INDUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

((HP) UNA. BATHU)

DEPARTMENT OF :-
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AT SONALIKA
INTERNATIONAL TRACTORS LIMITED
HOSHIARPUR PUNJAB

SUBMITTED BY :-
MOHIT
CLASS :- B.TECH (ME) 5 SEM
TH

ROLL :- NO :- 19/NR/UT/ME/006
SUBMITTED TO :-
MR. NARENDER KUMAR.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the person, who has directly &
indirectly helped to complete this training with a positive note.

I am greatly indebted to Mr.Gurpal rana (Training-In-charge) for his inputs & guidance
throughout the training. I also express my thanks to Mr. MOHIT for his timely inputs on
the scope & presentation of the study. I am also thankful to the Training Department of
International Tractors Limited, Hoshiarpur.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank all my friends who have helped me in the study
 CONTENT

Serial no. Title Page no.

1 Company profile 5-6
2 Introduction to Tractors 7-9
3 Basic Terminologies used 10-12
4 Working of an Engine 13
5 Main Parts of an Engine 14
6 Engine Performance 15
7 Fuel System 16
8 Engine Cooling 17-18
9 Process of Engine Assembly 19
10 Engine Trouble and Remedy 20-21
11 Decodification 22
12 Electrical Trouble and Remedies 22-23
13 Braking System 24-25
14 Lubrication 26-27
COMPANY PROFILE
We are pleased to introduce ourselves as one of the largest Manufacturer and Exporters of
agricultural Tractors, implements and equipments in India.

SONALIKA has a current turnover of approx. Six hundred million USD with activities
spread in various fields including Tractors and Automobiles; Hydraulic Systems;
Engines; Forgings; Brake Systems; Component Manufacturing, etc.

Established 1969, Sonalika Group has been contributing towards green revolution since
its inception. Sonalika Group’s flagship company International Tractors Ltd is one of the
largest tractor manufacturing companies in India manufacturing tractors in the range of
20- 90Hp.

International Tractors Limited with brand name Sonalika ventured into production of
tractors in 1995 and has emerged as the fastest growing Tractors Company having sold
more than 32,000 Tractors last year and counted among the Top Three-Tractor
Manufacturers in India.

Product Range – Tractors – ranging from 30HP to 90HP in 2WD and 4WD, Tractor
Mounted Combine Harvesters, Multi Crop Threshers, Harvesting Attachments. Plough’s,
Harrows, Rotavators, Trolleys, Crop Reapers, Potato Planters.
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SONALIKA | HIGHLIGHTS

2010

 Sonalika Tractors are now EURO –III A Norms Compliant.

 Started Export of Tractors to Argentina & Serbia.
 Executed the export order to Cameroon worth 40 Million US$.

2009

 Grand Launch of technical advanced Worldtrac series of tractors. The series comprises
of tractors with advanced features.
 Developed in-house unique DIESEL SAVER UNIT FOR SONALIKA Tractors.
 Became only Company in India To Produce 90 Hp Tractors.

2008

 Launch of RX Series of Tractors. Aesthetically appealing designs and shape accepted

across the world & started Export of Tractors to USA.

2007

 Joint Venture between International Tractors Ltd. and Magma Shrachi Finance.

2006

 Successfully Developed Four Wheel Drive front axles and Transmission of tractor for
Yanmar.

2005

 Achieved turnover of USD 235 Million.

 Joint venture with Yanmar of Japan for manufacturing of Tractors in India.

2001

 Started in house manufacturing of engines for tractor application.

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INTRODUCTION TO TRACTOR
TRACTOR: The word ‘TRACTOR’ has been derived from traction which means pulling.
A tractor is required to pull or haul an equipment, implement or trolley, which arecoupled
to the tractor chassis through suitable linkage. A tractor can also be used as a prime
mover as it has a power outlet source which is also called Power Take Off or P.T.O.shaft.

The use of tractor in India was established with the help of Czechoslovakia. Then tractors
were imported from European countries.

