Introduction To Human Philosophy

l
Introduction to the Philosophy

of the Human Person
Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2: Weeks 1 to 4
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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Lesson 1: Freedom of the Human Person
Name: Q2W1
Section: Date:
What is It
(Background Information for the Learners & Key Concepts)
REALIZE THAT “ACTION HAVE CONSEQUENCES.”
Aristotle
What is Freedom?
How do you define freedom? How important is freedom to human being? Does freedom have
its own limitations?
People nowadays, if you are going to ask them what is freedom for them, they would
easily say that they can do anything that they want, for them that is the meaning of freedom.
However, should always remember the following point:
1. But we should always remember that the point where our freedom ends is the point of
another person’s freedom would start.
2. We should also not forget that for every action that we commit, we should be prepared to
face the consequences of it.
3.There is no such a thing as absolute freedom.
So, therefore FREEDOM can be defined as the power or right to act, speak, or think
as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
EVALUATE AND EXERCISE PRUDENCE IN CHOICES
WHAT IS PRUDENCE?
Prudence means being careful about your choices, stopping and thinking before
acting. It is a strength of restraint. When you are prudent, you are not taking unnecessary
risks, and not saying or doing things that you might later regret. If you are high in prudence,
you are able to consider the long-term consequences of your actions. Prudence is a form of
practical reasoning, the ability to examine the potential consequences of your actions
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objectively, and to control yourself based on that examination. Prudence involves far-sighted
planning as well as short-term, goal-directed planning. It is often referred to as cautious
wisdom, practical wisdom, and practical reason.
Imagine you won a big contest, and you were asked to choose just one of the
following prizes:
A. brand new motorbike

B. brand new house and lot
C. one month all-expense paid trip for three in the United States
• Which prize will you choose?

• What factors made you come up with
In the previous example, you were asked to choose just one prize. Seemingly all of
them are great prizes. However, if you will weigh the PROS and CONS of each, you will
easily realize that one may be better than the other. For example, if you choose the brand-
new motorbike, you have to consider the cost of the maintenance of the said motorbike. The
trip to United Sates may sounds fun, but still you’re just a tourist. A brand-new house and lot
would be the best practical choice because it is a long term and useful.
In choosing which prize to get, you have already exercised your freedom to make
decisions. However, it is important to realize that, as shown in the example, the choices you
make have corresponding consequences.
Defining Freedom of Choice and its Limits
The ability to exercise one’s freedom in any manner is called freedom of choice. By
law, all human beings are entitled to make decisions for themselves in whatever way they
choose to. The only exception to this rule is when an absolute choice harms or delimits the
self and others, so it is just like cause and effect relationship where a decision concludes
with a corresponding effect on the person or the environment.
In freedom of choice we can also include the way one acts towards another. All
actions are brought about by a person’s decision so as to accomplish a given task or
decision. All decisions or actions be it big or small have corresponding consequences good
or bad.
Demonstrating Prudence in All Choices
Prudence is an act of making good judgement that allows a person to avoid risks. So,
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it is important to be prudent at all times to prevent any harm that a certain may cause. In
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making such decision in life it is very critical to determine the unfavorable effects beforehand
to avoid greater risks. In exercising prudence in choice implies that one has already
assumed all the available options, and a well-thought-of choice has been already made. For
example, you were invited by your friends to cut your class in the afternoon, would you
accept their invitation?
In making such choices in life it always involves various options. We should realize
from the beginning that some things have to be given up or sacrifice in exchange for another.
In coming up with the final decision or choice, it is very important to weigh the PROS and
CONS. Nevertheless, all choices result in a particular effect that we, as a decision maker,
should be ready to face. For example, when a student decides to cut his/her class or playing
online games instead of studying his/her lesson.
CHOICE’S HAVE CONSEQUENCES AND SOME THINGS ARE GIVEN UP WHILE OTHERS
ARE OBTAINED IN MAKING CHOICES.
Individualism, as embraced by Rand, is lined in family dependency because Easterners believe that the indi
Filipinos embraced family and political parties. For the Filipinos, one does not only fulfill reasons of the mind
Filipinos look at themselves as holistic from the range under the principle of harmony. This surrounds Filipin
There is a worry on the group-oriented approach of the Filipino that might set back the individual’s initiative a
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from within rather than fear from authority figure. Discipline and responsibility should be instilled especially th
Filipinos’ “Loob” is the basis of Christian value of sensitivity to the needs of others and
respect. It encompassed “give and take” relationship among Filipinos. As such, repaying those
who helped us is a manifestation of “Utang na Loob” or debt of gratitude. “Loob” is similar with
other Eastern views that aspire for harmony with others, God and nature. “Loob” prioritized
family, relatives, and even non-relative. It bridges individual differences and is the
factor among human beings.
The concept of Rand’s free individual and Filipino’s view of the free human being may
have differences but can be overcome. The potential of the Filipino should be able to grow so
that he will be aware of his uniqueness. Children should be brought up to the identity of the
members of the family and simultaneously with that of the nation. Self-sufficiency or
“kasarinlan” should recognized human worth and dignity.
Individualism, thus, should not be seen as selfishness but an assurance of a truly self
that is the supreme value of human being. To be a free individual is to be responsible not only
for one’s self but also for all. Thus, the individual becomes a free and creative person who
asserts one’s uniqueness.
“Kagandahang loob, kabutihang loob, and kalooban” are terms that show sharing of one’s
self to others. This is the freedom within “Loob” puts one in touch with his fellow beings. Great
Philippine values, in fact, are essentially interpersonal. The use intermediaries or go-
betweens, the values of loyalty, hospitality, camaraderie(pakikisama), and respect to
authority
are such values that relate to persons. In short, the Filipino generally believes in the innate
goodness of the human being.
Filipino ethics and sanction than other legalistic moral philosophies that are rather
negative. The Filipino, who stresses duties over rights, has plenty in common, once again with
Chinese or Indians. The Filipino looks at himself as one who feels, will, thins, acts as a total
whole as a person, conscious of his freedom, proud of his human dignity and sensitive to the
violation of these two.
CONSEQUENCES
SHOW SITUATIONS
OFTHAT
THEIRDEMONSTRATES
CHOICES. FREEDOM OF CHOICE AND THE
According to Rand, individual freedom should be aligned with economic freedom. The
Filipino “sakop” or harmony can be a helping value to the full development of the Filipino if it
opens up to embrace the whole Philippines Society. However, there are cases where the
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Filipino “sakop” may affect the social and financial status negatively of the one moving
upward the social ladder. For instance, the more well-off members of a family share their
gains with their relatives or friends in need.
However, sometimes, the beneficiaries of the monetary assistance (utang or loan)

just use the money for non-essentials (Ex. Drinking Sprees) when there are more important
concerns that should be prioritized (Ex. Tuition Fee). Hence, Filipino “sakop” must begin to
raise its members in a more responsible way and the members should likewise take this
attempt to raise them financially and socially so as not to misuse the help given on them.
Moreover, they must come to realize that their personal worth and dignity is not visible to
themselves; it is found not in the body of the “sakop” but in the one’s “kalooban.” If these are
fulfilled, the Filipinos shall not only be better persons but a better nation with a sound
economy.
A leader or a manager with “magandang kalooban” is not passive but plays active
role in economic development. Leaders should not just focus on the impact of job
performance but treats every individual worker as a person and not as an object. Filipinos
can attain a sound economy through a consolidative system as such there is support and
help among unit of organizations within the company. To make up for their inferiority
complex of Filipinos, a good Filipino leader/manager must encourage fellow Filipinos to
believe in themselves so that they can bounce back as an economic power.
Individualism will provide Filipinos an opportunity to be more aware of their capacity,

to harness fully their strength, and to commit themselves to life. Individualism reinforces
“kasarinlan” (self-sufficiency), as such it discourages subordinates from external control
higher than itself.
“Kasarinlan” promotes entrepreneurship, which minimize foreign control of Filipinos.

