PRESENTATION

TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1

2022
CONTENTS
Traffic Regulations Effective Traffic Regulations.

Three Elements of the Road

An assortment of graphic resources that are suitable for use in this presentation.
System

Three Functional Groups of Traffic Control & Four Elementary Requiements of Every
Traffic Control Devices
Traffic Control Devices.

Traffic Signs and Markings Elements of Design.

International Standard Traffic Warning Signs, Priority Signs, Prohibition Signs, Obligatory Signs, Other Prescription
Signs Signs, Information Signs, Direction Signs, and Additional Information Signs.

Functions and Limitations of Pavement Markings, Legal Authority, Standardization,

Pavement Markings Types of Markings, Materials, Color, Types of Lines, Width of Lines, Messages, and
Symbols.

Objects Markings and Markers Object Markings, Raised Pavement Markers, Hazard Markers, and Delineators
INTRODUCTION

TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
Traffic management is a term used to embody
the activities undertaken by a highway
transportation agency to improve roadway
system safety, efficiency and effectiveness for
both providers and consumers of transportation
services.

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 2 Types of Traffic Management

Use of Traditional Use of Intelligent

Traffic Transportation
Engineering Tools Systems (ITS)
PART 1

01
TRAFFIC
REGULATIONS

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DEFINITION

Traffic regulation must cover all aspects of the control of

both vehicle (registration, ownership, mechanical fitness,
accessories, size, and weight) and driver (age, ability to
operate specific types of vehicles, financial responsibility).

Traffic regulations must be reasonable and effective.

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EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC
REGULATION
There are fundamental requirements for
traffic regulation to be effective. These are
as follows:

● Regulation should be rational.

● Regulations should be developed

progressively.

● Regulations alone often are not enough.

Regulation should be rational

Irrational regulations cannot be enforcing except by

tremendous effort and expense. Social, economic, and
human problems must be considered.
 Regulations should be
developed progressively
Regulations must be planned over a long period of time,
and the effects must be carefully observed so that
alterations can be made as experience dictates.
Regulations alone often are not
enough
Regulations constitute but one approach to the overall
traffic problem. When public acceptance is poor and
enforcement is lax, regulations may be totally ineffective.
 TOP 10

Top 10 to improve on Driving Laws in the Philippines,

1. Based on the Top 10 traffic Violations from the Land Transportation Office (January
2008).
2. Wear a seatbelt.
3. Have a valid car registration.
4. Have the Original Receipt and Certificate of registration or the OR-CR with you.
5. Park only in allowed areas.
6. Not obstruct traffic.
7. If a student driver, drive with a student licensed driver.
8. Not participate in a colorum taxi operation.
9. For for-hire vehicles, drive in proper attire. No slippers and sleeveless shirts
10. Drive with valid Licenses, not delinquent, suspended, ineffectual or revoked.
tion here

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PART 2

02
ELEMENTS OF
THE ROAD
SYSTEM

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ROAD SYSTEM

3 ELEMENTS OF THE ROAD SYSTEM

01 THE ROAD

02 THE VEHICLE

03 THE DRIVER

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 01 THE ROAD

The road and vehicle may be subject to constant change and improvement.
However, in a given period of time, they may be considered inflexible. The
major portion of existing regulations is therefore aimed at the driver.
 02 THE VEHICLE

For vehicles, a number of controls exist, the most effective of which is

vehicle registration. Others are checks on equipment and accessories
(lights, bells, mirrors, helmets, etc.), and vehicle’s dimension and weight.

License Plate is a sign affixed to a vehicle displaying a series of letters or

numbers indicating that the vehicle has been registered with the state.
In an effort to reduce the number of vehicles on the road, the MMDA
implemented a number coding scheme. The last number on the license
plate dictates the day it can’t be on the street.

