IT Updated 1

CA - S&T - 1229
Current Affairs: SNT
Ethanol Blending Program

Target: E20 by 2025 (advanced from 2030)
Advantages:
Fossil fuel: slow geological fossilization vs fast organic fermentation (or other processes)
Energy security:
CAD: estimated $4 BN
Environment: complete combustion -> reduced CO2 emission – 3L tonne P.A.; stubble
burning;
Farmers income
Challenges:
Raw material: land, water, food security;
Production: distilleries, OMC’s, EC;
Distribution: Infrastructure; Pricing;
Consumption: Vehicle manufactures; Fuel cost;
Initiatives:
National policy on biofuels
E100 project
RUCO – repurposed used cooking oil
GOBAR Dhan scheme
PM JIVAN
National Hydrogen Energy Mission
Advantages
Energy efficient
Used in ICE, Fuel cells, Space propulsion
Carbon neutral - No GHG emission (fuel cells)
Energy security
Types
Grey
Brown/black
Blue
Green
Features
SWC portal
Grid to market connectivity
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Store energy for 30 days
Tax free inter state transmission
Challenges
Production
Technology
Distribution
Sectors
Geographical factors
H-CNG
Hydrogen- CNG
Drone Rules
Classification based on size/weight:
Nano
Micro
Small
Medium
Large
Features: UAS rules 2020, Draft 2021

Digital sky platform
Remote pilot license
Flying zones
Drone corridors – cargo
Drone council of India – promotion
Counter drone systems:

Hard kill, soft kill, jamming;
Lithium Ion Battery
Rechargeable battery - intercalated Li compound as cathode (+ve) and (typically) graphite as anode (-
ve); Lithium ions move from negative to positive electrode, through an electrolyte, during discharge.
Data:
BloombergNEF: Around 3/4th of battery cell manufacturing capacity is in China
BloombergNEF: Electric car production is expected to increase more than thirtyfold by 2030
In 2006, 10 million Sony batteries recalled – internal contaminants – short circuit and fire.
August 2007, Nokia recalled 46 million batteries - risk of overheating and exploding
September 2016, Samsung recalled approximately 2.5 million Galaxy Note 7 phones after 35
incidents of fire.
Applications/Need/Benefits:
High density; Low self-discharge; No memory effect;
Energy density: Lithium-ion 150 watt-hours of electricity in 1 Kg of battery; NiMH Battery
pack (100 watt-hours per kg); Lead Acid Battery (25 watt-hours per kg).
Weight: one-third the weight of lead acid batteries
Discharge: completely discharges i.e. 100% as compared to 80% for lead acid.
Self-discharge: 1 or 2% per month;
Lifespan: life cycle of 5000 times or more compared to just 400-500 cycles in lead acid.
Voltage: each cell – 3.6 volt; higher than Ni Cad and alkaline cells (1.5 v) - require less cells,
can supply power devices;
Load characteristics: constant through discharge; L-A-B: drops consistently
Applications:
Modern electronics; Smart devices(portable devices); Power devices;
Mobility: Electric vehicles; Industry: Power back up; industrial appliances; Space:
Communication; Satellites; IR 4.0: Smart devices; IoT
Challenges:
Fire: Fire Triangle
Mining: Lithium – water intensive; water contamination;
Import dependency: from China, South Korea or Taiwan; BloombergNEF : Around 3/4th of
battery cell manufacturing capacity is in China
Protection circuit: to maintain temperate and safe voltage limits;
Transportation: large quantities subject to regulations;
Expensive: 40% higher than Ni-Cad; Cost of batteries in Tata Nexon – 7 L;
Capacity/range: can’t replace internal combustion engines yet; Average range – 100KM;
Recycling: create toxic waste, heavy metals, risk of fire;
Steps initiative:
Technology: Safer alternatives – ceramic solid electrolytes;
ISRO – transfer Li-Ion cell technology to Indian industries.
Union Cabinet in 2019: National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage
Khanij Bidesh India Ltd: has inked a pact with an Argentine firm to jointly prospect lithium in
Argentina - largest reserves of Lithium in the world
Lithium-Ion battery fire
Batteries store intense energy in small package - energy released in an uncontrolled fashion ->
thermal event can result in accidents and fire.
Examples:
In 2006, approximately 10 million Sony batteries recalled – internal contaminants could pierce
separator – short circuit and fire.
August 2007, Nokia recalled 46 million batteries - risk of overheating and exploding
September 2016, Samsung recalled 2.5 million Galaxy Note 7 phones after 35 incidents of fire.
Fire Triangle: Heat, Oxygen and Fuel
Causes:
Manufacturing Defects:
Flaws in production e.g.
metallic particles (impurities)
to seep into the lithium-ion
cell during the manufacturing
process.
Design Flaws: Car companies
- sleek and slim cars - push
battery pack manufacturers for compact designs
Abnormal or Improper Usage: External factors - keeping the battery close to heat source;
penetrating the battery pack; unauthorized assembly;
Charger Issues: destroy battery’s protection circuit;
Cost - Low quality components: keep price down - increases risk;
Regulatory challenges:
Degradation of battery:
o Thermal abuse, e.g. poor cooling or external fire e.g. above 130 F or below freezing
during charging;
o Electrical abuse, e.g. overcharge or external short circuit,
o Mechanical abuse, e.g. penetration or crash, dropping, crushing etc.
o Internal short circuit, e.g. due to manufacturing flaws or aging
Reactions:
Combustion reactions : Over heat → thermal runaway → short circuit battery → fire
Chemical reactions → by products → increase pressure → cell walls expand → leakage
Safety features:
Regulations: For batteries and associated equipment, testing standards (e.g., UL 2054) and
setting up certification agencies
Design: Have Pressure-sensitive vent holes, Separator as a fuse; Fail safe circuit: disconnect
when voltage outside safe range (3 - 4.2 v);
BMS: maintain battery temperature, voltage output, cooling;
Technology: Battery cathodes - heat release. - lower nickel content or moving to iron
phosphate; Solid state batteries;
Operations
o Guidelines: Follow manufacturer’s instructions for storage, use, charging, and
maintenance.
o Storage: lithium batteries and devices in dry, cool locations.
o Inspection: signs of damage, such as bulging/cracking, hissing, leaking, rising
temperature,
o Training: workers who use or handle lithium-powered devices.
Electric vehicles
Pros of EV
Environmentally friendly- use little or no fossil fuels; no GHG or pollutants released from
tailpipe; Paris agreement (INDC): cutting GHG emissions intensity by 33% to 35% percent
below 2005 levels by 2030; India’s Net Zero Emissions by 2070;
Health problems from air pollution – (WHO - India is home to 14 out of 20 most polluted cities
in the world);
Clean and Low carbon Energy: decarbonising the transport sector; shift towards renewable
energy sources - cost reduction from better electricity generating technologies;
Energy efficient- EVs convert over 77% of the electrical energy compared to 40 to 50% of ICE;
'tank-to-wheels’ efficiency -3 times higher than ICE
Energy security: India dependent on imports for 80% of its oil requirements.
Performance benefits- quiet, smooth operation – less vibrations; stronger acceleration;
require less maintenance than internal combustion engines.
Low running costs- less moving parts for maintaining;
Employment: New sectors, manufacturing, services, repair;
Challenges facing EV:

Government policy: Lack of a stable policy for EV production
Technology: technologically deficient in production of electronics, batteries, semiconductors,
controllers, etc;
Infrastructural support: Charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety; e.g. In 2018 India
had only 650 charging stations; Charging time – upto 12 hours;
Raw materials: Battery - reserves of lithium and cobalt; India imported more than $1 billion of
lithium-ion cells in 2021;
Cost: Electric vehicles costly than ICE;
Driving range- shorter driving range than conventional vehicles;
Recharge time- Full recharge - 3 to 12 hours. Even a "fast charge" to 80% capacity can take 30
min.
Thermal runaway - battery accidents;
Initiatives:
Manufacturing - PLI Scheme for Auto Sector: In September 2021 - Rs 26,058 crore PLI
scheme - electric and fuel cell vehicles and drones in India.
Cost - FAME II Amendment: by increasing the subsidy rate for electric two-wheelers;
Infrastructure - Ministry of Power: at least 1 charging station in a grid of 3 km and at every
25 kms on both sides of the highways; Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs - Model Building
Bye-laws, 2016 (MBBL) - setting aside 20% of the parking space for EV charging facilities;
Support global EV30@30 campaign;
Policy - Delhi Government has announced the Electric Vehicle Policy 2020;
Web 3.0
Web 3.0: new iteration of the World Wide Web which would incorporate concepts such as
decentralization, distributed ledger such as block chain technologies, and token-based economics.
Components: machine learning (ML), Big Data, decentralized ledger technology (DLT), smart
contracts, censorship-resistant P2P data file storage, DAO, DeFi etc.
Key Features of Web 3.0

Autonomous and artificially intelligent powered by AI.
Blockchain-based: enabler for creation of decentralized applications and services.
Cryptocurrency-enabled: replaces the use of fiat currency.
Decentralized:
Web 3.0 applications

Decentralization: core tenet of Web 3.0; could be stored in multiple locations simultaneously;
break down massive databases currently held by internet giants like Meta and Google;
Democratize net: Greater control to user; data security;
Trustless and permissionless: run on decentralized peer-to-peer networks - Trustless (i.e.,
the network will allow participants to interact directly without going through a trusted
intermediary); permissionless (meaning that anyone can participate without authorization
from a governing body);
dApp- Decentralized applications (dApps): applications built on blockchain; use smart
contracts to enable service delivery in a programmatic approach;
DeFi - Decentralized finance (DeFi): use blockchain for enabling financial services
DAOs - providing structure and governance in a decentralized approach.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning: Computers will be able to understand
information similarly to humans; will use machine learning, - data and algorithms to imitate
how humans learn;
Others: NFT, Crypto currency;
Challenges:
Consensus approach: slow development, decisions;
Regulation
Data privacy
Malafide use
Not decentralised: controlled by capitalists, big firms;
Business models: averse to decentralization; stakeholders, assets drive economy;
Finances: acceptance and illegality of crypto e.g. torrent
Non Fungible Tokens
Digital identifier, similar to a certificate of ownership that represents a digital or physical asset;
financial security consisting of digital data stored in a blockchain, a form of distributed ledger;
Data:
NFT market grew exponentially from 2020–2021: the trading of NFTs in 2021 increased to more than
$17 billion, up by 21,000% over 2020's total of $82 million; Work entitled Merge by artist Pak was one
the most expensive NFT, with an auction price of US$91.8 million
Not an asset itself - represent ownership of the asset; Rely on smart contracts - computer code
executes a transaction when stipulated conditions are met -
How does it work?