Other than entrepreneurship, individualism also prioritizes countryside development, a self-
concept among the country occupants which discourages dependence on government loan
which would leave the locals to follow whatever conditions the government sets in favor of
the loan.
As a result, entrepreneurship and countryside development economically and

politically liberates Filipinos from local and foreign intervention. Moreover, Filipinos learn to
be self-sufficient which leads to self-respect and consequently, enhances Filipinos “amor
propio” (pride and respectability).
However, individualism should be tied with social responsibility and should not be just
“tayo-tayo” or “kami-kami.” Our own individuality should interact with the individuality of
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others. In this light, every Filipino should be given equal chance to cultivate their talents that
inevitably
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contribute in the development of the society. Further, as individuals who are free, Filipinos
should recognize their own brand uniqueness, instead of copying foreign cultures. “Loob”
does not only developed the self of an individual but the welfare of others.
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. evaluate and exercise prudence in choices (PPT11/12-IIa-5.2);
2. realize that:
a. choices have consequences,
b. some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices (PPT11/12-IIb-
5.3); and
3. Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of their
choices (PPT11/12-IIc-5.4).
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze each statement below and carefully choose the letter that
best describe the statement. Write your answers on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and
submit it to the teacher for evaluation/correction.
1. It can be defined as the power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without
hindrance or restraint.
A. Prudence C. Freedom
B. Individualism D. “Loob”
2. It means being careful about our choices, stopping and thinking before acting.
3. It is essentially an interpersonal and social concept before it is a privately, personal
concept. A. Prudence
B. Individualism
C. Freedom
D. “Loob”
4. It is an assurance of a truly self that is the supreme value of human being.
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5. How can prudence affect freedom of choice?
A. Using prudence avoids conversation.
B. Using prudence avoids harm.
C. Using prudence avoids stress.
D. Using prudence prevents negative attitudes.
6. Maria chose not to attend her English class. She decided to watch a movie with
her friend instead.
What effect may this choice bring her?
A. develop a psychological disorder
B. be punished by her mother
C. develop guilt from her decision
D. be unable to understand the next lessons
7. Which of the following statements is true?
1. There is no such a thing as absolute freedom
2. We should not forget that for every action that we commit, we should be
prepared to face the consequences of it.
A. Statement 2
B. Both Statements 1 and 2
C. Statement 1
D. Neither Statement 1 nor 2
1. Prudence is a form of Practical Reasoning
2. Freedom has Limitations
A. Statement 2
C. Statement 1
1. Filipino “Sakop” or harmony can be a helping value to the full
development of the Filipinos.
2. “Kasarinlan” promotes capitalism
A. Statement 2
C. Statement 1
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1. To be a free individual is to be responsible not only for one’s self but also
for all.
2. Individual should be disciplined from within rather than fear from authority
figure.
A. Statement 2
C. Statement 1
What’s New
1. What is the ability to exercise one’s freedom in any manner?
A. Freedom of Self
B. Freedom of Choice
C. Freedom of Information
D. Freedom of Expression
2. What is the act of making judgement that allows a person to avoid risk?
A. Information
B. Prudence
C. Attention
D. Freedom
3. Which of the following is not a legal from of freedom?
A. Freedom of Self
B. Freedom of Information
C. Freedom of Choice
D. Freedom of Expression
4. Which among the following demonstrates freedom of choice for a Senior High School
student?
A. Deciding between taking the quiz or going to a movie with friends
B. Reading a book
C. Getting sick after the field trip
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D. Watching Netflix over the internet
5. Cathy decided not to attend her Science class. She decided to watch a movie with
friends, instead.
A. She will be punished by her parents
B. Develop guilt from her decision
C. Develop a Psychological Disorder
D. Be unable to understand the next lesson in Science.
6. Which statement describes freedom of choice.
1. The ability to describe for oneself shows freedom of choice.
2. The process of choosing ends when a choice has been made.
A. Both Statement 1 and 2
B. Neither Statement 1 nor 2
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
1. The point where our freedom ends is the point of another person’s freedom would
start.
2. There is no such a thing as Absolute Freedom.
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
8. Which statement describes prudence.
1. The ability to make careful judgement.
2. The ability to make a short-term judgement.
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
1. The Filipino “Sakop” can be a helping value to the full development of the
Philippines.
2. The Filipino “Sakop” may not affect the social and financial status negatively of
the one moving upward the social ladder.
A. Both Statement 1 and 2 C. Statement 2
B. Neither Statement 1 nor 2 D. Statement 1
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Which of the following statements is true?
Freedom of choice has limitations.
Freedom of choice requires prudence.
statement 2
both statements 1 and 2
statement 1
neither statement 1 nor 2
What’s More
Directions: Read and analyze each scenario below. Write your answers on a clean sheet of
paper or notebook and submit it to the teacher for evaluation/correction.
What consequences may arise from the following scenarios?
1. Deciding not to attend your English class because you hate the teacher.
2. Playing online games instead of studying for a Major Exam.
3. Bullying your classmate and you were caught by your teacher.
What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the following sentences by choosing the words or phrases that can be
found inside the box. Write your answers on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit
it to the teacher for evaluation/correction.
Freedom of To Act, Speak, Prudence Person’s Risk or Harm