But after knowing the use of it, the demand increased dynamically. So many industries
started its production in India to compel with demand.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS:

We can classify tractors according to the following scale:

1. According to wheels:
(a) Three wheeler
(b) Four wheeler
(c) Chain wheel(track type)

2. According to capacity:
(a) Light tractor
(b) Medium tractor
(c) Heavy tractor
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 3. According to engine fitting:
(a) Front engine which pull the implement
(b) Rear engine which pull the implement

4. According to drive:
(a) Two wheel drive
(b) Four wheel drive

5. According to use:
(a) Utility tractor
(b) Row crop tractor
(c) Orchard type tractor
(d) Industrial type tractors
(e) Garden tractor
(f) Rotary tiller
(g) Implement carrier
(h) Earth moving tractor

REQUIREMENTS OF A FARM TRACTOR

1. Greater clearance both vertical and horizontal.

2. Adaptation to the usual row width.
3. Quick and short turning ability.
4. Convenient and easy handling.
5. Quick and easy attachment and removal of field equipments.
6. Essential accessories such as hydraulic control and power take off.
7. More Front weight.
8. Larger Wheel Base.
9. High Torque Backup.
10.Aerodynamic Shape body for higher speed.
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CONSTRUCTION OF A TRACTOR

The tractor is made up of three distinct parts or assemblies as follows:

1. Power Unit: Engine and all accessories necessary for its operation such as ignition, fuel
supply, cooling, lubrication, governing , starting and lightning system.

2. Transmission System: Clutch, gear box, differential, drive mechanism, belt pulley,
power take off, power lift and control.

3. Chassis: Frame, wheel and steering mechanism. It does not have body.

BASIC PARTS OF TRACTOR

1. Radiator
2. Water pump and fan
3. Front axle
4. Front and Rear tires.
5. Engine and Engine sump
6. Clutch and Gear Box
7. P.T.O. shaft
8. Differential
9. Lift lower link
10.Sensing spring
11.Gear lever
12.Steering box
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13.Diesel tank
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED:

1. ENGINE: Heat engine is a machine for converting heat developed by burning fuel

energy (chemical energy) & transforms into mechanical energy.

2. BORE: It is inside diameter of engine cylinder.

3. STROKE: It is a linear distance traveled by the piston top dead centre (TDC) to

bottom dead centre (BDC).

4. STROKE BORE RATIO (L/D): It is a ratio of length of the stroke and the diameter of

the cylinder. For tractor engine this ratio is 1:25.

5. SWEPT VOLUME: It is a volume displaced by one stroke of the piston.

6. COMPRESSION RATIO: It is the ratio of the volume of charge at the beginning of

the compression stroke to that at the end of compression stroke.

a) Diesel engine 14:1 to 22:1

b) Petrol engine 4:1 to 8:1

7. CLEARANCE VOLUME: Total cylinder volume-swept volume.

8. POWER: It is the rate of doing work & expressed in watt.

9. BLOW BY: It is the escaping of gases vapours.

10.INDICATED HORSE POWER: Power produced inside the engine cylinder is known

as indicated horse power.

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11.BRAKE HORSE POWER: Actual horse power produced on fly wheel is known as

brake horse power.

12.FRICTIONAL HORSE POWER: Actual horse power produced on fly wheel is

known as brake horse power.

13.MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY OF IC ENGINE: It is the ratio of brake horse power

to indicated horse power. It varies from 65 to 90 percent.

14.THERMAL EFFICIENCY: It determines how efficiently fuel is utilized in the engine.

15.INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY: It is the ratio of heat to work done by the

gases in the cylinder to the total heat energy supplied by the combustion of fuel in the

same time.

16. BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY: It is the ratio of heat to work done by the gases in

the cylinder to the total heat supplied by the fuel in the same time.

17. CRANK THROW: This is the distance between the center of crank pin and main

bearing of the crank shaft. This distance is equal to the stroke length.

18. IDLE RPM: Revolution per minute at no load and no acceleration.

19.MAXIMUM RPM: Revolution per minute at no load and full accelerator.

20. RATED RPM: Revolution per minute at full load and full accelerator, where engine

gives its maximum power.

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21. THOU: It is the thousand part of the inch

a) 1 inch = 1000 thou = 25 mm.

b) 1 mm = 40 thou

22. BUMPING CLEARANCE: Clearance between the top of piston and cylinder head, it

remains 1.9 to 2.1 mm.

23. BACK COMPRESSION: Leakage of compression through the piston ring via. Crank

case breather.

24. LIVE HYDRAULIC: The hydraulic system taking power directly from the engine i.e.

hydraulic working is not affected by the position of clutch.

25. TRACTION: Force developed by wheels in the direction of motion.

26.SPEED DROP: Speed at no load-Speed at on load.

27.RPM: Revolution per minute.

28.VTU: Vary touch unit.

