Essentials of Physics 11

Exam review

Credits for all the notes and summary to N/A. Mr.Panchbhaya's Learning Website,
http://panchbhaya.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/0/13701351/phys11_2_2.pdf Date accessed: January 18,
2023

Kinematics 1D and 2D

A study of motion, without understanding the cause of it. It is the study of how objects move, not
why they move.

FORMULAS:

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 /2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡/ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒/𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛T

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒/hypotenuse hypotenuse

𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sin 𝑎2 =𝑏2 +𝑐2 ⃗vavg=∆d/∆t=df−d𝑖

C −2∙𝑏∙𝑐∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
/𝑡f − 𝑡𝑖
𝑏2 =𝑎2 +𝑐2
−2∙𝑎∙𝑐∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

𝑐2 =𝑎2 +𝑏2
−2∙𝑎∙𝑏∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶

⃗aavg = ∆⃗v/∆t =𝑣f − 𝑣𝑖 / ∆⃗d =( ⃗vf- ⃗vi)/2 x∆t 𝑣f = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎∆𝑡 ( 𝑣 f ) 2 = ( 𝑣 𝑖 ) 2 + 2 ⃗a

𝑡 f− 𝑡 𝑖 ∆d

vav=∆d/∆t
∆ d = 𝑣 𝑖∆ t + ½ a ( ∆ ag = 9.8 m/s2 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛)
t)2

Scalar & Vector Quantities

Scalar - Only has magnitude Vector - Has magnitude and direction

Speed Direction

Mass Displacement

Density Acceleration

Energy Momentum

Temperature Force

Work Weight

Power Velocity

Position - A location of an object at the fixed

time Distance - How far an object has moved

Distance - How far an object has moved Displacement - Change in position of an

object

Speed - distance traveled and the time it took Acceleration - Change in velocity over time

KEY TERMS

- Average speed is equal to the total distance traveled divided by the time taken for the
motion.
 - A position-time graph describes motion graphically.

- Average velocity is equal to the total displacement divided by the time taken for the
motion.

- Motion with uniform or constant velocity is motion at a constant speed in a straight

line.

- Objects that are undergoing constant velocity have a position-time graph that is a straight
line.

- Acceleration describes change in velocity over time.

- The instantaneous velocity of an object is its velocity at a specific instant in time.

- For motion with non-uniform velocity, average and instantaneous velocities are not
necessarily equal.

- Air resistance can cause objects to accelerate at values less than g.

- When an object reaches terminal velocity, it will fall at a constant velocity.

- Objects can move in two dimensions, such as in a horizontal plane and a vertical plane.

- Perpendicular vectors can be added algebraically using the Pythagorean theorem and
the tangent function.

- By using the component method of vector addition, all vector addition problems can be
converted into a problem involving two perpendicular vectors.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

A go train travels at an average velocity of We are given the velocity and displacement,
34.5m/s[W]. How long will it take for the so all we do is find ∆t = ∆d/vav and this will
train to undergo a displacement of 151m[W]? give us the time.

The position of THor’s hammer changes We are given the displacement and the time,
15 m [W] in 30 s. as Thor uses it. What is so all we need is to find the average velocity:
the average velocity? vav=∆d/∆t and this is how we will find vav.
Forces

FORMULAS:
F=ma (N) Fg=mg (N)

Fnet=Fa+Fg+Ff+Fk+... (N) m=F/a (kg)

Fk=µk FN (N) a=Fnet/m (N)

Fs=µs FN (N) FR= -FA (N)

TYPES OF FORCES

Force of gravity - Fg Normal force - Fn Tension force - FT

Applied force - Fa Electric - Fe Net force - Fnet

Force of action - FA Force of reaction - FR

Friction force - Fk

● Newton’s First Law

Inertia - the property of matter that resists changes in motion.

More mass = More Inertia

Newton’s first law of motion: An object that is subject to no external forces, will maintain its
motion: it will remain stationary or keep moving with the same constant velocity. This means
that if FNet = 0 then the acceleration must equal to zero!