Choice or Think Decision
1. Freedom is the power or as one wants without

hindrance or restraint.
2. The ability to exercise one’s freedom in any manner is called .
3. The freedom to choose stops when there is that may be
inflicted on self or other people.
4. is an act of making a good judgement that allows a person
to avoid risks.
5. All forms of action are brought about by a to
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accomplish them.
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What I Can Do
Directions: Create a list of opportunities that you currently have. Make an organized table
that will allow you to plot your options and weigh each one’s PROS and CONS in your life.
Using your learnings in this lesson, critically analyze each opportunity you may have, and
then decide which choice is best for you. Make sure to exercise prudence in making your
decision. Write your answers on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to the
teacher for evaluation/correction. Follow the given table.
Opportunity Advantages Disadvantages Decision/Choice/Explanation
Assessment
1. Maria chose not to attend her English class. She decided to watch a movie with her
friend instead.
A. develop a psychological disorder
B. be punished by her mother
C. develop guilt from her decision
D. be unable to understand the next lessons
I. To be a free individual is to be responsible not only for one’s self but also for all.
II. Individual should be disciplined from within rather than fear from authority figure.
A. Statement II
B. Both Statements I and II
C. Statement I
D. Neither Statement I nor II
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I. Prudence is a form of Practical Reasoning
II. Freedom has Limitations
A. Statement II
C. Statement I
4. Defined as the power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or
restraint.
A. Prudence
B. Individualism
C. Freedom
D. “Loob”
5. It is an assurance of a truly self that is the supreme value of human being.
A. Prudence
B. Individualism
C. Freedom
D. “Loob”
I. Filipino “Sakop” or harmony can be a helping value to the full development of the
Filipinos.
II. “Kasarinlan” promotes capitalism
A. Statement II
C. Statement I
7. It is a careful judgement in decision making.
A. Prudence
B. Individualism
C. Freedom
D. “Loob”
8. An interpersonal and social concept before it is a privately, personal concept.
A. Prudence
B. Individualism
C. Freedom
D. “Loob”
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I. There is no such a thing as absolute freedom
II. We should not forget that for every action that we commit, we should be
prepared to face the consequences of it.
A. Statement I
C. Statement I
D. Neither Statement I nor
II 10.How can prudence affect freedom of
choice?
A. Using prudence avoids conversation.
B. Using prudence avoids harm.
C. Using prudence avoids stress.
D. Using prudence prevents negative attitudes.
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Module 2: Intersubjectivity
Name: Q2W2
Section: Date:
What is It
(Background Information for the learner-Key Concepts)
Definition of Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity, a term originally coined by the philosopher Edmund Husserl in

1859–1938, is most simply stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both
conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy.
To understand intersubjectivity, it is necessary first to define the term subjectivity – For
example; the perception or experience of reality from within one’s own perspective (both
conscious and unconscious) and necessarily limited by the boundary or horizon of one’s
own worldview. The term intersubjectivity has several usages in the social sciences (such
as cognitive agreement between individuals or groups or, on the contrary, relating
simultaneously to others out of two diverging subjective perspectives, as in the acts of lying
or presenting oneself somewhat differently in different social situations).
Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not imposing on

others
We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background and
personality. Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy task but
it’s a task that we have to embrace since we all desire to live peacefully in a world that we
shared with them no matter how different they are to us. Since we, also, benefit from living
with others, like security and companionship, we tried to establish harmonious relationship
with them. Some could say that relationship is a blessing but, perhaps, this is not true for
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others who find
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it more of a curse. Some relationship last longer and touches more lives, while other
relationships ended even before the relation takes root. Trust or suspicion, authentic
communication or lies and dishonesty, unconditional love or self-interest are just some of the
possible causes of strengthening or breaking human relationship. How could we achieve and
maintain good and fulfilling relationship with others who are different from us?
In this lesson, we will be enlightened by a more important kind of relationship

anchored on the concept of “intersubjectivity” in which “I” and the “others” are seen more as
complementary to each other rather than just simply a means to some selfish ends.
Intersubjectivity is a kind of relationship which considered a subject-to-subject or person-to-
person way of relating. Jurgen Habermas’ Theory of Communicate Action will inform us the
authentic form of communication which would be instrumental to the setting up of
intersubjective relationship. Martin Buber’s I-Thou Relationship, on the other hand, explains
the importance of encountering the other as “a person”, a “You” in contrast to an object in
order to assure authentic relationship. Lastly, Emmanuel Levinas’ Face of the Other explains
not so much on relationship but on our ethical duty to others as the basis of relating with
them. All of these theories will guide us in understanding that most problems in human
relationship find its solution on how we see, accept, and treat the “others”. Intersubjective
relationship, therefore, aims in helping individuals grow together as authentic human
persons.
Explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are different from
themselves
Jurgen Haberma’s Theory of Communication Action
Mutual understanding is an important purpose of any conversation be it a simple

dialogue or an argumentation. Thoughts
are refined, relationship is deepened,
trust in others and confidence in oneself
are built through communication. When
people converse bridges are
constructed, strangers become friends,
and individuals turn into a society of
people. Life-experiences, however,
proves that this is not always the case. In fact, it is common to see individuals with different
backgrounds such as way of thinking, believing, and behaving could easily come into conflict
when they communicate. To avoid arriving at that point, Jurgen Habermas introduce a path
leading to mutual understanding through his theory of communication.
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He, first, introduces various forms of action that human beings use like conflict,
competition, strategic action that facilitate understanding but he singled out “speech actions”
for he believes that speech acts (dialogue) were principal means by which understanding is
achieved. He formulated four tests, or validity claims on comprehensibility, truth,
truthfulness, and rightness that must occur in conversation to achieve mutual
understanding. Anyone, according to him, who engaged themselves in a speech
act/dialogue has to fulfill the following:
1. Both speaker and hearer must use comprehensible expressions in which they both
understand.
The universal validity claim of Habermas on comprehensibility pertains to
the use of ordinary language. If the meaning of a word or statement is defined by the
ordinary language in which both speaker and hearer are familiar with then, for sure,
understanding will be achieved, especially, if the ordinary language is the native
language of both speaker and hearer.
2. The speaker should use a true proposition so that the hearer can share in the
speaker’s knowledge.
The universal validity claim of Habermas on truth refers to how true the
uttered statement in reference to objective facts. For example if a customer asks a
waiter for a glass of water, the request will surely be understood and it will be
granted. But if a customer asks for a “Kryptonite Salad” in which the restaurant
doesn’t actually serve and the waiter is not familiar with, the request will surely be
rejected for confusion and misunderstanding between the customer and waiter will
surely take over.
3. The speaker must be truthful in his intention in order to gain trust from the hearer.
The claim of Habermas on truthfulness pertains to the genuine intention of
the speaker which is essential for the hearer’s gaining trust. Sincerity in relationship is
an important aspect in achieving mutual understanding and it is assessed by
considering the consistency of the expressed meaning and the speaker’s agenda.
Whenever other’s give advice, we appreciate them when they clearly showed their
care through consistency in their words and actions; while, we are push back by
those whose actions contradict their words. Hence, it is also important that we have a
genuine intention while conversing with others in order that we gain their trust. For
trust breaks down barriers of suspicions but nurtures and deepens relationship.
Sometimes, familiarity with each other is helpful in determining the truthfulness of
intention. And so when the request for “Kryptonite Salad” is made and the waiter is
familiar with the customer, as their regular visitor, then the request could be received
as a joke and in which case, usually gives smile to the waiter or opens for a casual
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conversation
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between the two. If the customer is a stranger and worst the request is given with a
serious face the waiter for sure feels discomfort confusion and perhaps even threaten
by the customer’s behavior. These feelings become now a hindrance for
understanding and the beginning of rejection.
4. Both speaker and hearer must agree on the right remarks with respect to a
recognized normative background
The validity of claim of Habermas on rightness pertains to the acceptable
tone and pitch of voice and expressions. Filipinos, generally, are intimidated, irritated,
and even threaten when someone talk with a high pitch or a loud voice as in a
shouting manner. While low and gentle voice make us calm and relax and, in certain
situation, make us recognize the sincere words of the others. Perhaps, this is
something we acquire in our family that whenever we make mistake our parents,
sometimes, have a loud, “angry voice” which frightened us but when they are calm
we find their words assuring and comforting. Hence, the manner of utterance or way
of speaking use in conversation could either be a hindrance or means for genuine
understanding.
Habermas theory of communication reminds us on the importance of authentic