29.HSU: Hydro static steering unit.

30.CRDI: Common rail direct injection.

31.EGR: Exhaust gas recirculation.

32. TAPPET CLEARANCE:

a) Exhaust: 0.4 mm

b) Inlet: 0.3 mm
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 WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

In four stroke diesel engine all events taking place inside the cylinder completed with four
stroke of piston. Each cylinder has two valves for inlet and outlet. The opening and
closing of valves are controlling by cam shaft. It is driven by crank shaft with the help
of suitable gears. The cam shaft runs at half speed of crank shaft.

The four strokes of piston are:

1. SUCTION STROKE: During suction stroke air or mixture of air and fuel are drawn
inside the cylinder. The air enters the cylinder through inlet valve and exhaust valve
remains closed during this stroke. The pressure in the cylinder is less than the
atmosphere pressure.

2. COMPRESSION STROKE: The air taken in the cylinder is compressed by the piston
to a small volume of cylinder. The fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke.
The ignition takes place due to high pressure and temperature. After ignition a large
amount of heat is generated in the cylinder which pushes the piston backward for useful
work. Both valves remains closed during this stroke.

3. POWER STROKE: During power stroke the high pressure is developed due to
combustion of fuel causing the piston to move forward or backward at regular
intervals.Both valves remains closed during the stroke.

4. EXHAUST STROKE: During exhaust stroke the exhaust gases go out to exhaust and
valve and the cylinder becomes ready to receive fresh air. The inlet valve is closed and
exhaust valve remains open during this stroke.
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 MAIN PARTS OF IC ENGINE AND MATERIAL USED

1. Engine cylinder: Aluminum, grey cast iron (with a cast iron linear or sleeve).

2. Cylinder head: Grey cast iron, aluminum alloy, cast iron.

3. Piston: Aluminum alloy, cast steel, cast iron, chrome nickel.

4. Connecting rod: Alloy of medium carbon steel.

5. Crank shaft: Forged steel.

6. Main bearing: These are made of white metal or leads to phosphorus bronze.

7. Fuel injectors: Steel.

8. Piston rings: Aluminum alloy.

9. Valve (Intake and Exhaust): Nickel chromium.

10.Cam shaft: Forged steel.

11.Crank case and Cylinder block: Aluminum with linear ferrous alloy , Semi steel.

12. Fly wheel: Cast iron.

13. Bed plate: Cast iron.

14. Cooling water jackets: Masonry foundation.

15. Spark plug: Electrode of nickel chromium steel & body is made of heat resisting material.

16. Fuel pump: Aluminum alloy.

17.Gaskets: Copper and

asbestos. 18.Governor: Cast iron.

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19. Exhaust manifold and inlet manifold: Cast iron and aluminum alloy.
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ENGINE PERFORMANCE :

INTRODUCTION: This topic describes different terms relating to engine

measurement and performance such as cylinder diameter, length of piston stroke,
cylinder volume and so on but also the engine rating, efficiency, head balance etc.

WORK: When an object is moved by the application of force, work is set to be done. It
is measured by the product of the distance. The body moves and the force applied on
it.

ENERGY: Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. When the work is done on
object, energy is stored in that object.

POWER: Power is the rate of doing work. The work can be done slowly or rapidly.
The rate at which work is done is measured in term of power.

HORSE POWER: A horse power is the power of horse, or a measure of the rate at
which horse can work.

TORQUE: Torque is twisting or turning effort. The torque is equal to the product of
the force and its perpendicular distance to the point of rotation.

COMPRESSION RATIO: It is the ratio of the volume of the charge in the cylinder
above the piston at Bottom Dead Center and the volume of charge when the piston is
at Top Dead Center.

r = clearance volume + displacement volume

clearance volume

SAE HORSE POWER: The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) horse power rating
of engine is used to compare engine on the basis of number and diameter of cylinder.

SAE Horse power = D2N

2.5
D = diameter of cylinder in
inch N = number of cylinders
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 FUEL SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINE :

 During engine operation, the fuel is supplied by gravity from the fuel tank to the
primary filter.
 Where coarse impurity is removed, the fuel is drawn by fuel transfer pump and is
delivered to fuel injection pump through second filter.
 The fuel injection pump supplies fuel under high pressure to the injectors through
high pressure pipe.
 The injectors atomize the fuel and inject it into the combustion chamber of the
engine.
 The fuel injection pump is fed with fuel in abundance. The excess fuel is by passed
to the intake side of the fuel transfer pump through a relief valve.