● Monday: 1 and 2;

● Tuesday: 3 and 4;

● Wednesday: 5 and 6;

● Thursday: 7 and 8;

● Friday: 9 and 0.
 03 THE DRIVER

For drivers, as with any country, the Philippines prohibits anyone from
driving under the influence. You’re not allowed behind the wheel if you’re
high or inebriated. A driver's license is the essential document you need to
be able to drive a vehicle in the Philippines.
DRIVER’S
LICENSE

2 FACES OF
DRIVER’S LICENSE

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 FRONT BACK

The front face contains It include the legend of

the picture of the driver restriction codes, legend of
as well as his or her conditions, the serial
credentials. number, the indication if
you are an organ donor.
It also contains the
signature of the driver Your emergency contact is
as well as that of the also listed at the back of
assistant secretary. the card in case, and there
is a barcode that can be
scanned for identification
purposes.
PART 3

03
TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES

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DEFINITION

Traffic Control Devices

Traffic control devices are markers, signs and signal devices

used to inform, guide and control traffic, including pedestrians,
motor vehicle drivers and bicyclists. These devices are usually
placed adjacent to, over, or along the highways, roads, traffic
facilities and other public areas that require traffic control.

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TRAFFIC LIGHT

THREE
FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS OF
TRAFFIC
CONTROL
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TRAFFIC LIGHT

THREE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
Traffic control device is the medium used for
communicating between traffic engineer and
road users. Unlike other modes of transportation,
there is no control on the drivers using the road.
Here traffic control devices come to the help of
the traffic engineer.

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THREE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF TRAFFIC
CONTROL
WARNING
DEVICES
REGULATORY to inform road users of
potentially hazardous
DEVICES roadway conditions

authority of law and impose precise

requirements upon the actions of
the road user GUIDING
DEVICES
to inform the road user of
route, destination, and other
pertinent traffic
 REGULATORY DEVICES

These have the These signs are also These signs require the
authority of law and called mandatory signs driver to obey the signs
impose precise because it is mandatory for the safety of other
requirements upon the that the drivers must road users.
actions of the road user. obey these signs.
 REGULATORY DEVICES
The regulatory signs can be further classified into:

These include two unique signs that assign the right of way to the selected
Right of way series
approaches of an intersection.

Number of speed signs may be used to limit the speed of the vehicle on the road. They
Speed series
include typical speed limit signs, truck speed, minimum speed signs etc.

They contain several signs that affect specific vehicle maneuvers. These include turn
Movement series
signs, alignment signs, exclusion signs, one-way signs etc.

They include parking signs which indicate not only parking prohibitions or restrictions,
Parking series but also indicate places where parking is permitted, the type of vehicle to be parked,
duration for parking etc.

These signs are meant for the safety of pedestrians and include signs indicating
Pedestrian series
pedestrian only roads, pedestrian crossing sites etc.

Signs indicating road closures, signs restricting vehicles carrying hazardous cargo or
Miscellaneous series
substances, signs indicating vehicle weight limitations etc.
ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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DEVICES

WARNING
DEVICES
These are used to inform road users of
potentially hazardous roadway conditions or
unusual traffic movements that are not readily
apparent to passing traffic.

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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DEVICES

GUIDING
DEVICES
● Traffic signs and lights pictograms collection
● These are employed simply to inform the road
user of route, destination, and other pertinent
traffic.
● Traffic lights realistic transparent icon set
with traffic light for pedestrians and different
others illustration

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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ROAD SIGNS

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 COMMUNICATION TOOLS
COLOR
Consistent use of colors
helps the drivers to identify
the presence of sign board
ahead.
SHAPE
The categories of shapes
normally used are circular,
triangular, rectangular, and
diamond shape.
LEGEGND
The legend should be short,
simple and specific so that
it does not divert the
attention of the driver.
PATTERN
It is normally used in the
application of road
markings, complementing
traffic signs.
CONTROL DEVICE

FOUR ELEMENTARY
REQUIREMENTS OF
EVERY TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICE

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 REQUIREMENT OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
To be effective, every traffic control device must be able to meet the following
requirements (FHWA 1988)

The control device Each device must have a specific purpose for the
should fulfill a need safe and efficient operation of traffic flow.