communication in the termination of conflicts, avoidance of misunderstanding, and
establishment of intersubjective relationship. Living with others having different characters,
conviction, and thinking, it’s common for conflicts to arise at any moment and hinders good
relationship with others. Yet, this could be avoided when individuals are aware of how the
use of language, the manner of speaking, the truthfulness of the words, and the sincerity of
the intention are all affecting their understanding of the others and vice versa. It’s not enough
that one is aware, he/she must also do something about it in order to build relationship. It’s
never, for Habermas, the aim of dialogue to build fences through uninformed judgement but
rather mutual understanding and respect for others who are different from us. It would be
hard for us to understand the others or to recognize those people with disabilities, the
underprivileged, and the LGBT group unless we sit down and talk to them with an open ears
and compassionate heart. It is through sincere dialogue that we grow together with others as
an authentic person in such a way that a long-standing stereotyping image is dissolved;
“fences” of mistrust and suspicion is overcome; mutual understanding is achieved; people
who are previously at odds with one another become friends or allies; and new
perspectives/insights are gained resulting to a stronger bond of relationship. In our current
time when most individuals and groups tried to separate themselves from the others through
their profession, status, race, ethnicity, and even political affiliation by developing their own
vocabularies, values, and convictions, there is more reason for Habermas’ validity claim to
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occur. Sincere
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dialogue builds bridges by encouraging individuals’ participation in the creation of a common
shared world where everyone could live in harmony and unity while maintaining their
diversity.
Martin Buber’s I- Thou Relationship

The onset of industrialization and the growth of
large urban cities, for Martin Buber, has
dehumanized the modern man by converting
him from subjects into objects through the
instrumentality of the machine as “machines
which were invented in order to serve men in
their work were no longer, like tools, an
extension of man’s arm but man became that
extension doing
the bidding of the machines.” The way man treats the machine as an object becomes also
his way of treating the other human person. To radically break from these prevailing attitudes
in order to establish an ethical principle on human relationship anchored on the dignity of the
human person, Buber introduces his I-Thou philosophical theory.
Martin Buber, a Jewish philosopher, became famous through his 1923 philosophical
writings entitled I and Thou. The major theme of the book is that authentic human existence
manifests in genuine dialogue with each other, with the world, and even with God. The book
explored the psychology of individual man in two distinct relationships, namely, the ‘I-It’ and
the ‘I-Thou.’
The first mode, which Buber calls “experience” (the mode of ‘I–it’), is the mode that
modern man almost exclusively uses. Through experience, man collects data of the world,
analyses, classifies, and theorizes about them. This means that, in terms of experiencing, no
real relationship occurs for the “I” is acting more as an observer while its object, the “it” is
more of a receiver of the I’s interpretation. The “it” is viewed as a thing to be utilized, a thing
to be known, or put for some purpose. Thus, there is a distance between the experiencing “I”
and the experienced “it” for the former acts as the subject and the latter as a passive object,
a mere recipient of the act. Since there is no relationship that occurs in experience, the “I”
lacks authentic existence for it’s not socially growing or developing perhaps only gaining
knowledge about the object. So, for Buber, unless the “I” meets an other “I”, that is, an other
subject of experience, relationship is never established. Only when there is an I-I encounter
can there be an experience.
In the other mode of existence, which Buber calls “encounter” (the mode of I–Thou),
both the “I” and the ‘other’ enter into a genuine relationship as active participants. In this
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relationship, human beings do not perceive each other as consisting of specific, isolated
qualities, but engage in a dialogue involving each other’s whole being and, in which, the
‘other’
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is transformed into a “Thou” or “You.” This treating the other as a “You” and not an “it” is, for
Buber, made possible by “Love” because in love, subjects do not perceive each other as
objects but subjects. Love, for Buber, should not be understood as merely a mental or
psychological state of the lovers but as a genuine relation between the loving beings. Hence,
for Buber, love is an I-Thou relation in which both subjects share a sense of caring, respect,
commitment, and responsibility. In this relationship, therefore, all living beings meet each
other as having a unity of being and engage in a dialogue involving each other’s whole
being. It is a direct interpersonal relation which is not mediated by any intervening system of
ideas, that is, no object of thoughts intervenes between “I” and “Thou.” Thus, the “Thou” is
not a means to some object or goal and the “I”, through its relation with the “Thou”, receives
a more complete authentic existence. The more that I-and-Thou share their reality, the more
complete is their reality.
Conclusion
No human relation is perfect. It always has its ups and down because every individual
in a relationship is unique and different from each other. However, differences are not the
hindrance to intersubjective relationship but how we communicate, relate, and perceive each
other as human persons. For Habermas, we could not establish genuine relationship with
others unless we assure that our communication would lead us to mutual respect and
understanding. Buber believes more that the presence of others complement our existence
helping us achieve an authentic living through relationship founded on love for others and
God. Levinas offer us a thought on how self-denial and elimination of our self-centered
attitude is a necessary condition to encountering the true face of the “Other” in which we
based our infinite responsibility. Each theory has given us important insights on how to start,
maintain, and deepen our intersubjective relationship with others. In a world, where people
manifest disgust for each other express in meaningless killings done in the name of religion,
politics, drugs, or money, there is a need more than ever for relationship-centered people to
stand up and show the world the gift of intersubjective relationship. Perhaps, the only way to
peace is for each and every person to recognize the value of “others” and establish authentic
relationship centered on unconditional love. Performs activities that demonstrate an
appreciation for the talents of persons with disabilities and those from the underprivileged
sectors of society
27
The Philippine government do greatly supports people with disability (PWD’s), as we
can see in every mode of transportations there are always a certain portion or space being
given to PWD’s, as such if you will try to observe in all business establishments or
government offices you will see a signages that gives importance or priority to PWD’s. Our
government also do encourage factories, BPO’s and other business establishments to
employ PWD’s. As of 2014, the National Statistics Office (NSO) which is now PSA estimated
that there were about 1.44 million Filipinos with an age bracket of 15-64 years were
employed in the different industries of our economy.
Laws were created to protect the PWD’s, one good example is the Executive Order
417 mandates all national government agencies and state- run corporations to allot at least
one percent of their annual budget for programs that will benefit the sector. Further EO 417
addresses the need for government to provide capitalization for PWD’s livelihood activities,
which includes support for technical skills through the labor department.
One of the major reasons why many PWD enterprise fail is because of the lack of
market when it comes to their finished products. As part of our contribution in affirming their
skills, the activity for this section will also be a chance for the PWD’s products to be
displayed and sold in campus. Disability is considered a development issue because of its
relationship to poverty. Poverty may increase the risk of disability. People with disabilities
incur additional expenses to achieve a standard of living similar to those without disabilities
such as health care services, cost of transportation and special diets, among others.
As a part of poverty, human trafficking has become very rampant in our society. Men,
women, and children are forced into prostitution, cybersex, pornography and other forms of
exploitation that assault human dignity. Millions of below average income families in our
country have become a part of this criminal enterprise. Pope Francis call this as “Crimes
Against Humanity” and has called upon many to fight for human dignity and sacredness of
life. This is what Buber calls as I- It relation, where the other human being is perceived as an
object rather than a human being.
What I Need to Know

1. realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not imposing on
others (PPT11/12-IIc-6.1);
2. explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are different from
themselves (PPT11/12-IId-6.1); and
28
3. perform activities that demonstrate an appreciation for the talents of persons with
disabilities and those from the underprivileged sectors of society (PPT11/12-IId-6.3).
What I Know
1. Intersubjectivity is a term originally coined by .