MAIN COMPONENT OF FUEL SYSTEM:

1. Fuel feed pump

2. Fuel filter
3. Fuel injection pump

1 FUEL FEED PUMP: It is a pump which transfers fuel from the fuel line to the
fuel injection pump. It is mounted on the body of fuel injection pump.

2 FUEL INJECTION PUMP: It is a pump which delivers metered quantity of fuel

to each cylinder at appropriate time under high pressure.

3 FUEL FILTER: It is device to remove dirt from fuel. Usually two filter primary
and secondary filter are used in diesel engine.
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ENGINE COOLING:

Properties of an efficient cooling system: An efficient cooling system removes 30 to 35% of

the heat generated in the combustion chamber. Too much removed of the heat decrease
thermal efficiency of the engine.

Method of cooling:
(1) Air cooling
(2) Water cooling

1) Water cooling: In this method of cooling, the water is circulated though water jackets
around each of the combustion chamber and cylinder valve stem. The circulating
water when passes through the engine jacket in the block it takes heat. When it passes
through the radiator, it is cooled by air drawn through the radiator.

2) Air cooling: In this method of cooling, the heat is decreased directly to the air after
being conducted through the cylinder wall.

Main component of cooling:

1) Radiator: The radiator is the flat type with the core and water tanks combined in
one integral unit. It is enclosed with the grill and fan housing which are removable
for cleaning.

2) Fan and fan belt: A fan is mounted behind the radiator on the water pump shaft. It
is driven by the same belt that drives the pump and generator. The purpose of the
fan is to draw air through the radiator.

3) Thermostat: A thermostat valve is used in water cooling system to regulate the

circulation of water in system to maintain the normal working temperature of the
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engine part during the different operating condition.

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 Valve open start = 70*-80*C
Full open = 100*-110*C

4) Water pump: A pump is used in the water cooling system to increase the velocity
of the circulating water. Impeller type pump is mounted at the front end of the
cylinder block and the radiator.

5) Water jacket: Water jacket is cast into the cylinder block and head. Jacket is
simply the passage through which water circulated around the cylinder, valve port
and seats.

6) Radiator pressure cap: Water normally starts boiling at 100 degree Celsius. In order
to increase the boiling temperature of water, the cooling system is pressurized. The
Radiator pressure cap is set at 0.9 bar so that the cooling system operates under a
pressure of 1.9 bar. When the pressure exceeds 1.9 bar, the pressure valve opens
and let out the excessive pressure along with some coolant. When the engine cools
down, the vacuum valve opens and let in air so that the radiator does not collapse
inwards due to vacuum.

7) Cooling Fan: Cooling fan sucks in fresh cool air through the radiator, thus cooling
the hot water.

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Process of engine assembly in plant:

Crankcase loading & plugs fitment

Crankcase washing Crankshaft assembly

Oil Pump & Suction tube fitment Piston & connecting rod fitment Camshaft & timing gear fitment

Cylinder head assembly & engineFlywheel

belt pulley
& oil
fitment
pan fitment Rocker arm assembly, push rod fitment

Alternator & valve cover fitment Inlet & exhaust manifold fitment Water pump, ide
cover & Therms stat
o
fitment

Oil filter & fuel filter Breather assembly & starter motor fitment
fitment Engine testi g
n

Dispatch
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ENGINE TROUBLE AND REMEDY :

Probable causes Remedy

Fuel line clogged. Flush and blow out with compressed

Air in fuel system.
Fuel filters clogged.
Incorrect injection timing.
Engine sluggish.
air.
Remove air with help of feed pump.
Wash coarse filter element. Change
fine filter element.
Adjust injection timing
Check injectors, rectify spray.

Trouble: Irregular engine running, Smoking, Loss of power.