Blockchain; NFT Marketplace; Digital wallet; Creating/Minting → Upload digital file →
marketplace code creates unique identifier → added to blockchain → kept, sold or traded;
Uses/Applications:
Digital art: High-profile auctions of NFTs linked to digital art e.g. Merge by Pak artist;
Games: represent in-game assets, such as digital plots of land e.g. CryptoKitties
Music: artists selling artwork and music as NFT tokens; e.g. February 2021 NFTs generated
around US$25 million in the music industry;
Product sales: In 2019, Nike patented 'CryptoKicks' -use NFTs to verify the authenticity of
physical sneakers and would give a virtual version of the shoe to the customer;
Issues/Challenges
Ownership: Provide certificate of authenticity, legal rights are uncertain; does not grant
copyright on intellectual rights; does not restrict copying or sharing of files; E.g. "The NFT
Bay" - 19 terabytes of digital art NFT images;
Plagiarism and fraud: work sold by others as an NFT without permission; E.g. Qing Han
Speculative asset: similar to dotcom bubble; artifical price influences;
Security: some NFTs were being exploited by sellers to unknowingly gather user IP addresses;
Money laundering: February 2022 study from the United States Treasury assessed that there
was "some evidence of money laundering risk in the high-value art market"
Pyramid/Ponzi scheme: early adopters profit at the expense of those buying in later; June
2022, Bill Gates - NFTs are "100% based on greater fool theory;
Energy cost and carbon footprint: Proof of work algorithm - validating blockchain
transactions -
Metaverse
Interconnected, intuitive, and immersive set of experiences brought by convergence of physical,
augmented, and virtual reality in a shared online space.
3 main properties of a Metaverse
360-degree digital environment, that combines the physical and virtual worlds
Digital environment that has a full-fledged economy to carry financial transactions
Interoperability: The ability and functionality to shift from one metaverse to another,
seamlessly
Applications:
Enhanced Social Media Experience: “Embodied Internet” - With AR and VR-powered
metaverse - immersive, with real-time interactions and meetings; avatars of the users will
interact, communicate and engage;
Revolutionized Online Education : Students - digital avatars, attend classes like in the real
world, learning and grasping the knowledge; Immersive learning experience - graphics-
intensive virtual platforms and digital platforms for interacting, collaborating, and engaging
with their classmates in real-time;
Health: Training doctors, nurses and paramedics;
Future Entertainment: virtual concerts attended by millions of avatars; Virtual reality theme
parks etc.
Business Communication & Optimized Productivity: revolution in the business
communication and productivity space; hologram-based real-time communication; e.g. real
estate company - virtual tour
Immersive Sales & Marketing: enhanced social media and optimized business
communication; virtual hoardings and billboards on virtual highways - seen by millions of
users or avatars in real-time; numerous data points - customized, tailor-made metaverse
campaigns
Industry and manufacturing: optimize through simulations; E.g. For example, BMW’s new all-
electric vehicle production line - they changed the design about 30 percent from the original
Metaverse challenges:
Reputation & Identity: what will really be the elements that make up one’s identity; proof that
the entity one interacts with is trustworthy and legit; possibility to forge facial features,
footage and voice- new verification methods being developed in the nearest future
Data & Security: new methods of personal data and privacy protection - ensure the safety of
one’s identity and possessions in the virtual world
Currency & Payments: essential to develop unique new transaction verification system.
Law & Jurisdiction: Virtual space sans borders; challenge to identify jurisdiction, legislations;
Ownership & Property: creating a unified system -verify the possessors of virtual assets in
the Metaverse.
Psychologist and social scientist: issues of dual reality, loss of emotional quotient, loss of
individuality, and dealing our sensitivities.
Glossary of Terms: IT
Authentication:
Authorization:
Bandwidth:
Broadband connection:
Captcha:
Client-server technology:
Cloud computing:
Cookie:
DDoS Attacks:
DNS:
Digital signature:
Edge Computing:
Encryption:
Firewall:
IaaS:
IP address:
ISP:
Modem:
OCR:
Ransomware:
SaaS:
PaaS:
Packet:
Peer-to-peer:
Phishing:
Program:
Protocol:
Router:
Server:
Social Engineering:
Trojan horse:
Two-factor authentication (2FA):
VDI:
Virtual reality:
VoIP:
VPN:
wi-fi:
Zero-day:
Zero Trust Architecture:
Latest developments
QKD:
Augmented Reality:
Metaverse:
Web 3.0:

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CA - S&T - 1229

Current Affairs: SNT

Ethanol Blending Program

National Hydrogen Energy Mission

Features: UAS rules 2020, Draft 2021

Counter drone systems:

Lithium Ion Battery

Lithium-Ion battery fire

Fire Triangle: Heat, Oxygen and Fuel

Challenges facing EV:

Key Features of Web 3.0

Web 3.0 applications

How does it work?

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