A. Martin Buber C. Edmund Husserl
B. Pope Francis D. Jurgen Habermas
2. A Jewish Philosopher who became famous through his 1923 Philosophical writings
entitle I and Thou.
3. He wrote the “Theory of Communication Action.”
A. Martin Buber
B. Pope Francis
C. Edmund Husserl
D. Jurgen Habermas
4. Executive Order 417 states that .
A. All national government agencies and state-run corporation to allot at
least one percent of their annual budget for programs that will benefit the
PWD’s.
B. All PWD’s should have a share of at least one percent of stocks in all
government agencies and state-run corporation.
C. PWD’s should be given one percent on the monthly income of all national
D. All national government agencies and state-run corporation should deduct
at least one percent on the monthly basic salary of all PWD’s for
insurance.
1. We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background
and personality.
2. Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy task.
A. Both Statements 1 and 2
29
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
30
1. Human trafficking has become very rampant in our society because of poverty.
2. Poverty uplifts the lives of each and every Filipino.
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
7. It is an interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious
between two persons or subject.
A. I- Thou Relationship
B. I- It Relationship
C. I- You Relationship
D. Intersubjectivity
8. Which of the following statements is not true?
1. Both Speaker and hearer must use comprehensible expressions in which they
understand.
C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1

C. Statement 2
D. Statement 1
10. It is the mode that the modern man almost exclusively uses.
A. I- Thou Relationship
B. I- It Relationship
C. Intersubjectivity
D. Communication
31
What’s New
Directions: Read and analyze each statement below before answering. Write the word True
if the given statement is correct and write the word False if the given statement is wrong.
Write your answers on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to the teacher for
evaluation/correction.
1. Most people with disabilities cannot work.

2. The acronym PWD stands for People With-out Disabilities.
3. According to Buber, the Thou or You Relationship is something that you encounter.
4. Intersubjectivity is an interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and
unconscious between two persons or subject.
5. Mutual understanding is an important purpose of any conversation.
6. Martin Buber’s I- Thou Relationship explains the importance of encountering as “a
person.”
7. Both speaker and hearer must use comprehensible expression in which they both
understand.
10. Both speaker and hearer must agree on the right remarks with respect to and
recognized normative background.
What’s More
Directions: Using a table make a comparison and contrast of I- It and I- Thou Relationship.
What I Have Learned

Directions: Describe the I-It relationship compared to I-Thou and cite 5 examples for each
relationship. Write your answers on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to the
teacher for evaluation/correction.
32
What I Can Do
Directions: Cite 10 tips in order for you to have a better Communication Skills in English.
Assessment

1. We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background
and personality.
2. Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy task.
A. Both Statements 1 and 2 C. Statement 2

2. He wrote the “Theory of Communication Action.”
1. The speaker must be truthful in his intention in order to gain trust from the
hearer.
4. Intersubjectivity is a term originally coined by .
5. It is the mode that the modern man almost exclusively uses.

A. I- Thou Relationship C. Intersubjectivity
B. I- It Relationship D. Communication
33
1. Both Speaker and hearer must use comprehensible expressions in which
they understand.
2. The speaker should use a true proposition so that the hearer can share in
the speaker’s knowledge.
7. Executive Order 417 states that .
A. All national government agencies and state-run corporation to allot at
least one percent of their annual budget for programs that will benefit the
PWD’s.
B. All PWD’s should have a share of at least one percent of stocks in all
C. PWD’s should be given one percent on the monthly income of all national
D. All national government agencies and state-run corporation should deduct
at least one percent on the monthly basic salary of all PWD’s for
insurance.
8. A Jewish Philosopher who became famous through his 1923 Philosophical writings
entitle I and Thou.
A. Martin Buber C. Pope Francis
B. Edmund Husserl D. Jurgen Habermas
9. It is an interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious
between two persons or subject.
A. I- Thou Relationship C. I- You Relationship
B. I- It Relationship D. Intersubjectivity
1. Human trafficking has become very rampant in our society because of poverty.
2. Poverty uplifts the lives of each and every Filipino.
References:
Ramos, Christine Carmela R., Ph.D. (2016) Rex Store Inc., Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human Person (First Edition pp. 117-130)
Department of Education. Curriculum and Instruction Strand. Most Essential Learning

Competencies Matrix on K to 12 Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person pp.517
34
What I Have Learned?
Assessment
I-Thou emphasizes mutual
B
A participation of Human beings.
D
A A I-IT deals with looking at another
C A person as not fully human nut as an
D object.
10. A C
What’s New? What I Know?

False True 3. C 6. D
False True
4. A 7. D
False True
True True 5. D 8. B
6. A 9. B
7. A 10. B
Assessment What I Have Learned?
D C 1. Right to act, speak

B A or think
B D 2. Freedom of Choice
C B 10.B 3. Risk or Harm
B 4. Prudence
5. Person’s Decision
What’s
New?
What I
Know?
Learning Activity Module
Module 3: The Human Person in Society
Name: Q2W3
Section: Date:
What is it
(Background Information for the Learner-Key Concepts)
We now live in a society where transfer of information is fast and efficient that we can
easily link and connect with other people through social media. Social media and social
networking sites might lead to depression and disconnect users instead of connecting them.
As Soren Kierkegaard has put it, we tend to conform to an image or idea associated
with being a certain type of person rather than being ourselves. The modern age remains
an era of increasing dullness, conformity, and lack of genuine individuals.
Our totality, wholeness, or “complete life” relies on our social relations. Aristotle said
that friends are two bodies with one soul. Mutual sharing, acceptance, and sincerity are a
keen with the outlooks of Karol Wojtyla’s We-You/ I-You and Martin Buber’s I-Thou relations.
For Martin Buber, the human person attains fulfillment in the realm of the interpersonal, in
meeting the other, through a genuine dialog. For Wojtyla, through
participation, we share in the humanness of others.
Early Medieval Period is sometimes referred to as the Dark Ages but it was
nonetheless a time of preparation.
Many barbarians had become Christians but most were condemned as heretic due to
their Arian belief. Christianity’s influence widened when the great Charlemagne became King
of the Franks. The way of life in the Middle Ages is called feudalism, which comes from
medieval Latin “feudum”, meaning property or “possession”. Peasants built their villages of
huts near the castles of their lords for protection in exchange of their services. With the
growth of commerce and towns, feudalism as a system of government began to pass and
shaped a new life in Europe. Amid the turmoil of the Middle Ages, one institution stood for
the common good—the Roman Catholic Church—whose spirit and work comprised the
“great civilizing influence of the Middle Ages”
The Middle Ages employed pedagogical methods that caused the

intercommunication between the various intellectual centers and the unity of scientific
language. The practically unlimited trust in reason’s powers of illumination is based, first and
foremost, on faith. The title
1
“modern philosophy” is an attack on and a rejection of the Middle Ages that occupied the
preceding thousand years.
Modern period is generally said to begin around the backdrop of:

Christopher Columbus’ landing in the “new world” which altered not only the
geography but the politics of the world forever. Martin Luther’s protest which caused several
centuries of upheaval in Europe, change the nature of Christian religion, and eventually,
change conceptions of human nature. The widespread use of money and the consequent
spread of commercialism and growth of great cities also influenced the growth of philosophy.
Globalization and Technological Innovations

Globalization began in the West in the 15th century as an accompaniment to the
new ideas of the Renaissance and then the Enlightenment. Globalization comprises the
multilateral interactions among global systems, local practices, transnational trends, and
personal lifestyles.
New inventions in science eventually led to the industrial revolution in the 18th
century, and since then, Western society has taken off on a journey through the endless
world of science to bring society into the developed conditions that can be seen today.
Sweeping changes made some observers of the contemporary scene proclaim the advent of
a new kind of society, in which the production of material goods through the expenditure of
mechanical energy no longer serves as the basis for the technological system, where the
importance of media communication in which computer as a tireless process of energy is a
vital link is paramount. They see the central functions required for human existence or
amenities audited and controlled by information transmitted by energy in its electronic form.
As industry changed, social and political conditions transformed. The revolutionary

changed in our way of life in modern times, which for several centuries was confined
principally to the Western people, has in our lifetime come to affect all of humanity.
Human relations are transformed by social systems specifically, on knowledge, laws,

economics, and technology.
As industry changed, social and political conditions transformed. The revolutionary

changed our way of life in modern times, which for several centuries was confined principally
to the Western people, has in our lifetime come to affect all of humanity.
Human relations are transformed by social systems specifically, on knowledge, laws,

economics and technology.
2
New Knowledge
 “Knowledge is virtue; ignorance is vice” is the summary of what Socrates wants
to teach about how human beings should live a good life.
 The origins of the modern age may be seen in the phenomenal growth of knowledge
that can be traced to the revival of Greek science.
 The process of intellectual growth still continues and changes in our understanding in
the years ahead may well be greater than those that we have seen in our own
lifetime.
Policy Making
 One of the most important consequences of the application of knowledge from Plato’s
Republic to human affairs has been increased integration of policy making.
 As life has become more complex, the legal system has also grown to the point
where almost all human activities come in contact with the law in one form or another.
 This integration of policy making has brought people into an unprecedentedly closer
relationship and has resulted in a greater complexity of social organization.
Economic Sphere
 Technical improvements have made possible a mechanization of labor that has
resulted in mass production, the rapid growth in per capita productivity, and an
increasing division of labor.
 The contrast today between the level of living in relatively modern countries and that
in traditional societies is a clear manifestation of this.
Social Realm
 Modern knowledge and the technology is an immense impact on the traditional
societies’ way of life.
 The complex and interrelated series of changes in humanity’s way of life has
changed the power relationships among societies by rapidly strengthening the
position of some at the expense of others.
 Societies have also become more interdependent, and the conduct of their relations
has been transformed.
 Modernization is seen as part of the universal experience, and in many respects, it is
one that holds great hope for the welfare of humanity and yet, it has also been in
many respects a destructive process.
 The rise of global consciousness, along with higher levels of material
interdependence, increases the probability that the world will be reproduced as a
single system.
 Due to the thriving process of science and technology, we see a universal civilization
3
emerging that would reign from New York to Seoul and from Moscow to Jakarta.
4
 The world is becoming more and more unified (a single system) but it is not becoming
more and more integrated (driven by conflict and there is by no means universal
agreement on what shape the single system should take in the future).
Technology
 The more society is influenced by technology, the more we need to consider the
social, ethical and technological, and scientific aspects of each decision and choice.
 Science has greatly influenced the picture we have of human existence and what is
essential to humanity that the difficulty to the period of rapid change challenges us to
discover more about what is fundamental to our existence.
 Human success is measured by success in mastering science and technology.
 Science and technology have become the most distinctive symbol of human
autonomy.
 Science and technology is not a single phenomenon; Technology is not an object but
our whole attitude toward the human world; Science and technology are the culture
itself.
On (Women’s) Friendships
 Women’s friendship has a unique quality that may only exist between women, a
quality of friendship between women offering sympathy, learning, validations, and
advices.
 True friendships allow each other to be completely themselves.
 Female friends are extremely important to our emotional and physical health.
 Women may unconsciously have negative attitudes toward themselves and others.
 Mothers customarily carry the moral obligations of providing safe environment for
their daughters.
 Daughters’ relationship with their mothers could be profound or disabling.
 Knowing and accepting ourselves are important ingredients in establishing
boundaries in friendship.
What I Need to Know

1. recognize how individual form societies and how individuals are transformed by
societies (PPT11/12-IIf-7.1);
2. compare different forms of societies and individualities, e.g. agrarian, industrial and
virtual (PPT11/12-IIg-7.2); and
3. explain how human relations are transformed by social system (PPT11/12-IIg-7.3).
5
What I Know
Directions: Choose the best answer for each item. Write the letter of your answer on a
clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
1. According to this philosopher, we tend to conform to an image or idea associated
with being a certain type of person rather than being ourselves.
a. Aristotle c. Martin Buber
b. Karol Wojtyla d. Soren Kierkegard
2. He said that our totality, wholeness, or “complete life” relies on our social relations.
3. For him, the human person attains fulfillment in the realm of the interpersonal, in
meeting the other, through a genuine dialogue.
4. The proponent of the “We-You/ I-You” relations.
5. In what century when Globalization began in the West as an accompaniment to the
new ideas of the Renaissance and then the Enlightenment?
a. 14th Century c. 16th century
b. 15th Century d. 19th century
6. The way of life in the Middle Ages is called feudalism, which comes from medieval
Latin “feudum”, which means?
a. Possession c. Interaction
b. Transformation d. Knowledge
7. He landed in the “new world” which altered not only the geography but the politics
of the world forever.
a. Christopher Columbus c. Magellan
b. Copernicus d. Martin Luther
8. “Knowledge is virtue; ignorance is vice” is the summary of what he wants to
teach about how human beings should live a good life.
a. Aristotle c. Socrates
b. Plato d. Soren Kierkegard
6
9. One of the most important consequences of the application of knowledge from his
“The Republic” to human affairs has been increased integration of policy making.
a. Aristotle c. Socrates
b. Plato d. Soren Kierkegard
10. A quality of women offering sympathy, learning, validations, and advices.
a. Economic Sphere c. Social Realm
b. On Friendship d. Technology
What’s In
“The place I like”
Part 1. Defining me: The purpose of this exercise is to encourage you to start thinking about
what makes you the unique person that you are.
Directions: Answer the following questions and limit your answers into 2-3 sentences each.
Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for
1. Think of a place you want to stay for the rest of your life?
2. Why do you want to stay in that place?
3. What are the things you do not want to happen to that place?
What’s New
The initial stage of knowing yourself is to identify what place you stand. This may
help you to identify and make comparison of yourself from the society you live in. It guides
you in getting to know more of yourself and become more acceptable on what you can do,
and what your limitations are as an individual.
Directions: Make a comparison between Individual’s Behavior and Societal Norm
pertaining to their own conduct or characteristics. Base your answer to your current
observation, or reflection on our society in general. Write your answer on a clean sheet of
paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
INDIVIDUAL’S BEHAVOIR SOCIETAL NORM