It should command
The sign should be placed in such a way that the
attention from the
driver requires no extra effort to see the sign.
road users

It should convey a Clarity and simplicity of message is essential for

clear, simple the driver to properly understand the meaning in
meaning short time.
 REQUIREMENT OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
To be effective, every traffic control device must be able to meet the following
requirements (FHWA 1988)

Road users must Overuse, misuse, and confusing messages of

respect the signs devices tends the drivers to ignore them.

The control device

should provide The sign boards should be placed at a distance
adequate time for such that the driver could see it and gets sufficient
proper response time to respond to the situation.
from the road users
PART 4

04
TRAFFIC SIGNS
AND MARKINGS

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TRAFFIC SIGNS

Traffic Signs VS Traffic Markings

Traffic Signs are employed more frequently.

Traffic Markings normally consists of lines,

patterns, words, symbols, reflectors.
Vienna Convention of the United
Nations on Road Traffic and Road Signs

● November 8, 1968
● Multilateral Treaty
● Vienna, Austria

Philippine Traffic Signs

● Officially adopted the Vienna

Convention on Road Signs and Signals
on June 6, 1973
In Article 2, Vienna Convention of the
United Nations on Road Traffic and Road
Signs

● A: Danger warning signs

● B: Priority Signs
● C: Prohibitory Signs or Restrictive Signs
● D: Mandatory Signs
● E: Special Regulation Signs
● F: Information, Facilities, or Service Signs
● G: Direction, Position, or Indication Signs
● H: Additional Panels
WARNING SIGNS

DANGER
A WARNING SIGNS

● Potential Hazard
● Obstacle
● Condition Requiring Special
Attention

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WARNING SIGNS

DANGER
A WARNING SIGNS
● Equilateral Triangle
● White or Yellow Background
● Thick Red Border
● 0.9 m (Large), 0.6 m (Small)
● Black or Dark Blue

● Diamond
● Yellow Background
● Black Border
● 0.6 m (Large), 0.4 m (Small)
● Black or Dark Blue
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PRIORITY SIGNS

B PRIORITY SIGNS

● Control Traffic Flows

● Establishes who has the right to use
the conflicting part

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PRIORITY SIGNS

B PRIORITY SIGNS

● Inverted Equilateral Triangle

● White or Yellow Background
● Red Border
● 0.9 m (Large), 0.6 m (Small)

● Octagon
● Red Background
● White Border
● 0.9 m (Large), 0.6 m (Small)
● White
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PROHIBITORY

C PROHIBITORY SIGNS

● Prohibits certain types of maneuvers

● Prohibits certain types of traffics

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PROHIBITORY

C PROHIBITORY SIGNS

● Circular
● White or Yellow Background
● Red Border
● 0.6 m (Large), 0.4 m (Small)
● Black, Initial letter

● Circular
● Dark Blue Background
● Red Border
● 0.6 m (Large), 0.4 m (Small)
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PROHIBITORY

D MANDATORY SIGNS

● Set the obligations of traffics

● Often seen not just on their own

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MANDATORY

D MANDATORY SIGNS

● Circular
● White or Yellow Background
● Red Border
● 0.6 m (Large), 0.4 m (Small), 0.3 m (Very Small)
● Black or Dark Blue

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REGULATION

SPECIAL REGULATION
E SIGNS

● Indicate a Regulation or Danger Warning

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REGULATION

SPECIAL REGULATION
E SIGNS

● Rectangular
● Blue Background
● White

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INFORMATION

F INFORMATION SIGNS

● Informs drivers, and pedestrian in road

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INFORMATION

F INFORMATION SIGNS

● Blue or Green Background

● White or Yellow

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DIRECTION SIGNS

G DIRECTION SIGNS

● Gives information about the location

● Considered as subset of Informative Signs

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DIRECTION SIGNS

G DIRECTION SIGNS

● Rectangular (Arrowhead)
● Dark Colored Background
● Light Colored Letters

● Rectangular
● Green or Blue Background
● White
ADDITIONAL

H ADDITIONAL PANELS

● Supplements other road signs

ADDITIONAL

H ADDITIONAL PANELS

● Black, Red, Dark Blue Background

● White, Blue, Yellow Border
● White, Blue, Yellow
ELEMENTS
OF DESIGN
 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