Air or water in fuel Remove air, prime with clean settled

fuel
Injector needle stuck or nozzle holes Wash nozzles, clean out holes (use
clogged cleanout tool 0.25-0.28mm dia.)
Incorrect injector operating pressure Adjust injector operating pressure
Injector pump faulty Replace pump and have it repaired
Pump delivery out of adjusting Have pump adjusted
Valve stuck Remove cylinder head and valve
decarbonizes
Fuel filter clogged Wash coarse filter element or change
fine filter element
Fuel line clogged Flush and blow out
Air cleaner clogged Wash out and refill with clean oil
Cylinders, piston and pins worn Replace
Engine overload Reduce load
Engine cold Warm up
Lack of compression Adjust valve clearance
Crank case oil level high Check drain to dipstick upper mark
Piston rings worn or stuck, cylinders Replace or wash rings, if necessary
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or piston worn replace cylinders and piston

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Trouble: Knocking noise :

Probable cause Remedy

Injection too early
Valve clearance large
Valve striking piston
Piston slap(wall hard throughout
cylinder, disappears when throttling
up)
Pounding from excessive crankshaft
bearing clearance
Check and set time
Adjust
Investigate cause and correct
Cylinder and piston worn, replace on
earliest opportunity
Regrind journals, fit replacements
shells

Trouble: Engine overheats :

Probable cause Remedy

Dirt on cooling fins Stop engine and allow cooling off,
remove dirt
Fan screen clogged Clean
Fan belt worn or broken Replace
Undue use of fan throttle plates Remove throttle plate
Engine overload Reduce load

Trouble: Engine racing away :

Probable cause Remedy

Air cleaner oil bowel overfilled Remove bowl and empty excess
Injection pump faulty Replace pump and have it repaired
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DECODIFICATION of Engine Model :

 Simpson Engine S-325

 S - Simpson Engine
 3 - Three Cylinder
 25 - 25 X 100 cc

 ITL Engine 3100FL

 3 – Three Cylinder
 100 – Bore diameter in mm
 F – Fuel Efficient Engine
 L – Extra Length of Stroke (118 mm)

Electrical trouble and remedies:-

Trouble: Alternator (low or no charge) :

Probable causes Remedy

Fault in alternator to battery circuit Find fault and correct
Field coil open or short circuited Have coil replaced
Voltage regulator fault Correct fault

Trouble: Ammeter needle dancing:

Probable causes Remedy

Rectifier faulty Replace alternator
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Trouble: Alternator noisy:

Probable causes Remedy

Pulley loose Tighten pulley nut
Ball bearing worn(excessive play or Have bearing replaced
damaged rolling contact surface)

Trouble: Starter will not run when switched on:

Probable causes Remedy

Heavily oxidized battery wire Clean
terminals

Trouble: Starter will not stop after engine :

Probable causes Remedy

Solenoid contacts stuck closed Stop engine and immediately open
earth switch (or disconnect wire from
battery terminals) correct fault

Trouble: Starter fails to crank engine :

Probable causes Remedy

Engine at fault Find fault and correct
Battery low Charge the battery
Commutator or brushes dirty Clean thoroughly
Poor connection in starter circuit Check and tighten
Solenoid contacts burnt Clean
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BRAKING SYSTEM:

Brakes are used to stop, stand or to turn tractor. There is different brake for every
wheel. It is known as a mechanism to stop the moving vehicle in shortest time and in
shortest distance.

FUNCIONS OF BRAKE:
1) It helps operator to decrease the speed of machine.
2) It also helps during turn.
3) It helps in control in heavy traffic.
4) To stop a machine.

TYPES OF BRAKES:
1) Mechanical brake
2) Hydraulic brake
3) Disk brake

Mechanical brake: This is an internal expanding brake when the brake paddle is pressed
the cam revolves with help of cable and link. It force the brake shoe, because of this
force they expand and start to friction with brake drum, makes them slow and ultimately
stop them with braking power. When the force is removed from paddle it is reset.

Important parts in mechanical brake

1) Brake paddle
2) Brake shoe
3) Brake shoe lining
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4) Brake drum
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5) Brake paddle
Hydraulic brake: The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses
brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling
unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual brake mechanism,
which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle.

Disk brake: The disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel by the
friction caused by pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of calipers. The
brake disc (or rotor in American English) is usually made of cast iron, but may in some cases
be made of composites such as reinforced carbon–carbon or ceramic matrix composites.
This is connected to the wheel and/or the axle. To stop the wheel, friction material in the
form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a brake caliper, is forced mechanically,
hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of the disc.
Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop. Brakes convert motion
toheat, and if the brakes get too hot, they become less effective, a phenomenon
knownas brake fade.

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LUBRICATION :
Lubrication is essentially, required in tractor maintenance. To supply the
lubricating oil between the moving parts is simply termed as lubricating.
Lubrication of all moving parts is essential to reduce friction, wear and to prevent
seizure.