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
7
What’s More
Directions: Draw a symbol that would picture the society that we have today. Then explain
your answer why it such symbolizes our society. Write your answer on a clean sheet of
paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
Rubric for the Drawing of Symbol

Criteria Completely Mostly Neutral Points
(5) (4-3) (2-1)
Appropriateness The symbol The symbol drawn The symbol
and Relevance drawn shows shows slight drawn does not
exceptional appropriateness and show any
appropriateness relevance to the appropriateness
and relevance to topic and relevance to
the topic the topic
Validity and The symbol The symbol drawn The symbol
Reliability drawn shows shows events in our drawn does not
very recent and society show any events
reliable events in in our society
our society
Impact The symbol The symbol shows The symbol has
shows a great an impact to no impact
impact to address learning in
address learning the social issue
in the social
issue
Total Points:
What I Have Learned
Directions: Write your insights, concepts, ideas or realizations that you have gained from
this lesson. Think of the technology we have today. It has transformed the individual and
society system or way of life. Reflect on its effect to us and give an example for this. Limit
your answers in maximum of 10 sentences. Write your answer son a clean sheet of paper or
notebook and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
8
Assessment
Directions: Match column A from Column B. Your answers in column A will be found in
Column B. Write the letter of your answer on paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher
for evaluation/correction.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Martin Buber A. Women’s offering sympathy, learning, and
2. Christopher Columbus advices
3. Socrates B. “Knowledge is virtue; ignorance is vice”,
4. Plato this philosopher has said.
5. Soren Kierkegard C. “We-You/ I-You” relations.
6. Aristotle D. His philosophy is “The Republic”
7. Possession or Property E. 15th Century
8. Karol Wojtyla F. It is the meaning of the Latin word “feudum”
9. The start of G. “Human person attains fulfillment in the realm
Globalization of the Interpersonal through a genuine
10. On Friendship dialogue”.
H. He proposed that “Complete life” relies on
our social relations.
I. Technology
J. He landed in the “new world”
K. 18th Century
L. He said that, “to conform to an image or idea is
associated with being a certain type of person
rather than being
9
Learning Activity Module
Module 4: Human Persons as Oriented Towards Their Impending Death
Name: Q2W4
Section:_ _ Date: _
What is It
(Background Information for the Learner – Key Concepts)
Objects worn out until they can’t be used anymore, food and drinks expire, and
trends become outdated after some time. These point to one very important reality about
our human condition: we are temporal beings or “beings oriented towards death.”
How does the reality of death define our lives?

Covid-19 pandemic brought about changes in our lives. We sometimes forget our
existence to value our environment, health and family. We sometimes set them aside
because of our routinely busy activities. Everything that we have will eventually fade and
will not last forever.
Have you ever thought about dying? The idea makes you a bit uncomfortable. You
may feel that thinking about death at this time in your life is a bit inappropriate, since you
are still young and you have your whole life ahead of you. We do not really think about
the reality of our own death because it is difficult to imagine when and how we will die.
Death is commonly understood as the end of bodily functions which signals the end of a
person’s life. It also refers to the separation of the body and the spirit. The human person
is an embodied spirit. The body, being material, is bounded by the laws of time and space
and is subject to growth, death, and decay. The spirit, being immaterial, will continue to
exist even after the body has passed.
How should I live my life before it finally ends?
The essence of freedom is self-determination, the capacity to choose and act for
oneself. Likewise, there is no freedom in the inevitability of death. A person can still
exercise freedom in choosing how to face the reality of death.
As biological beings bounded by natural laws and the inevitability of death, we

cannot stop aging and the eventual decline of our bodies. However, we can definitely
choose to spend our lives doing good and reasonable things or even go against what is
10
good. The
11
person is therefore the author and protagonist of his or her life story. The temporal
existence of a person means that his or her life is temporary; he or she is not a being who
exists permanently and for eternity. The temporal existence of a person means that his or
her life is temporary.
The term end can be understood in two ways. End viewed by some philosophers as
terminus which means the full stop or end of a line. This means to them that life ends
and nothing follows. For others, consider end as telos which means “goal, purpose, or
fulfillment.” Although we are oriented towards our death, death is not the goal of life. Man
is put on this earth to live a meaningful life, to be virtuous, and achieve excellence. With
this in mind, we can look at two experiences which makes us reflect on the meaning of
life: happiness and suffering.
What makes you happy?
Ancient Greek philosophy considers happiness as an achievement and it must be

gained by living a productive and moral life. Religious philosophers consider happiness as
a union with God. Other contemporary views define happiness as “whole-life satisfaction,”
based on our evaluation of our overall life experiences. Ethics plays a significant role in
defining the means to achieve happiness.
Good/Sources of happiness
1. Noble good – is one which is pursued for its own sake; it is good in itself.
example: love and friendship
2. Useful good – is considered good so long as it serves as a means to an end; its
goodness is found only from what it can provide.
example: money is good as it can buy you something
3. Pleasurable good – is good so long as it provides some form of pleasure, though it does
not have to be physical. It must be understood that a specific good
cannot be categorized strictly under one kind.
example: friendship may be a noble good because it is good to be a
friend to someone.
Why do we suffer?
We normally experience difficulties in life, and how we deal with them is often
determined by our mindset regarding suffering. Generally, suffering is viewed as an
undesirable condition, and that we naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain. Therefore, it
helps our existence to grow and improve, and our positive experiences lose meaning and
significance.
12
Negative experiences are also part of our lives and it helps us understand how
suffering defines the state or condition of the person, before, during and after the
experience.
Suffering takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and pain.
Forms of sufferings
1. Physical suffering – this includes discomfort, hunger, distress, and pain. These are often
caused by injury, disease, and the lack of basic needs.
2. Mental suffering – which involves emotional and mental states such as depression,
anxiety, fear, loneliness, and grief. These may be caused by unexpected situations in life
such as sudden changes in lifestyle, loss of employment, stressful situations, and grief
caused by the death of a loved one. The tension between what a person is and what he
wants to be may also be an experience of suffering.
How does happiness, suffering, and death give meaning to your life?
Sufferings is the opposite of happiness which makes it even more worthwhile. We
become better persons that we want in the process. The reality that death is unique and
that we will not always get another chance to do things we want in this life. In life, we
should not easily give up on the pursuit of good things. Reflecting on the reality of death
enables us to think of how we can best live a meaningful life. We can strive to leave
behind a legacy either in the form of an inheritance, a reputation, or a significant
achievement.
Finding meaningful life is when we open ourselves to enrich our lives in order to
touch the lives of others. A person lives a truly meaningful life when he or she lives in unity
and harmony with others. Our current situation, Covid 19 Pandemic shows realization of
the meaningful life by teaching us to value life to the fullest. It also proved that truly
Filipinos have the value of bayanihan wherein they are willing to lend their hands to those
unfortunate individuals or families. Life must go on whatever circumstances people may
encounter. We should see the beauty of life’s experiences and help everyone to be
courageous and strong. And at end of all these, we will be able to say that indeed life is
truly meaningful and worth living.
What I Need to Know

