h e &vce and the ouon a) tha3nis & rLoma ot

nttinik ditana fom ingiik ditona fom the

at o
guen inutamt a
radim mrating m
a na
pha
a he aportwa cotncle opeotune
b)Gindical uufn
aphonical lunehent eauined o
3)ha toveoe kons oce
3 la Jer e
esove he diaction paton te briove the dafacticin
pattoon.
Tf ) he incident nuert eith» 4) he anuefont plone.
pothien
c)lane imeert, ( langa cyten, ehovcal, (e) Gyindrital.
(nrlothini kut poirt sotÝce)_
5) Dpacti pattoors a 5) igactien cain
studied in the douction 4 studiecd in amy dibection.
pootion it
be
Jending ight Oxeuhd Jo study dihaction pherbmenan u need Ci) 3ece Ci) apertua
Difactin- he phenomen he ogien
obsacle * a n apeivs inte
an alledi:8paclicn
amd ari).oeen B telexepe.
otacle
smentrital hado Dijthartion phunovmenon Lan e diwchd it m
1) Fraunheen's Bithactien;
it S Sn this clan ditachien, eue n telbxpe (tuugh id
iha poad at inginat khuely nt
mnge wuxd) u
ingunily Cuing kruo) puom opotwe. n ti coe ba unupant utid
¥Doun blw bunel2kactien Qnd Tauheya iincidont en the opectua obtacla plana.
bbnel3 jaclian
Sremel Dhtachon baunint Dmactin Sn ti läw achia uwcAand qome plana
4)
B
c aung hasp. adiges. Sn this cae no lonuza 0

fn makirg he nas poaallp! n torwogonthe" incidsnt nu

Du oithe phonical la) qfindnical.
haun.ht on dhoction ngle it

Pho bnht
20
IA fimat)

- plane unuont
AB- Moao Nit
e- d t AnAeleryglh 4monachnwamale
o- right onbal imag light
P-munimum M mao»mum donity topomding upon palh ditpunte. R na Si A SIO na= AJ°
BC-path dxento R- Rixultant ompltude.

SIn AnBc oniltnnt Ampltude R= Asino

nth Aien Oha dieance
/Ph diyponca
Sine
AB

Bc ABSino asin
Csino

Cowider idth 44 it dadpdt bmlb n tiyuat pvds mditude

8ch poxdls in a
eulie Anw
Iebuttm oy
haie dwntn
(dol pax): %(cno)-d
Jwullont amplitucde (R) (mmg methrt areden additin
ain () asin (eoin M)0sino
ln (Mesjn / » ) Sin
 wTua
5)
uroy
iluw
O-PUS umnUTs mI
-
UmuTAP (E
-LF'E F(0
0 UIS »S0) (\) 0=PuIs (=
CLD - u- T 13
PUSC
PP
0 TP
S
 R (nd/a)
sin

lane Bhactien 2ating: [N-liBJ S n:N. and d p

hen

Screen eat ouy

RASInc sin NB
of
th Sin3
TR: (n)sinN

T: T sin

(ngoea
diinebion intomiy dua b inde M
intormity a timinid epct
dixbibtien )
Sin NEives
sinB
oll e ali.
pmalel ati the om idth and
Aie 7umbe kSrtanuty trilction
Beponated Jy aunt pagpu pato
nesn 0 diacimg Ayaing
rinciple Maeuma Srtomsu usuld le mace uion sinpzo
Mit And: widh h
Zot e and d n e widtih aoch B tnT ,i

eamert n0,la-. -]
part (e+d) b grating
paay
But sinng-0, o that sinNp ecom intemimat.
xY-doreen, o i l le conba! maceimuum. ain
N-8 - »lis.
.f
By OPPing hogital's ula tim f lim fo
Paih dpnenta o tio Aomecuie lit i (eid1Sine phaR lim sinN Lim
R t n d A (SINNB)
i, n T sinB
daforuna erd)sine sinB)
Lim
t pha djorwnta i , pmpliltude
then the eutant 9nT NCos NP £N
ench CoB
Nibrati amplide ASin and houing com tonce Um sin
( SnNe
N
B2n
N2
N2