Properties of lubricants:

1) Viscosity
2) Flash points
3) Fire point
4) Cloud point

 Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow or the internal friction of

oil.

 Flash points: The flash point has been defined as the lowest temperature at which
the lubricating oil will flash when a small flame is passed across its surface.

 Fire point: If the oil is heated further after flash point has been reached. The
lowest temperature at which the oil will burn continuously is called fire point.

 Cloud point: The oil changes from liquid state to a plastic or solid state when
subjected to low temperature. In some cases the oil solidifying which makes it
to appear cloudily. The temperature at which this take place is called cloud
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point.
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TYPE OF LUBRICANTS:

There are three types of lubricants:

1) Solid: Graphite, mica, soap stone, or steatite.
2) Semi solid: Grease
3) Liquid: Mineral oil, vegetable oil, animal oil etc.

LUBRICATION SYSTEM FAULTS :

Trouble: Low oil pressure :

Probable cause Remedy

Oil pressure gauge faulty
Oil pump intake strainer clogged
Oil pressure relief valve clogged
Unauthorized grade of engine oil
Crank shaft bearing worn
Check gauge, replace if necessary.
Look for oil leaks, stop if any.
Wash
Wash
Change to authorized oil
Required journals fit replacements
shells

Trouble: Excessive oil consumption :

Probable cause Remedy

Piston rings worn out or stuck Replace
Piston rings side clearance large Replace or piston if necessary
Large intake valve stem clearance in Replace worn parts
guide
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TRANSMISSION:

We know that the horse power, the rear wheel depends upon the turning effort and the
speed of rotation. We need different torque and speed for different application at the
rear wheel but engine speed and torque are between engine and rear wheel, which
gives variable torque and speed. This mechanism is known gear box. Any
combination of gear wheels by which power is transmitted one shaft to another shaft is
called gear train. The direction of rotation of driver gear will be opposite to that of
driving gear.

TYPE OF GEAR BOXES:

There are mainly two types of gear boxes. These are as under:

 Sliding mesh gear box: In this type of gear box one moving gear is pulled out
and pushed to mesh another gear.

 Constant mesh gear box: In constant mesh gear box, the gears on main and
counter shaft are always in engaged position. In this the splined sleeve is made
to shift to mesh with the gear to right and left or kept in neutral position.

 Synchromesh: It is similar to constant mesh gear box except synchronizing cones

which are provided on its hub sleeves for equalizing the speeds of gears. This
type of gear box is being used in Worldtrac range. It overcomes noise,
wear/breakage & hard gear shifting problems.
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PARTS OF GEAR BOX AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

Input shaft: It transmits power from clutch plate to gear box

Lay shaft: For maintaining the made of rotation of gears and changing the speed of gears
on this shaft the gear remains fixed to prevent the gear slippage

Intermediate shaft: Take power from lay shaft gears, in this shaft, gears remains sliding.

Output shaft: Take power from immediate shaft and transmit to the tail pinion.

Idler cluster: It gives reverse motion.

Internal gear: It remains fixed on gear box housing and support the motion of planetary
gear.

Planetary assembly: It reduces the speed of working at heavy loads.

High-low sleeve: It connects the output shaft to intermediate shaft and planetary
assembly for high and low speed resp.

Gear shifting lever: Shift the gears

Locking wire: Lock the fork on shifter fork.

Gear shifter rod: Given movement to the shifter fork and then gear while shifting them

CLUTCH :
The clutch is fitted in engine to connect and disconnect power stream in gear box and
other components. The main motive of clutch is to make gearing easily and quick. It is
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located between engine and gearbox.

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There are following types of clutch :

1) Single plate clutch: This type is mostly used in motor cars, it is also known as with
the name of DISC CLUTCH AND SOLID CLUTCH. It has following parts
i) Flywheel
ii) Clutch plate
iii) Pressure plate
iv) Clutch spring
v) Clutch release bearing
vi) Clutch fork
vii) Clutch fork ball

2) Multi-plate clutch: As per name, this type of clutch uses multiple clutch and pressure
plates. It also works as single plate clutch and all parts are usually similar. This
type of clutch is used in light weight motors like bike, scooter etc. In it all clutch
plates have lining in their radius and same numbers of pressure plates are fitted in
it.

CLUTCH ASSEMBLY:

There are following parts in clutch assembly

1) Clutch lining

2) Cushion spring

3) Torsion spring
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4) Rivet
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5) Hub flange
THANK YOU

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