SHAPE COLOR SIZE

ILLUMINATION AND PLACEMENT AND

REFLECTORIZATION HEIGHT OF SIGNS
SHAPE
EQUILATERAL
OCTAGONAL
TRIANGLE

INVERTED
ROUND EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE

RECTANGULAR
COLOR
DANGER
STOP SIGN
WARNING SIGN

PROHIBITORY YIELD SIGN

SIGN

MANDATORY INFORMATIVE
SIGN SIGN
SIZE
According to section 2.5 of DPWH Manual, regulatory signs are of
four sizes based on the speed of the facility as follows:

A for urban low-speed roads

B for rural roads with speed limits between 60 kph and 70 kph
C for high-speed rural highways
D for expressways

In the case of a STOP or YIELD sign, for example, the table below
should be followed:
ILLUMINATION AND
REFLECTORIZATION
Signs are intended to convey messages during
both daytime and nighttime.

PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

Signs shall be mounted approximately at right
angles to the direction and facing the traffic
they intended to serve.
PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

a. Lateral Placement

b. Height

c. Location of advance warning signs

Lateral Placement
Rural Areas
At least 60 cm clear of the outer edge of the road shoulder

Should not be less than 2 meters nor more than 5 meters

from the edge of the traveled way

Urban Areas
Not less than 30 cm but not more than 1 m away from face
of the curb
If curb is mountable or semi mountable, the minimum
clearance should be 50 cm
Height
Rural Areas
The sign should normally be between 1 m and 1.5 m above the
nearest edge of the traveled way.
For intersection direction signs, the height should be
increased to 2 m

Urban Areas
Signs should be mounted at a minimum of 2 m above the top
of the curb
Height
Location of advance warning signs

Rural Areas
Should be placed no less than 75 m but no more than 225 m
ahead of the hazardous area

Urban Areas
Should be placed no less than 30 m but more than 100
m in advance of the hazardous area
TRAFFIC LIGHT

guess THE
SIGN
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TRAFFIC LIGHT

guess THE
SIGN
(4 pics 1 word)

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TRAFFIC LIGHT

guess THE
SIGN
THAT’S ALL!!!
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TRAFFIC LIGHT

05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD TRAFFIC
SIGNS
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TRAFFIC LIGHT

Convention on
Road Signs
and Signals

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Vienna
Convention on
Road Signs and
Signals
- a multilateral treaty designed to
increase road safety and aid
international road traffic by
standardizing the signing system for
road traffic (road signs, traffic lights and
road markings) in use internationally.
Signatories and ratifications as of
March 2020

Signed

Ratified

Accession / succession

Uses the SADC Convention

Uses the SICA Convention

1968 Convention on Road Signs
and Signals

International uniformity of road

signs, signals and symbols and of
road markings is necessary in
order to facilitate international
road traffic and to increase road
safety.

62 Contracting Parties
1968 Convention on Road Traffic

To facilitate international
road traffic and to increase
road safety through the
adoption of uniform traffic
rules.

72 Contracting Parties
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices, MUTCD

- a document issued by the

Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) of the United States
Department of Transportation
(USDOT) to specify the standards
by which traffic signs, road
surface markings, and signals are
designed, installed, and used.
 - an inter-governmental organization
headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana.

- to further regional socio-economic

cooperation and integration as well as
political and security cooperation among
16 countries in southern Africa
Southern African
Development
Community
- an economic and political
organization of Central American
states

- road signs in Central America are

heavily influenced by MUTCD and
based on the Manual
Centroamericano de Dispositivos
Uniformes para el Control del Central American
Transitoa, a Central American Integration System
Integration System (SICA) equivalent
(Sistema de la Integración
to the US MUTCD. Centroamericana)
 ROAD SIGNS

WARNING OTHER OBLIGATORY

SIGNS PRESCRIPTION SIGNS
SIGNS
PRIORITY INFORMATION
SIGNS SIGNS
ADDITIONAL
PROHIBITION INFORMATION
DIRECTION
SIGNS SIGNS
SIGNS
WARNING SIGNS

WARNING SIGNS
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WARNING SIGNS

- indicates a potential
hazard, obstacle, or
condition requiring
special attention

- Some are traffic signs

that indicate hazards
on roads that may not
be readily apparent to
a driver

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WARNING SIGNS

Shapes and colors of warning signs

Some countries use

this sign; some only
for temporary
messages

Coloring is not
approved by the
convention but is
generally used for
temporary messages.

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WARNING SIGNS

1.) 2.) 3.)

Rail crossing without

Sharp bumps Steep descend
barriers ahead

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PRIORITY SIGNS

PRIORITY SIGNS
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PRIORITY SIGNS

- indicate the order in

which vehicles should
pass intersection points.

- The general principle

that establishes who
has the right to go first
is called "right of way"
or "priority".

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PRIORITY SIGNS

1.) 2.) 3.)

Warning stop and Roundabout

Give way ahead
give way ahead ahead

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PROHIBITION
SIGNS

PROHIBITION SIGNS
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PROHIBITION
SIGNS

- used to prohibit certain

types of maneuvers or
some types of traffic

- round with a red border

and either a white or a
yellow background

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PROHIBITION
SIGNS

1.) 2.) 3.)

Turning left Pedestrians not Overtaking not

prohibited permitted allowed

4.)

No turning/u-turn
allowed
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OBLIGATORY
SIGNS

OBLIGATORY SIGNS
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OBLIGATORY
SIGNS

- used to set the obligations of all traffic that uses a

specific area of road

- obligatory signs are round and in blue colors

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OBLIGATORY
SIGNS

1.) 2.)

Turning right Passing left or

compulsory right manddatory

3.) 4.)

Obligatory bicycle Compulsory sound

path horn
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 OTHER
PRESCRIPTION
SIGNS

OTHER PRESCRIPTION
SIGNS
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 OTHER
PRESCRIPTION
SIGNS

- give prohibitions, obligations, or

danger messages for particular
lanes on a multilane road.

You will enter a one- - each lane is represented by an

way street There is a minimum arrow, to which the appropriate
speed requirement
for the left lane sign is affixed

- in general, rectangular with either

a blue base with a white
You come at a one- background, or with a light base
way street with a dark foreground
All three lanes have a maximum
speed to be observed
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 OTHER
PRESCRIPTION
SIGNS

1.) 2.) 3.)

Start of tunnel
Bus stop Parking zone
road

4.) 5.)

Start of End of
expresssway expressway

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INFORMATION
SIGNS

INFORMATION SIGNS
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INFORMATION
SIGNS

- These signs are

rectangular with a white
or yellow plate with a
symbol that stands for the
service involved.

- The signs can be either

blue or green.

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INFORMATION
SIGNS

1.) 2.) 3.)

Refresshment Hotel or motel Swimming pool

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DIRECTION
SIGNS

DIRECTION SIGNS
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DIRECTION SIGNS

- any road sign used primarily to

give information about the
location of either the driver or
possible destinations and are
considered a subset of the
informative signs group.

- far more varied internationally

than other classes of sign, as the
Vienna Convention does not
specify sizes, colors, symbols or
positions of such signs

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 ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
SIGNS

ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION SIGNS
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 ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
SIGNS

- used to give further clarity to safety signs by providing additional

(supplementary) information.

- these signs are small and rectangular, usually positioned below the main
primary safety sign.