(MELCs)
1. enumerate the objectives you really want to achieve and to define
the projects you really want to do in your life (PPT11/12-IIi-8.2); and
13
2. reflect on the meaning of your own life (PPT11/12-IIi-8.4)
What I Know
Directions: Read the following instructions and answer the guide questions below, write
your answer on paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for
1. Draw a symbol of your idea of a meaningful life.
2. Make a personal “Bucket List” of what you wish to do or accomplish in life.
3. Answer the following guide questions
a. Why did you choose these things to be in your “Bucket List”?
b. Which among these you feel is the easiest to accomplish in your lifetime?
c. Which would be the most difficult to do?
d. If you were to leave a legacy in this world, what would it be?
What’s In
Directions: Choose (5) words below and list down that best describe your future and
explain your answer. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it
to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
a. Success g. Meaning or Purpose

b. Fortune or money h. Sickness
c. Fame i. Contentment
d. Power j. Faith
e. Recognition k. Love
f. Happiness l. Death
What’s New
Directions: Based on what you have learned about happiness, suffering, death, and the
meaning of life, give advice to the following people in various situations. Write your answer
on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
1. Your brother is an overachiever. Being on top of the class is what makes him feel
fulfilled. However, for this quarter, he got grades lower than usual. He is extremely
14
saddened by this and becomes withdrawn and aloof.
15
2. Your best friend is dating a married man. Despite her family’s disapproval, she does
not want to break up with him. She says that he is the only one who makes her very
happy.
3. Your classmate is going through tough times. His parents died in a car accident, his
family is experiencing financial difficulties, and his long-term girlfriend broke up with
him. He constantly talks about taking his own life to end his problems.
4. Your cousin is battling a terminal disease. She has a loving and helpful support
system comprised of family and friends, yet her fear of dying is getting worse. She
feels depressed and loses sleep over the idea of passing away soon.
What’s More
Directions: Make a poster that reflects your view on happiness and use powerful word/s
or phrases. Also, come up with a creative visualization that will show how your various
experiences contributed to the meaning of your life. Answer the questions for reflection
that follows. Use short bond paper in doing your output. A scoring tool was provided
which shows the criteria in the development of your poster.
Criteria Excellent Proficient Adequate Limited Score
(5) (4) (3) (2-1)
Content Poster Poster depicts Poster Poster
evidently the purpose of evidently communicate
depicts the the lesson and depicts the the message
purpose of the communicates purpose of the
lesson and the message lesson
clearly
communicates
the message
Imagination Poster shows Poster shows Poster shows Poster shows
and ingenuity and thoughtfulness awareness and little
Creativeness effectively and developing and imagination
enhance completely enhance and do little
creativeness enhance creativeness creativeness
creativeness
Design/Layout Layout and Layout and Layout and Layout and
designs are design design are not design are not
creatively and creatively attractive attractive
neatly done done enough
Questions for Reflection

1. What is that one thing that, if taken from you, would take away the meaning of your
life?
2. What kind of person will you become if you have not experienced happiness?
16
3. How about if you have not gone through any suffering?
4. Have you experienced dealing with the death of a loved one? How did you cope with
the situation?
What I Have Learned
Directions: Write a letter of support and encouragement to a person who you know is
undergoing difficulties in life. Show what you have learned from this module through the
content of your letter. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper or notebook and submit it
to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
What I Can Do
Directions: Share your experiences in dealing with happiness and sufferings by answering
the guide questions in the boxes. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper or notebook
and submit it to your teacher for evaluation/correction.
What things What suffering How did you

in your life have you deal with the
Assessment
makes you mostly suffering and
truly happy? encountered the difficulties
in your life so you
Directions: Supply the missing word/sfar?
to complete the sentence. Choose
experienced?
the correct answer from the words below. Do the activity on your paper.
Self-determination
Useful good Suffering
Physical suffering Pleasurable good
Temporal existence
Metal suffering
Death
Noble good
Happiness
17
1. It refers to the separation of the soul and the body.
2. It takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and pain.
3. It refers to how our lives are temporary.
4. It is a kind of good that is good so long as it provides some form of pleasure.
5. According to ancient Greek philosophy, it is an achievement and must be
gained by living a productive and moral life.
6. It is a kind of good that is pursued for its own sake.
7. It is the essence of freedom which is the capacity to choose and act to oneself.
8. It is a kind of good that is considered good so long as it serves as a means to
an end.
9. It is a kind of suffering that refers to discomfort, hunger, stress, and pain.
10. It is a kind of suffering that includes depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness, and
grief.
Answers Key:
Module 3 Module 4
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Introduction To Human Philosophy

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l

Introduction to the Philosophy

3.There is no such a thing as absolute freedom.

EVALUATE AND EXERCISE PRUDENCE IN CHOICES

A. brand new motorbike

• Which prize will you choose?

Defining Freedom of Choice and its Limits

Demonstrating Prudence in All Choices

However, sometimes, the beneficiaries of the monetary assistance (utang or loan)

Individualism will provide Filipinos an opportunity to be more aware of their capacity,

“Kasarinlan” promotes entrepreneurship, which minimize foreign control of Filipinos.

As a result, entrepreneurship and countryside development economically and

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. evaluate and exercise prudence in choices (PPT11/12-IIa-5.2);

What I Have Learned

Freedom of To Act, Speak, Prudence Person’s Risk or Harm

1. Freedom is the power or as one wants without

Opportunity Advantages Disadvantages Decision/Choice/Explanation

Intersubjectivity, a term originally coined by the philosopher Edmund Husserl in

Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not imposing on

In this lesson, we will be enlightened by a more important kind of relationship

Mutual understanding is an important purpose of any conversation be it a simple

Habermas theory of communication reminds us on the importance of authentic

Martin Buber’s I- Thou Relationship

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Intersubjectivity is a term originally coined by .

9. Which of the following statements is not true?

1. Most people with disabilities cannot work.

What I Have Learned

1. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Both Statements 1 and 2 C. Statement 2

B. Pope Francis D. Jurgen Habermas

5. It is the mode that the modern man almost exclusively uses.

Department of Education. Curriculum and Instruction Strand. Most Essential Learning

What’s New? What I Know?

Assessment What I Have Learned?

D C 1. Right to act, speak

The Middle Ages employed pedagogical methods that caused the

Modern period is generally said to begin around the backdrop of:

Globalization and Technological Innovations

As industry changed, social and political conditions transformed. The revolutionary

Human relations are transformed by social systems specifically, on knowledge, laws,

As industry changed, social and political conditions transformed. The revolutionary

Human relations are transformed by social systems specifically, on knowledge, laws,

What I Need to Know

INDIVIDUAL’S BEHAVOIR SOCIETAL NORM

Rubric for the Drawing of Symbol

What I Have Learned

How does the reality of death define our lives?

How should I live my life before it finally ends?

As biological beings bounded by natural laws and the inevitability of death, we

What makes you happy?

Ancient Greek philosophy considers happiness as an achievement and it must be

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to: