy BapHanTHoro mpoeKTuposa- HMA — MOMCKa ONTHMANbHBIX pemle- nuit. Kourpacruo-HioaHcHble OTHOLIe- HMA onpeyenawT Baanmozelicrsue Mexy KOMNOSHIMeH HM OKDpy2Kal0- MM Npocrpancrsom (uau gopMoi 1 @oHOM), MexTy AByMS HIM HecKOTL- KMMM KOMNOSHQMAMM, MexKZy YacTA- MH ofHOi uM TOM me KOMNO3HUKH, M@KIY KOMHOSKUMeH Hee TeTaTAMU. Toxmecrso, Hane “ KOHTpact npH- CYTCTBYIOT B KaxtyOM OObeKTe apxu- TeKTYPI, OHAKO SaMeTHO MmposBazs- JOTCA B TOM Cily4ae, ECAM KAKOe-TO 13 HHX TpeoblagaeT M MpHoOpeTaeT porn92 Yacmb Il. Cpedcmea apxumexmypioli komnosuyuu a 6 BeqYUero OTHOUeHMA B crpyKType dopmsr. 8.2. Toxneerso kak = npHHuun HOXHOTO CXONCTRA 9seMeHTOR B apxH- TextypHok Kommosuuum. Upannun TORAECTBA ABARETCH CaMBIM ADeBHUM 9aKOHOM BaanMoselicrsua aneMerToB, 3 KOTOPEIX Korga-nH60 BOSBO,HAMCE o6uraemuie coopyskenun. Toxect- Benubie (mpakTHUeCKH) oxeMeHTEI B BHAe CTBOTOB AepeBseB MonaBHA cry- MIM MATepHAIOM jn OrpaxreHHs OOuraemsx npoctpancrs pasHoro po- na. Toaxaectsensi 110 dbopme u BemH- umHe 610KH 3 ecrecTBeHHOTO ucKyc- CTBeHHOTO KAMHA, a TaK2xKe KUpNHUH. Kpynusie nosepxtocra cospemerHitx anaHMik cocront m3 ToapecTBeHHBIX aneMeHToB: OKOH, naxexei. Ipannun TORACCTBA LIHPOKO MpUMeHAeTCH B cospeMeHHOM maccosoM crpouTemser- Be: noBTopmorca cOopHre sueMenTsI, NoBTopmwores mpocrpaucrsa B Kpym. HBIX TpagocrpouTenbHLIx o6pasona- HHAX, HaNpuMep, B xKHEIX paifoHax. Ha npaunune toasecrea ocHosano Tocrpoenme MerpuuecKuUx Hu HeKOTO- Pex PHTMHYeCKHXx paxoB. [IpHHunn TOKMECTBA TIONOXKEH B OCHOBY Mo- ayabHerx cuctem (puc.119). Oguaxo Kakona poss Toxgecrsa B TOcTpoeHMH KOMMOsHIHOHHO nes0CT- Hoi apxuTextypHoit oper? B Hexo- TOPIX CTPaHaXx 9TOT NPHHUMM, Ha Oc- HOBe KoTOporo MocTpoeHsI pasmepusie MOZYAH, ABAAeTCH cymecTBeHHO wa- cThO = HalMOHANBHOH — KyneTypbI. Benomuum raramu — snoncKoe 2H. 4MWWe TocTpoeHO nO sToMy MpHAM- ny. Tem He MeHee, TOxecTBO B TIO-Taaea 8. Toxdecmeo, wane u konmpacm 93 Puc. 118. Cxodcmso u pasnuwus 6 cpasne- Muu npocmesx 2e0- mempuneckux mex a — moxdecmeo — noanoe cxodcmeo 2eo- empuueckux mex; 6 — mwoancnoe pas- Auwue zeomempure- cKux mex no aeauxu- he; @ — xonmpacm- Noe pasxuuue 2¢0- mempuneckux mex no seRuUne; 2 — NOAH: choe pasxuxue 2e0- mempuveckux mex no opme; 9 — Konmp- acmnoe pasaurue 2¢0- Mempuxecrux mea no ope rpoeHum KoMnoaMnMH urpaeT AMIE onpeyetenHy10 pom H uUMeeT onpese- eHHbIe orpaHHueHule BOsMOxHOCTH. ToakgectBexHEIe OTHOWeHHA crocob- HEI BEIP@KATh THINB HeKy10 Macco- BOCTE, MHO%KecTBO HIM TIPOTAKEH- Hocts. Ilostomy opMsi, mocrpoen- HbIe HA OCHOBe MOBTOPAIOMUXcH o7e- MeHTOB, Kak MpaBHo, comepxaT 70- TomueHua, BKmOYeHUA, OTAMUAIOUIH- ech OT OcHOBHOTO MaTepuana, (ona Wm aaKoHOMepHocTu. Tax, merpH4e- CKMe PAXEI M3 TOMMeCTBeHHBIX ame- MeHTOB, He BEIPaKalOMMe B IPHHUH- ne HM4er0, KpoMe HeKoTOpoH mpoTa- 2KHHOCTH, MOryT OBITS OCTAHOBJIEHBI © MOMONIIO npMBHeceHUA B