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BSCE-4H

GUESS
WHAT?
GROUP 1
BSCE-4H

06

PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Funcltions and Limitations of Pavement Markings, Types of
Markings, Color, Types of Lines, Messages and Symbols

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Pavement Markings or Road Markings are
defined as the markings used on paved roadways to
provide guidance and information to pedestrians and
drivers. They take the form of lines, symbols, messages,
or numerals, and maybe set into the surface of, applied
upon, or attached to the pavement.

TOPIC 2
LIMITATIONS
They are subject
to traffic wear and
require proper
maintenance.
LIMITATIONS
They may not be
clearly visible if the
road is wet or dusty
(e.g., near shoulder
edge or median).
LIMITATIONS
They may be
obscured by traffic.
LIMITATIONS
Their effect on skid
resistance requires
careful choice of
materials.
LIMITATIONS
They cannot be
applied on unsealed
roads.
DIFFERENT COLORS USED IN PAVEMENT MARKINGS
It is Separates traffic traveling in an equal direction defining the
right edge of the roadway.

It is Separates traffic flows in opposite directions defining the left

edge of divided/one-way highways and ramps divides two-way
left-turn lanes and reversible lanes from other lanes.

It can be supplements white markings for handicap parking.

It can be supplemented toll plaza approach lane lines or edge

lines controlled for registered electronic toll collection vehicles.

Black may be used in combination with white or yellow in hazard

BLACK markers to warn drivers at locations where the protruding objects
– such as bridge piers, traffic islands, or other protruding objects
– on or near the roadway.
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
01 LONGITUDINAL LINES
are those laid in the direction of travel.

Lane Line: Middle of a two-lane highway to separate traffic on both

directions

No stopping or parking; passing is allowed

Center Line: Lane changes are discouraged; marks the shoulder of

roadway

Overtaking is prohibited. Passing is allowed with extra precaution

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
01 LONGITUDINAL LINES
are those laid in the direction of travel.

One - Direction No - Passing Zone:

Overtaking is permitted on the side of the broken line but not on
the side of the solid line

Passing is prohibited (same direction)

Barrier Line: Passing is prohibited in both direction (opposite direction)

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
01 LONGITUDINAL LINES
are those laid in the direction of travel.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
01 LONGITUDINAL LINES
are those laid in the direction of travel.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
02 TRAVERSE LINES
are those laid across the direction of travel where immediate action is required by the driver.

STOP LINE MARKING

Stop line must be marked where
traffic lanes approach the traffic
control devices (traffic signals)
indicating the driver to stop the
vehicle behind the line whenever
required

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
02 TRAVERSE LINES
are those laid across the direction of travel where immediate action is required by the driver.

YEILD (GIVE WAY) LINES

The "Yield Lines" figure shows a row
of five solid white isosceles triangles
to instruct drivers where a yield is
intended at an intersection or
roundabout restrained by a yield
sign.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
02 TRAVERSE LINES
are those laid across the direction of travel where immediate action is required by the driver.

PEDESTRIAN CROSSING LINES

Crosswalk pavement markings serve
the direct pedestrians to cross at
locations where convenient traffic
control (including traffic signals or
adult school crossing guards) either
directly exist or can be provided.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
03 OTHER MARKINGS

CHEVRON MARKINGS
Indicate areas of pavement aligned with the runway that are unusable for taxi, takeoff, or landing.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
03 OTHER MARKINGS
APPROACH TO RAILROAD
CROSSINGS
These markings alert drivers that the
road crosses railroad tracks ahead
and identifies the safe place to stop
and look for an approaching train.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

MESSAGES
Messages when used
should be limited to as
few words as possible,
never more than three.
They shall only be used
so supplement other
traffic control devices.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

SYMBOLS
01 GIVE WAY (YIELD) SYMBOL

The symbol used to

supplement the give way sign consists of
isosceles triangle having two equal sides
of 3.1 m and a base of 1 m. Outline width
is 450 mm at the base and 150 mm for
the sides. The distance of the symbol from
the holding line is between 5 m and 25 m,
depending on the location and vehicle
speeds on that road.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

SYMBOLS
02 PAVEMENT ARROWS

Pavement arrows are used for

lane use control. White in color, they are
generally 5m in length on urban roads and
7.5m on high-speed roads.

If marked arrows
exist, you must only drive in the direction
indicated by the arrows.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

SYMBOLS
02 PAVEMENT ARROWS

Arrows may have more than one direction:

▪ One direction – only drive in the designated

direction
▪ Two directions – you may drive in either
direction

Place yourself in the correct lane well in

advance of an arrow so you don’t have to make
last-minute lane changes.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

TYPES OF MARKINGS
03 NUMERALS

The only numerals that

should be used are those
associated with speed
limits at location to
supplement limit signs,
which are continuously
disregarded by drivers.

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

07

OBJECT MARKINGS
Object Markings, Raised Pavement Markers,
Hazard Markers, Delineators

TOPIC 2
BSCE-4H

OBJECT MARKINGS
Physical obstructions in or near a roadway that constitute
serious traffic hazard, including installations designed for
the control of traffic, shall be adequately marked.

TOPIC 2
 TYPES OF OBJECT MARKERS
TYPE 1 OBJECT MARKERS
Obstruction within the roadway
 TYPES OF OBJECT MARKERS
TYPE 2 OBJECT MARKERS
Obstructions adjacent to the roadway
 TYPES OF OBJECT MARKERS
TYPE 3 OBJECT MARKERS
Obstructions adjacent to or within the roadway
 TYPES OF OBJECT MARKERS
TYPE 4 OBJECT MARKERS
End of roadway
BSCE-4H

RAISED PAVEMENT MARKINGS

(RPM)

Also called as Cat’s eye or road

studs. Raised pavement markers are small
rectangular or dome-shaped devices that
are fixed to the pavement surface to
simulate or supplement painted pavement
markings. The markers can be reflective or
nonreflective. Raised pavement markers are
generally not obscured at night and under wet
conditions.

TOPIC 2
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HAZARD MARKINGS
Hazard markers are rectangular and generally consist of a
series of alternating black and white bands

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Drive to the left of the hazard

These signs tell you that you are

coming up to a hazard (such as an
abrupt narrowing of the road, or a
road obstruction) that you will need to
drive left to avoid.

You must drive to the left of the sign.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Drive to the right of the hazard

These signs tell you that you are

coming up to a hazard (such as an
abrupt narrowing of the road, or a
road obstruction) that you will need to
drive right to avoid.

You must drive to the right of the sign.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Turn to the left or right of the

hazard

This sign appears at T-intersections,

facing you if you are driving on the
road that is ending, or on any road
where a traffic island or obstruction is
ahead.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Turn to the left or right of the

hazard

This sign appears at T-intersections,

facing you if you are driving on the
road that is ending, or on any road
where a traffic island or obstruction is
ahead.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Obstruction hazard marker

Obstruction hazard markers show you

where a road ends.

They appear above roads, such as on

a bridge, when a height restriction for
vehicles is detailed on the sign.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Drive in the right direction

These yellow signs appear in sets to

outline the curve of the road ahead.

You will see 2 or 3 of these signs in a

row. Drive in the right direction of
these signs.

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HAZARD MARKINGS

Drive in the left direction

These yellow signs appear in sets to

outline the curve of the road ahead.

You will see 2 or 3 of these signs in a

row. Drive in the left direction of these
signs.

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DELINEATORS
Delineators are small reflective panels or buttons mounted on
guide posts or guard fences as an effective aid for night driving.
Delineators are made of reflective material capable of reflecting
light clearly visible under normal atmospheric condition from a
distance of 300-500 m when illuminated by the upper beam of a
standard automobile head lamp.

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DELINEATORS

BUTTON MOUNTED
ON GUIDE POST

REFLECTIVE BUTTONS

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DELINEATORS

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LISTENING
GROUP 1