wha ideenta etd)sino a . ouultant Sntaniy I

(
=
N is taludpincip oaima
B method dation tmplituole. T T N*(A) AE
Moaima B: tnT
 e+a) Sine =tnT» (e+a)sino =+nA,
ondny maaima
Sfrtenudy 4
no3oD Bden magunmum. Shtomuty Puupal mauma
4
principla maamunmt t tW-1)sintp
> I , T*, Tu", -
- -

-12- -
-

nolation daruaes md lezma ngligea uhan

3 o dden maswimumn. inoeases, alove
N
Hinimum N Jecome damge
&exs mimima Sinnß =o

NB =tmit
but inB fo
(
mumima Sin nNB=0
N I (e+d)sin0 =tmiT
m #0 N 2 N

NC+d) sine =£mA

- (N-1)
m=123- sin Ng
onte tore dtemt pinciph. moæimuum .

|Rcondany Houima
O tun N
dp 1 4( - 1 ) u n
atant
'

-1
Nos NB sinp -SinNPa
sin' p
o.
*touminatien nueength mg nactien yating
7
iith
ANF eomal Seidonn
N tanB =tanNB CotR
'

huny uudiin the daloraisu

sin Up hu Dactionating gon
n a a}}action atig, the
sin' Mbaning imebrngth Ught
HC Isinp en y
sinp (N'cotp)sip Altan tLan pincipal maaima'au dbtaimag un hactiections
ano2
ouliont indbmuity (e
+aJsine =nA dinii
nNP
T=Io Sn) N TDu Ce+o) iA to qatimg lemurt, n the acn 4
(B) s called Mcenday mDanT

(A) sinpP N sA nd . i the md4 diaction Cowpending

and (B)) a
gt
ro (A) siAp
Sra5.
( IH C o U H N n p y
 the manuadunou- Fonce,
h e o u Looes.
roouittom v y the inidant
indh the gating at us7 bo
[0) erd (»:5+/N) m
": =
Sn this pextion
Nera) 3:54
inth
Gu ha detominatien nnclmglh irvuedwe zha MeNUm Bght
in a pan Auitala. rototect dhamugh 45° m Much a

citacien 6, fa a ghen uuehngh hu prim table

amgk Laactly nomal ko the imcidert
n he dnloindoy, He gatiny ubum
2
oen ke Lny t h t tha gratimg s
Dicon n.

a pelichvomati) s
btninud ky uing a he pim talte iu clampecd
igt(monchromala Dight
hcbuemetn. oaaameynt _4 *
light emut aacdiations
Tuhan he Jnte
t rde
Kaore tonjovming be ponimnment dhe fellausing adjiutmerti a then the bam ged
ditfremt knelngin1, 90ch vden V
and n
made:
dipouad by the. hading
hu Specbormabn adyjuted fo poralal ays by nhuve»s mete a tpecbum de
Lontituont ulengtu s dbveued.
2) dhu gating s djiurtact to oumal inidlenta.
s tuwnd o the
bh Abt bbe colimalo à lluminahe d televcepe neo gat
o há PUpo V2
hot bndsn apectum.
haien ght MCord oder.
Me cowine adyutad on the lime a
s , te the
pouibion A
talecehe adjutecd in Much
a ky hich unxlomgh s t» ke deleuminect (8ay hd)
hat teimag 4 he Mit As cund on te Neticol oo8 h e dien s p eCT) à Minon by detot kints in #a

the nuadings a tuo Aunit ve ucoded

Gn hi povition ha Lotlimado Amad
heorp ae in=zhu o gndon
h telitope iu hun dwunad b he fiut n the
Jama Lime.
han ide ond ba U tha adbylueecl n ba ama Ldavect
H poitien thiv dolevope'yn A; Jina (Rocdy
Uated on dhe cdoulan nle
i n nNs winud 6 and clompe. he poritin ot lirpe (T) J4 Mn by duthad dines .
he eading#
dhe Nn banvmimlbn nattng u apim netvcdacd
meumta at khe e
he piwm daka. Mauh that
the roting. jat h . diHeremea b» acing a 0ma Aernin gis Tvca
he pim ab. ha angh 4 faction An that lme in jiue odor
Motaied e that de imag y ubtihting he alua n a
slit lhchod m e rotn
light kan le
Ardtoucin

7 toliulaRdoninsl d
snu
 ebseruractien maye opoated m
Cond odo he zlbucion (r don) is:
but minimuum In
n higha idou. tdon ) (An+1)a (
=
N(etd)sin (On
a:
Ry tollnxng the Mma pricaaduone the unMcknghu d maseimun 4 AtdA) (On tolon )
Printiple
=nAtda) >8)
men moy e taepaniuntally mauAd AUh. a Molp (etd)sin(Ontdon)

N gt:
groding hultiphing 203) ky
Nn(atda)(
Nera)sin(ont don)
=

Rovohaing nen A ating

om () 4A)
it
get
dhe apociy to panad dyhaction maeima (na+1)A =nN (Ataa)
uwe longth, uhth u Aery clo to lach thor. t u miaud
=nNda

by d
dA malbt dijoana in tao nue en
exowng pasen v nden zoctsuum n
A nekngtu eho them n mean ONE lonot nes en u ating UUjace
ttal 18
--

(eta)sinn

entvos nag brouving 0euer Ne+a) Sinen

dA
a,
Jat AB-Moacs 4 plane anminion ating
Jursonls- hunel hny t t upagntiomi.
anne heny iphe nch
point in lighé a

et d 8ating lement Sctmding

N etol u t . uaNeA in aldiections
e lib S8L ANdh at on peimt duet
bwmelcalculatbd
the roubant intanud
caled
ons hich ae
a no
P- puinmany ma
uaenglh Aat 'an ange Auaukont ly dividing
mlo

dltadion On al ouiat 30me

a benel'%
- npuyby mnae
hruelungth A+da at dijfating r *ownl' lal oni 30nn thnt meength A
(on +don) t Aaco Je a
moNecbomaliz plane
P. he muiaut" intoruity"Zonpli adhd"uet t
uniple noseimunn on e i a)sinon =na>() in tha dauction
into aMD .
Hhe e 4 minima Neiasne | aimpiyid ky unal by duidingh Anurnt
 uo)(040))
Tuy'c/)
(d
p mo u YOuce p
fov
i "m il oo un
m pie
afvn y put " pne
ipynuyanhly vdu«
(vA)
'
voxo
uuo
td
i) wnnge ditanc 3om h Aluttenve omplitudes ae hoon in Aose diactiomu 4 tae

he avraga ditona de nh xone

fum P i phaie ihenone . T
A ny 9 onucuae zon
routant ampliude at P t any nutand i given
hi
+ Rn u d
R- Ri-R + R3-Rq-
Rn
i4 n à sn.
Ri- Rat R3 -R4
-

P+4Pt i
mudoning dd
P+ - R +- Ra ]+[-Ra+ ]
,
p+ n-1)
1
Lum
bonuidoimg na
P+ (2n-1)A
m obiqudty acta n n0 RnRn-co
ha obiguiby tacton derotec y flon). dhe tnutant amplitucde at P>R:
Amplitude n orna s ou m[P+ (on-1)] he ukart sntankyTo
f[on]
P+(n-1) aplaahion uchlinnon prpmgdion 4ht
TAf(on) monachemale, Jgltt be ncicont omally
dhe bden 4 h 1
t a plana. houehnt 4
3ona -fon)J le
cinculan oportLwe Mon m g dot A Ken

hw, the
mplittuds Aw hom A ne at Pu en a
n he apordwa at me ditanmce Covuiden a point P
plated lel
3)uuhant Amplizud PS
(ur inide the hull ina vcle) an ha Xxan
Ri Ra, Rs, - - nupruent ih

anpliuce 4 bo ame at P due to

he ondony une fum h d
edc.hal poiest Jons
wpucnely he amaliuds 4, nt, etaue oliauit , Ri »R3 N
0 foniinunly d o . zhe ampltucde
Oa qadually in Ja apentwre. & A t
O h Covuyponding pele on
-hance
9nagmituchs De omiluca any lbetèn at p due lo and

hbgthat a tHiciont no ones ae apoRE

* doe
l kvth
ona can appoiNadaly taken s te mean the ani Lant amplitude at Pi u R n accodanc
V arna P
pretocing and Nuttudung t R = iluminalin
en unal's buay. huu, unrifoum
 Doimt. dshich aeth
an tha
otamed mlaly, fo a

large no Aectine zon

a Uch cked
gometbrical shodrs, a

h ovultnmt ampliud u ne. hu, mplebz anaknon a

hemce

oUed and P

Nch hat and P+ h i n dodted Cincles on e

Aoi
03 and O4 md e
Ooas Tet le the plad Lin io he plano S y
the oaynmdimg polus are Xy nction a

h thaouy o opply hus, umalh tuny mnchamnptir light hauimg o lonah A

bkckine omes chamge fo A point
m e ectliman pxpgataon Nean the dge. Pe he povtian.4 reom n ugit mng
a ploinimg nadi , 2n4,
n) u th
Onn [n*, n2
-

-
-

Sh thi Amy the phonomancn 0ctilimeas ppytion Oh2 , D-

-

hi

aus ke teoy ad any haly poniad 3m

appwumadaly.
dit a bx he ditana 4 u E jiom Jonu plnte

43plote b the ditonce n ompne plece

S i ical cdovtce
enijtatin octhlinany poitin reén on 1 ph gera 4tom
prpomtin
bgtrt i inan a o plat t h a zonu plati , a lage od
Loncebic cinclos ih"70di" plpo~ionat SM +MIP =80 tOP + =A+b t
uosà et natual Sh + MaP = S0+OP+ a+b+
Tumita hu abemat potiad Mach-he ronuttant glan
-ve
foneun pne plata
()
SHn+nn? =
so+OP+ = Atbt
shen he tontrad ore b
V0anent he one plat calloe em diogam,
ite
(orn)(so)'+ (orin)*> *+ (*n
shen ho onial r
pnnyu, 3onu plah albd ngciu (shn at t (an1 3)la =,a[i+(m

(O) y MaP b+
a+n a)
:
(3) then
(b) Wotie 20(1) And G) Mb m ea(t, thon; .

(a audive
 a +b
a
atb+D

4 h nA

20(4) imilax to kem.omula

HIUh zpne plat ehavea ik onwgnt dmu

*Compbuwien l 3tre plat Conuee onu ) he imag duele L o e denu A MDa indone than du t

milkeibey a zoneplate .
1) 3oth oum oal inmag an djct on de bhon than
) 2 Conxa lens fv« t uhik on plat f e .
kor hoa only n u on ne Aide t Ahile
v Co
i) aocad Jongth a obh doponds pon and henca both Mew
a Sona plah hae multipte jeci Qt dixoncad
phrumalic alenation
on, n ) , or ,on)
5nA Camt)n

o Umwa bnu(-[ he imtenuty dimimishe xat ongth Seowaes

Obosiamulaniti
Sn to
ghoctin uhilk in D
34 lak) he image is founno
by dhhartion
i) n cw Ca lons; au the ay oaching t imag
pont soue ame, ybicat paih udik in a 3one daiy a
nghing the u ent thzaugh tio atumalh 3omos,Ab "