PAX Ka- Koro-1460 MpH3Haka MAM akueHTa, AONOAHMTEBHO K OCHOBHOM 3aKOHO- Mepxoctu. OpHameHTuposaHHas m0- BePXHOCTh KapH¥s0B B opqepHBIx KOMMOSHIMAX, TOCTpoeHHaR H3 MO- AYIDHBIX TOXTCCTBEHHEIX 1eEMeHTOR B Wopme Merpuyeckoro pana, scerza uMeeT sanepuienve Ha yraax daca- fos. B apesxerpeyeckux mnepunrte- PANBHEIX XpaMaX PANEI TOxAECTBEH- HBIX 9eMeHTOB — KONOHH duKCHpO- BAIMCh HA yrnax ¢ MOMOMIBIO yToN- WeHHOM KOROHHEI MIM MaMeHeHHOTO HHTePKOYMHUA Mexay KONOHHAMM, oOpasyiomumn yrox. Tnasnsiit acay norydan axyext no eHTpaxsHol cm, ofHaKo apyrumu cpencTaama — € nOMOIbO MOprana ocHoBHOrO Bxo- 2a B XpaM, pagMenjexHoro Ha BTOpOM Mave 3A KoNOHHAnOH B cTeHe HEALTH (puc. 120).94 Yacmb II. Cpedcmea apxumexmypuolr xoxnosuyuu Pon MOBTOpAIOMIMXxXCA aeMeHTOB B @opMupoBaHHH KOMNO3uIKHOHHOI weqocrHoeTx suqHa Ha puc. 121. Komnosuuma nocrpoea Ha ocHoBe MOAYIIH, KOTOPEIM CIYKMT KBARpAT, OMHAKO MOAY.5 urpaeT porb AHI cBoeo6pasHoro cTponTexbHoro MaTe- puana, 43 KoTOporo HabpaHa dopma M BTOPOCTeMeHHEIe aneMeHTEI OKpy- wkaoulero § npocrpancrsa. Mozy.tb- HOCTS BLIPAKeHA B CTPOeEHHH *opMEr, BHOCUT OGbeAMHAIOMIee HAAaI0 B OT- HOWeHUA 97eMeHTOB KOMMOSHUMH, O@HaKO riaBHoe 3ech — Gonee c02Kt- Had HlaHCHO-KOHTpacTHad aaBHcH- MocTB BenWaHH auemeHTOB. Komnosuuna, nokKasannan Ha puc. 122, Taxxe mocrpoena Ha ocHope Moya, Ho Gnarogapa Apyromy Macurra6y Moayab KaK Ont cKpsIT, 4 mponsnaerca 8 nponopuwonanbHoi cossy4HocTH aeMeHTOR KOMNOSHUHH, 8.3. Hioane Kak —oTHomrenHe Gamakux — cocrosHmit ~—_—cnoiicra aueMeHTOR apxuTeKTypHol chopMEI. Hioancutie = pasnwuus = Mexkaly PASMePHOCTHO OTZeTbHEIX 9JeMeHTOB MB MHTeppane Mexpy HUMH cIyKaT OcHoBo# noctpoeHua puTMMueckux PAZOB, B TOM cayyae, ecnM 9TH Paanmuun HapacraioT wim yOnrBalT Coume npodaen do Gecxonewnocmu, 08- karo ¢ nomowpo monedecmea ¢ KoMno- suyuu 4OXKO noRy Numb AU» HOME cmeo: pad, naocKo- cmb, o6sem u He Gonee Puc. 119. Tipuxepes npuxenenus noamo- Parowuxca s2exen- mos 6 apzumermype. Pad cumyayuti, 6 xo- ‘mopeix ucnoxsyem ca npunyun noanoco cxodemea, moxem PasHomepHo. ror mpoyecc MmoxHo Mpocaenuts Ha npuMepe onnoit 3 pa6ot ronxangckoro xymoxHMKa-rpa- uxa Maypnua Kopxeauca Sexepa — KOMNOSHUHH, HasBaHHOi um "He6o 1 Boga”, B KOTOpOi ese sameTHLIe u3- MeHEHMA BeNIMYMHEI HM MOpMEI 130- Spaxexuit, Hampannenno sospacran, MPHBORAT K NOAHOMY mpecdpaxeHw0 BHAa M CMbICNa duryp, NOKasaHHEIX wa Kommosuuun (pyc. 123) [24]. "Pomyenue” puTMM4eCKoro pana B Pesysisrare HloaHcHLIx usmenennit, MpPOMCXOAAMIMX B ero JNeMeHTAX, XO- POMIO 3aMeTHO B puCyHKe oAHOH m3 PasHoBHAHOCTe cnOxKHBIX crMpanelt. Boaee mpoctstm cnoco6om o6uapyxe- HMA sBAeTCH PACCMATPUBAHHe .11060- TO MerpayecKoro paga (KononHarEI wa ulepeHTH (oHapuLix crox608) B nepenextune. Bonee OnusKumu K ap- XHTeKTYPe M BeChMa BEIPAsHTETDHEI- MM TpuMepaMM BOsHMKHOBeHHA 1Taasa 8. Toxdecmeo, woaxc u Koumpacm 95 Puc. 120. Hexomo- oie npuenss npeodo- nenus "decnomuu no- emopa”. mu u dpy- 2ue npuents Soin npudyxanos Axa mex cayraee, Kozda xem- puvecruit pad uau naockocm neodxodu- Mb 6 LUcmox Bude. Cmpexaenue x ocma- nooKe pada uxu sa sepuenwo nxocKo- emu caasano ¢ men. Genyueit vexoeexa 6 npoyecce spumexbuo- 20 eocnpusamus npo- Gxeeame nosmop, mo 6 cao1o oxepeds euistieaem ouyiyenue nesasepuennocmt, HeoKoRNeRKocmU, a cxedosamenvno, — Paspywenus yexocm: Holt Koxnosuyun Puc. 121. Koxnosu- yuonnas sadaxa na Pewenue esaumoden- cmeus Mexdy Un- meprepunixu npo- empancmeanu u ox- Pyxavouseit cpedot. B ‘3mox exyvae npun- yun moxdecmea 6v.x uenoassoean O28 co- sdanua pasxepnol. eenuvune — x0dy- 4a, Ha ocHose KOmo- Pozo cmpouaace dop- a, OBHaKo ModyAD coiepan pore aul “empoumexonozo xa- mepuaxa”. Komnosu- ‘yua 6 Yex0X ocHosa- a Ha KoKmpacmnox npomueonocmasze- Huu popes u axe: ‘Mexmos coopyxenus Puc. 122. Tipuxep ucnoatsoeanus men- nopasmepHoz0 Mody: 248 6 nocmpoenuu cu emexes npo- ‘empancms. Ecau Ov z0pusonmaxonnie naockocmu ne Gvinu Pacwrenenos Ha mor. decmeennwe nosmo- Paouueca arexenmot (aodyavnyro cemxy), xodyabHas ocHosa Komnosuyuu He Ooixa Gn axe saxemna. Tem ne Menee ModyAd cosdaem sexuxunno- pasmepHoe eduxcmeo JaeMeHmos KOMnOSU- yuu96 Yaeme II. Cpedcmea apxumexmypnol romnosuyun PpasBuTHA PHTMHYeCKOTO Paya HA OC- Hope HeSHAYHTeNbHOTO, HO Tlocsep0- BATeNBHOTO MSMeHeHUA BeAM4MH AB- AMOTCH ACCHPO-BABMIOHCKHE SHKKY- PaTsI H cHMpaTH, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpEIX TOCTPOCHEI BONIOTS! HOHHYCCKMX Ka- nmresex (puc.124). Hioaxc Kak KomH- uecTBeHHoe OTHOMIeHHe BeNMUMH Ci1y- eat Mepoi » dopmupozaHun nen0- cTHoi apxuTexTypHo chopmsI u yua- crsyer B CnoxKHOH copmecTHOl ”pato- te” weex cpemeTs apxuTextypHoit KOMMIO3HUMM, (OPMUPYIOUIAX BCE CO- cTosHua opm! werkocth Hw TA- QKECTb, CTATHYHOCTh HM AMHAMHY- HOCTS, MACCHBHOCTh ™ mMIpocTpaxcr- BeHHOCTS Ht T.1. Cnenyer, omHaKo, 3aMeTHTb, 4TO B pane cmy'4aen K HIOAHCHBIM pasTH- “HAM B @OpMe HY%KHO OTHOCHTSCH BHMMATeIbHO u HaberaTE Hx B pabo- re, cuHTaA TIpAMEIMM omMOKamn. K ommOKam Takoro ona OTHOCATCH TAK HagprBaemBe "n0xHe yrabt” — Ty- MMe WI OCTPHe M10 OTHOMICHMIO K TIpAMOMy, HO ONeHMBaembIe T1a30M Kak YPORMMBBI, HCKaKeHHDII, He- nomHOneHHErit mpamoit yrox (pwc. 125). Orknonenme BepruKams- HOH AHHMM OT cTporod BepruKaln wa TopHsoHTansHoll — or TOpHaoH- Tamm B He3HAYMTeXBHOK creneHH, 1a- 2Ke B BEChMa MAJIOH, OCTPO BOCIIPHHH- MaeTca riagoM Kak HeKHit GecnopA- exol eoxome no xe- mody 2uoxona Tha mona Pue. 128. Tpeo6pasy- rowan pord Woane- noax usmenenuil op- ot u mona a — mnozosax0dnan ‘enupate, nocmpoer- Nag Na OcHose CUX- empuu nodosus; 6 — roxnosuyus "nebo u 00a” 202- aandexozo xydoxnu- xa M.K. Sexepa, wac- mo ucnoarsyrouyezo npunyun wroancnsix pasaunuis 6 c60ux pa- 6omaz. Mapadox- caxbitie usopaxe- nug Sexepa naswea- tom mamexamue- exol zpapurolt Puc. 125. Iipumepts owudox, eosnurare- ux @ pesyxomame moancneix omrnone- nul om sepmuxanu uau ocu sdanus @ — cpasnenue npa- oto yena c "nroxu- meu yeranu”; 6 — moancnoe omrcnone- nue yenmpaxbnozo nexenma opxse om ocu cunmempuu co- s8aem ouyujenue eaywatino onyyen- nol omuOxu; @, 2 — npasurvnoe pasmeuse nue yexmpansnozo a4emenma: cmpoz0 no ocu u ¢ samemnot cdeuxxots, «mo ypae- noseuueaemes do- noxnumendHeLm. 32e- xexmox, pasmeuyen- sim na 6oxee npoms- xennok “acmu ¢a- cada Puc. 124. Hroane ax ocuosa nocmpoe- nua pumaureckozo pada @ — nocmpoenue xpueoll 2umasuca no Tlaanaduo; 6 — sux- kypam; 6 — no ‘empoenue uonuve- OK M cBAGAHO C Beye! pombI0 Bep- THKaNM M TOPHSOHTATH KaK Hanpas- aenuii, OnpenenmONx opHeHTaIHI0 Menosexa B mIpoctpaHerse. B dpox- TaxBHBIx KOMMOSHUMAX mM acanax ananuit nexmunHHsIe cooTHOuIeHHATaasa 8. Toxdecmeo, noanc u xoxmpacm 97 mocKocTelt # mpoeMoB jonacHEt npo- MATBIBATECH WeTKO, He OCTARIAA CO- Muennit 8 Hx peiicrsurexsHOM cMBiC- ze. B nporusvom cayyae moaucHuie pasnuuHa crasyr npuwanol Toro, TO OTKIOHeHMA oMeMeHTOR acaza or omugaemoro nlonomenua OyayT BOCIPHHMMATECH KAK HeTOYHOCTS, monyweHHat aBsTopom mpoekTa (cm.puc. 125) Tonumanne por moancusx or- HomeHHit Mexyzy s1eMeHTaMH (popMEI B apxuTextypHoH KomnosHUMM cBA- 3aHO C Mpexcrapzenvem o paasuTuH Kak 0 nocteneHHOM HaKoneHHH on- PeyenenHoro KayecTsa, 0 7BWxKeHUU, © pocre, ¥7o° HaMII0 BEIpaKeHue B KOMNOSHUMOHHOH @uKcanua TaKnx BaMHEIX XAPAKTEPUCTHK 37aHMA, KaK ero Bepx # Hus. Ucropuu apxurexry- PEI M3BECTHO MHO2XECTBO MpHMepoB, HOATBepAAIOUIMX 9TO, XOTH 3feCk HeOOXOAHMO yKagaTb HA TéCHY10 B3a- MMOCBAS3b UpHHOWNa opraHMsanun @bopms! Kak opranusma, pactynyero NO BeprMKanu, Takxe MC KOHCTPyK- THBHO-TEKTOHM¥ECKHM CMBICIOM TDH- EaTOK mpoctpancrseHHok cuctemur. B CooTseTcTaHH c Hmee pocTa penienLi OGvemEI pycckux uepKReli u dacarEt98 Yacmb II. Cpedemea apxumexmypnol KomnosuyunTaaca 8. Toxdecmeo, wioane u konmpacm 99 Puc. 127. Hexocm- nas KoMnosuyua, no- ‘cmpoennas npeumy- wyecmeenno na woan- cnbix paszunune ee- AUNUH €€ aneMeHmoe pu ewicoxoli cmene- hu cxodcmea ux 2¢0- mempuxecroi pop- 2st. Moacem Osim pas 6x Tepaxaum Sihecenuit, ymaepre- Casuut, “mo expe ‘mas eapmonus curs nee aenou? Puc. 128. Tipeotnada- ‘ue 2xasnozo axenen- ma roxnosuyuu no eexuwune npu cx0d- cmbe Popae ne 20 asemca 6 noxHoM emuicae cxosa xoumpacmneix, 08- waxo u ama cmenens pasauwus dexaem Popay @ yenom Coree coBpannoli u cuxouots Puc. 126. Cnoxoti- nouit pume, evipaxa- roujutt ude paseu- mus, sexaemca ocho- ot nocmpoenus grop- eee MnOeUx sBaHut a, 6 — une doxa xn snamu (naxay- Yo), nocmpoenneie 6 nepuod Peneccanca e Hmaxuu, eocnpunu- ‘maromea Kax ycmoii- Nusdie Ofsexd, 6 K0- mopuix esineren sepx u Mus; 6, 2,9 — no- cmoanno ySuearoujue ‘saepx no sepmuxaxu Spyces KOXOKOREK UL Gawen 6 pyccrom ‘s0dvecmee cosdaiom, men ne menee, peaKo woumpacmnssit no omnowenuso x gory euayam Peneccancusrx namauuo. HM s tom, 1 B ApyroM cayyae yOuisanue Kayectaa bopmst — senuunHnt — m0 Bepruxa- 4M 0 Hanpasnenmo BBepx ocymecTs- AReTCH 3a cueT MoAHCHEIX pasmunit Meagy ee amementamu (puc. 126). Bpay 1M MOxKHO CYHTaT HIOAHC- Hble PasIMYHA OcTATOUHOK OCHOBO AAA TOcTpoeHua uenOCTHOH KomnO3H- UHH, HO 9T0 BOSMOXHO ocymecTBHTS, ec1m MocTaBHTh Wem cosnaHMe cno- KoliHOn aMUNeHHOH, OWHAKO, NOYTH BCAKOK AWHAMHUHOCTH, HO Tem He MeHee rap- MonwaHoi! (pc. 127). Ipamep, mpuBezenHntit Ha puc.128, nokaaniBa- eT waMeHeHue Xxapakrepa cucTemsI Mpocrpaucrs 8 pesyseTaTe BBeneHHA KouTpacrupyiomero (xoTa a He CIMUIKOM pesKo) aementa. Bsaumo- xelicrsue mioaHcHsIx oTHomeHnit Cc KOHTPACTHEIMM BCTpedaeTCH B apXH- TeKTypHOH KOMNOSHUMM 3HAYHTeTEHO uae (puc. 129 — 131). Uro kacaer- ca HiOaHCOB, TO upesBBIuaitHo WIMpo- KMM TlowleM HX IPHMeHeHMA ABIAeTCA apxuTeKTypHaa KOnOpucTHKa. 8.4. Kourpact xax mpospzxenne Pasmwumii 8 cpoiicreax oGzemHo-mpo- crpauersenner opm. Ipumenenue TaKOTO KOMNOSHUMOHHOTO cpemcTsa, KaK KOHTPACT, ABIACTCA OHUM U3 OcHOBHEIX nyTeit B mpouecce TOMCKA BEIPASHTeENLHO M AMHAMMUHOM ap- XHTeKTypHOH = dopmEI. TpyqHocru, BOSHMKUIMe MpH TOMBITKe MocTpoe- HMA wWenOcTHO KomnosMuHM Cc nO- MONIbIO THIS MOAHCHEIX pasmMuuit B @opme u ee snementax, oOpacumoTcn T2aBHEIM O6pagoM Tem, 4TO B BocHpH- ATHM YeTOBeKAa GOxICTpee M aKTUBHEEe @ukcupywores onementst oKpyxeHus, =e Jeacean apesntepyccxux xpamos Buaaunupo-CyszamekoR mom, a — rarente Veneucoro co6opa Mocxoxcxoro Kpenina MpaKraweckm me conepyaT KoHTpacroR BD naacraveckom pete ypaBHosemieHHO opMzI,100 Yaeme II. Cpedemea apxumexmypnoit Komnosuyuu BEIJeNMONIMeCH CpenH OCTALHLIX cpoek exuunHol, reoMerpH4ecKoli @opmoi unm no0KeHMemM B Mpo- crpaxcrse. meno mosTomy mnpea- crasmenwe 0 KOHTpacte B AapxXHTeK- TypHO KOMMOSHIMH cBASLIBaeTCH mpemge nero ¢ akWeHTHEIMH y3aa- Mw, ROMMHAHTAMH, @ TAK2Ke axeMeH- TaMM, MTPAIOLIMMM B KOMMOSHLMH oco6yi0 pots, a TosTomy Tpebyroum- MM CIENMANEHEIX CPeMCTB ANA BELTB- nena stoi pom H OGecreyHBaIOIMX TOBEIMeHHyIO mHopMaruBHocTs. Ha puc.132 momHO Ha6m0_aTh NOAB.Ie- HMe B HenocTaTOHHO ynopaxoyeHHoH cucreme MpocrpancTs 9/eMeHTa, CO- epsKamero pasmmuna B (popme (Bx0n) M BHOCAMerO HexKoTOpEIi TOpAZOK B oburyio eTpykTypy KOMnO3smuMH. Ilpwuusn KontTpacruoro pasmH- ‘4M MO2KeT OBIT HCMONbSOBAH B CO- noctaszenun (opMEI c OKPyaalonMM mpocrpanctsom. Crenen: ssaumozeii- TBA JOMHHAHTHOTO oTeMeHTA KOM- noaunMM co cpeqoi, B KOTOpyi0 oH BKMOYeH, MOET H3MCHATECH HBTnaea 8. Toxdecmao, woane u xoumpacm 101 hole sxeMeHme KOM nosuyuu Puc. 129. Bsaumo- cease KoKmpacma u nioanea @ OdNOiL KOX- nosuyuu eviparcena 6 nocmenennom Kapa- cemaxuu kavecmea opxn., nepexodauye- 20 6 Kymbauna- yuo — eapus, curt Mei axyenm. Imom npuex npuxensom dna pewenus o6iye- emeennuix sdanuit c noamueNRex couu- axonux suavenuem Puc. 131. Bsauxo- cease KoKmpacma U woauca 6 Komnosu- yuu nposexsemca Gore ecezo 6 omuo- uenuu nocrocmelt: ocnosnyro, nanpasxs- roujyro pors 6 Kono suyuu uzpaem He 063em, @ nxockocm, xoumpacmupyowas ne moxvxo ¢ Opyzu- Mu axemenmaxu Dop- Mb, HOU ¢ OKpY2ce- Puc. 130. Bsauxo- —yuew. cea3» KoRmpacma u woaxea 6 00KOm of eme evipaxeHa 6 068- edunssoujeit poru xoumpacmnozo no 6e- aunune us gopme ate. ‘Mekma, soxpye Komo- Pozo pasmewenns He- ‘Saxumexbuo pasau- vavuyuecs Kax no 6¢- auNune, max uno opme npocmpancm- 6a — emopocmenen- Puc. 132. Srexenm romnosuyuu, Konm- pacmusiit no opxe 8 epasnenuu ¢ ocmaat- Nenu a2emenmanut, ¢ Gannom exyvae ue paem pors ynopado- wuemouero Havana @ Bocmamoxno xa0- muxnom Konzxomepa- me oBsemoe u nxo- exocmeit mpeyenax KoHTpacrHol xapaxrepu- cruxu. Ha puc.133 u 184 nokasannt ‘“eTEIpe CTaqMM Takoro B3aMMozeiicT- BHA — OT NOYTH NOAHOTO cAMAHMA co cpenoii npH MHHMMAanBHOM pasnu- MMM TuaBHOTO aeMeHTa mM OKpy2Ke- HMA JO MpakrwyecKoro orcyTcTsuA BaaMMonelicTaHa, paspyiexHoro CAMIIKOM CHJIbHBIM KOHTPacTOM. Kourpact acro mpumenserca 3 KauecTse coeobpassoro peryaTopa orHomenuit Mexqy axemenTamu ¢op- MBI HM OMpeyenmetT MecTo KaxAOrO M3 ‘HUX B OOueH MepapxwuecKol cucte- Me. STO MpOMCXOAMT HM3-3a TOTO, 4TO KOHTpacTHO —BEIZeNMIOMIMiICA ane- MeHT B KOMNOSHUMM MpMBneKaeT BHMMaHWe B TOH CTemeHH, B KaKOit OH KOHTpacTeH 0 OTHOUIeHMIO K co- ceqHuM sxementam. Sra sakonomep- HOCTR NOsBOrHeT OGecnexHTE ynopa- AOYeHHOCTS H rapMoHMUHOCTE (copas- MePHOCT, ypaBHOBelleHHOcTE) «pop- MBI, cocToame H3 payja aeMeHTOB, cBAgaHHBIX Memxay CO6oi HeKOTOpEI- MH COOTHOWIEHHAMH (BO3MOMHO, HI0- aHCHBIMM HIM OTHOMIeHMAMH TOXTe- crsa). Hanpumep, "GeckoneuHrii” MeTPHYeCCKHH pA BePTHKANILHEIX ujenenui raaBHoro dacaga afaHna Agmupanreiicrsa B Canxr- Tlerep6ypre mocrpoexHoro 30,4HM A.J.Baxapossim, octanosneH KoHTp- ACTHBIMM 3eMeHTAMM — TIOPTHKAMH. Axrop noctpouixu ucnoms0nan pas- MUHA QeMeHTOB CBOeH KOMNOSHUKH B (opme, monoxKeHHM B TpOCcTpaHcT- Be, MPOTHBONOCTAaBMB BepTMKAIb M ropusontans m0 Bexwunue (puc. 135). Tlonomenme KOHTPACTHEIX 3u1e- MeHTOB B KOMMOSHUHH He ABIAeTCA TIPOHSHONbHEIM, a ONpeneneHO Heo6- XOAMMOCTBIO BEIABIEHMA dyHKUHO- HANIbHO BAXKHEIX 30H MpocTpancrsa, o6semos mim AeTaneli, a TAaKxKe KOM- NOSMUMOHHEIX KyIbMHHaLMi. B oroM OTHOIMeHMH HHTepeceH MpUMep peuie- HMA KOMNOSHUMM = TDHyM(anbHEIX ApOK, B KOTOPEIX KOHTpacTHO mpoTH- BONOCTABAeHEI Macca HM TIpocTpaHCTEO. KyasMMnalmoHHaa TOUKA KOMMO3H- uum (41M KoMNO3HUMOHHEI UeHTD) Pasmeujaetca He Ha ®poHTOHe MH HMsOHaX COOpy2KeHUA, a B MpocTpan- crse cpeqHero mpoema Ha ypoBHe 11H- Wa BCAQHHKA, BEESHAIOULeTO B APKY (pwc. 136) [41]. Apcexax Bosmomuocrelt KoHTp- @CTHLIX MpOTHBONOcTaBleHu mpaK- Tuueck HeHcuepnaem. Hexoropse TIpHMepbI KOHTpactoB B OGBEMHO-m1pO- cTpancrsenHoit Kommosunum mpuBe- mewst Ha pyc. 137 — 139. Oqxaxo102 Yacme Il. Cpedemea apxumexmypnol Koxnosuyuu Puc. 133. Seox0yus eaauxodelicmeus Popme: © oxpy2caio- yum npocmpancm- om @ — domunupyowas (popma ¢ KoMnosUyulL nowmu pasnosuayia onpyacenuro; 6 — 30- sunupyowas popxa nowmu pasnosnawna ‘emopocmenennex aemeHmaN KOXNO- suyuu Puc. 134. Beonoyus ssaumodelicmeus Qopae ¢ oxpyxan- ux mpoempancm com a — doxunupyowas Qopma — axmueneils okmpacmiisil axe eum yexoomnott Romnosuyuu: eriaere na Komnosuyuonnas eaaumoceass exympu gre romnosuyp Gomunupyroujan pop- a nossuenKo onmpacmna x OKPY- aeenuio u nomoxy Xeomnosuyuonno now mu ne censana c nu Puc. 135. Paaenvit acad Adxupaxmet- emea codepxum He- ‘cxoabKo munos ronmpacmnelx npo- musonocmasaenui: eepmuxaau u copu- s0Kmanu, eexusundt ‘anemenmos Komnosu- yuu, ux zeomempure- cxol @opxe, maccue- Hocmu cments u npo- cmpancmsennocmu nopmuxoe, a maxxe moaopucmunecrozo roumpacma xexmo 20 € Genbia, nodwepK- Hymoto ceemomenvi0 Pue. 136. Tpuyx- axsnas apna Kon- cmaxmuna nocmpoe- ha na evipaxenton roumpacme Maccet u npocmpanemea, H3- HAWGADHUX CHEICION mpuyxdaxvieix apon 6 Opesnex Puxe, man xe KaK u €o- ‘pom, xepes Komopwie ‘apmus, eosepayaste © eolines, exodura 6 20p08, 6tixo owuuye- ue om creepy éoti- Red, @ He MORO 2U- oeanue, caasannoe ¢ nobedott. Apa cuMéo- ausupoeana 6os6pa- wyerue % xupnott ‘2eUSKUL U @ epson: waxbnox ude nped- emaaxsxa cool Gea npocmuix cmoa6a, noddepacusaioujux Gaaxy. Snavumensno nosdiee mpuyxdany- ‘ole apru npeepamu- uc 6 cuxsod eida- owjuzca eoenneix no- 6e0 u eoseoduauce 6 ceasu ¢ onpedexe? Noun coBoimuanuTraea 9. Cuxnempua 103 Beeraa caefyeT TOMHUTh O Mepe KOHTPACTHOCTH CpAaBHHBAeMBIX a7e- M@HTOB — CIHUNKOM CHIbHBIM KOHTD- act cnocoSeH paspyumuTh «opmy (pue. 140). Kowrpoxsmue sompocst 1, Kekona ocuosuas pox KomTpacra, m0- auca u TomnecTBa KaK cpeicTs bopMEpOBAHES WexocrHoll KOMNOIHUMH B apXETeKType? 2.K xaxum omm6xam momer upnecta MeqooneHxa sHaHus ocoSeHHocrell ucmOIHI0Ba- MMA 9THX cpexcTB apxuTexTypHol xKommosH- an? 3. Momer am Guirs xocTarnyra Tpe6yemaa ctenieut Burpasutenuocra apxuTextypHol dbop- MM € TOMOMSI0 MIOAHCHBIX HTH ToxJecTBeH- HLIX OTHOMIeHRH MexKAY ee aneMeHTAME? TJIABA 9. CHMMETPHSA 9.1. Bust cumMerpHH 8B ap- xurerrype. CuMMeTpHa — ogHO H3 CaMBIX CHXBHEIX cpencTs, obecnesH- BANOWIMX YWeNOCTHOCTh OObEMHO-mpo- crpancrzeHHot dopmul. Onxaxo, mpesyje ¥em nepelitH K AaHANHBy aTO- TO cpemcrsa 4 ero BOsMomHOcTelt NPM PeWeHHH APXMTeKTYPHEIX 3a- a ina 2a4, PACCMOTPHM CHMMeTpHI0 KaK OOneKTHBHOe cCBOIicTBO OfbeMHO-mpo- crpancrsenHsix (popm. Tlonatwe cummerpua (or rpeu. symmetria — copasmepxocts) wocxo- AMT K HCTOKAM YenOBeyecKOH UMBH- aM3auMH, OTpaxaeT (byHtamMeHtans- Hoe csojicTBo MaTepHazbHoro MUpa 1 B HACTOAIee BpeMA HCTIONB3yeTCA MHOTHMH HayK@aMH, H3y'¥aiOU.MMH 3aKOHEI NlocTpoeHUA M opraHMsanHH Meprsoi m 2xxHBOH MpHpogEI. B camom IIMPOKOM cMbICNe MOHATHe "CHMMeT- PHA” cerogHA TeCHO CMBIKaeTCA C T10- HATHeM 3AKOHOMepHOCTH KaK TAKO- Bol, TaK Kak XapaKTepusyer coxpa- HeHMe, MOCTORHCTBO onmpexereHHEIX cBoiicts OObeKTa MIM ABNeHMA OTHO- CHTe¢IbHO KakMx-1M60 MaMeHeHH TlockomsKy B apxuTexType u OObem- HO-IIPOCTpaHCTBeHHOM == KOMMO3HI\MH MBI CT@KMBaeMCA C MpocTpaHcTseH- HBIMM OOSeKTAMM, AJA paccMoTpeHUA BHZ0B CHMMeTpHM eecoobpasH0 BOCHOMBSOBATECA AHHEIMH KDHCTAL- aorpapuu — HaykKH, pacnonaraiourelt HavGonee pasBUTHIM 3HAHHeM 0 CuM- MeTpHM B TpexMepHOM mpocTpaHcTse. Cummempued mut OyzeM HasbiBaTb SaKOHOMepHOe pacriomO2KeHHe PABHEIX uacteli o6bemHo-mpocTpaHcTBeHHoit opmer oTHocuTemsHO ApyT Apyra; TIpH 9TOM 104 paBHEIMA WOApAasyMe- BAIOTCA KAK COBMECTHMO, TAK 3epKarbHO papure yacra! AfTpocroe u mcvepmursaomee ompereren cHMMeTPHH TeoMeTPHYeCKEX OUTYD B TPexme HOM mpocrpancrse quet axaxeuux A.B. Ily6- auxos: "Cunerpuunoi masbisaerex seaxen (wonewnas mim Gecxoneunan) durypa, Koopa MomeT commemarscn cama c coOol pesyxsTaTe OMOTO WIH HeCKOISKHX HOCTeROBSTELHO 1PO- RaneeHESIX oTpaxenEi B mrockocrax” [39, ©. 118].104 Hacms Il. Cpedcmea apzumexmypnoi: KoMnosuyu Puc. 137. Komnosu- yus, pewennas na ocnose KoXmpacmHo- 20 npomusonocmae- Aenun zeomempune- ‘enol popant anexen- mos. HeBoxsuioe we- Ao sueMenmos u Ux exUNuna noseoxam cuumamp amy Kom: nosuywo Kpynnoxac- math Puc. 139. Tpuxepes conocmaeaenus deyx xoumpacmuvix npo- ‘cmpaneme unmeprep- noo muna. Koxmp- ‘acmxoem docmuzny- ma 3a cvem paszu- ua @ xongusypayiiu npocmpancme u 2¢0- empuu oxpyxan- wyux axenenmos Puc, 140. Bucoxas cmenene Koumpacma npueodum x 6osHux- nosenwo mendenyuu Paspywenus, pacna- a Gopas: xax yexo- emnols Komnosuyuu Puc. 138. Koxnosu- Yuu, nocmpoennsie a ocnoae xoRmp- acmnoto pasaunus ¢ sexuxune axenenmos pu suawumexonon exodemee zeomempu- wecxols xapaxmepu- emuxu BaxKonomepHocrb pacnosomenna 4ac- tei cuMMeTpHYHOH duryps saxz10- uaeTch B TOM, 4TO OHM MOryT OGMenMBaTSCR MecTaMH M COBMeIa- TECH Mex Ly COOH c TOMOIIBW onepa- unit mau cummempuynwx npeodpaso- eanut. OcnosHiim™ npeoOpasosaHna- MH ABIMIOTCA OTPaxKeHHe, NOBOpOT (spamenne) u napannenpui nepe- Hoc. BenomoraTembHnie reomerpHuec- Kue oxeMeHTs! (TOUKM, HHH TMOCKOCTH), ¢ MOMOIIEIO KOTOpEIX OcymectBIaOTCA — cCHMMeTpHuecKHe mpeoOpasonawma, HasHIBaIOTCH 3.1e- mexmamu cummempuu. Buy cumMet- pun oSzemuo-mpocrpancrsexnoli dop- MBI OMIpeqerneTCA NONHOK COBOKYTHO- CTEIO ee 91eMeHTOB CAMMeTDHH. Han6onee u3BecTHEIM M LWIKPOKO PacnpocTpaHeHHEIM B ADPXHTeKType BMJOM CHMMETDHH ABNAeTCH 3epKAlb- HAA CHMMeTPHA, CHMMETDHA eBOTO 1 mpasoro (puc.141). Cammerpusa ayecb cocrouT 8 TOM, ITO mBe OTpaxKeHHO passe UACTH urypE Pacnomo%meHE oqHa OTHOCHTENLHO APyTOH KAK Mper- MeT M ero OTpaxeHHe B sepKare. Bo- OOpaxkaeman mn0cKocTs, KOTOpaR ze- aur Taxue @urypsl Ha Be 9epKATBHO