In simple: An object can’t change its velocity, without external force acting on it.

EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S FIRST LAW:

Let’s say a car moves really fast and then stops. You will be thrown because you are moving at
the same speed as a car, unless force of the seatbelt is applied.

● Newton’s Second Law:

Newton’s Second law of motion: Newton’s Second law states that acceleration happens
when a force acts on a mass.

EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S SECOND LAW:

You are riding a bicycle, a bicycle is an example of force and your legs are the mass.

● Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S THIRD LAW:

As you step forward your skateboard gets pushed back.

KEY TERMS:

Law of Falling: No matter what mass every object has if the surface area is the same, they will
hit the ground at the same time. If there’s no air resistance , the objects will hit the ground at the
same time.
Free Body Diagram: A free body diagram is a sketch of only the object and forces acting upon
it.

System Diagram: A system diagram is a quick sketch of the object, along with any interacting
objects in the same environment.

Friction and Tension Force: Friction force acts in the opposite direction of motion. Tension
Force or a pulling Force(ex. rope) occurs when an object is getting pulled by something(like
rope), an example can be an elevator.

Constant Velocity: If there is a constant velocity, that means there is no external force acting
upon an object. So acceleration and the net force is both zero.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

1)

By looking at the free body diagram, find the net force that is acting on
the diagram and then find the acceleration.
Procedure: The force of gravity and the normal force will cancel each other out, so all I have to
do is use the formula: Fnet=Fa+Fg+Ff+... and friction force acts opposite to the tension force,
so it will be Fnetx=FT-Ff and this is how we get net force. To find acceleration I will use the
formula of : a=Fnet/m and this is how we get acceleration.

Work, Power and Energy

FORMULAS:
W= F x ∆d = Fa∆dcos theta (J) P = W/∆t = ∆E/∆t (W)

Ek = ½ mv^2 (J) E total,initial = E total,final (J)

∆Eg or GPE = mg∆h (J) Ee = ½ K∆x^2 (J)

Eff = (E output/E input)X100% (J) Q = mc∆T (J)

Lf = Eth / m (J) Ls = Eth / m (J)

Wnet = Ekf - Eki (J) Em = Eg + Ek

∆E = P∆t Qlost + Qgained (J)

Tc = Tk - 273 Tk = Tc + 273

QR = -QA

TYPES OF ENERGY:

The types of energy are: Thermal, Radiant, Light, Chemical, Kinetic, Gravitational,
Nuclear and Electrical energies.

KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS:

Work: Mechanical work is done when a force displaces an object in the direction of the force or
a component of the force.

- Work is a scalar quantity and is measured in Joules(J)

- If the force on an object and the object’s displacement are in the same direction(theta =
zero degrees, and cos theta = 1) we change the equation to W = Fa∆d.

- If the force on an object and the displacement are perpendicular(theta is 90 degrees and
cos theta = 0), no work is done.
 - If the force acts on an object in a direction opposite the object’s displacement(theta = 180
degrees and cos theta = -1) we change the equation to W = (Fa∆d) (-1).

Power: Power is the rate of transforming energy or the rate of doing work.

- The faster you do work - the more powerful you are

- Power is a scalar quantity and measured in Watts(W)

- Electrical devices transform electrical energy into other forms of energy and the power
can be found by using ∆E = P∆t

PRACTICE PROBLEM
The owner of a construction company is
comparing two cranes before purchasing one
of them. Both
cranes have the same cost. Crane A lifts 450
kg through 15 m in 57.3 s at a constant speed.
Crane B lifts 325
kg through 15 m in 34.1 s at a constant speed.
aIn an organized manner, find the work done
by each crane, and their power rating.
We were given the mass, ∆t and the ∆d, first
we do is: Fa = Fg since the speed is constant,
then all we needed to do was use our formula
Fg=mg for work and then formula for work
W= F x ∆d. After we found work, we were
given the time so to find power we use our
equation: P = W/∆t

Energy: Energy is the ability to do work.

- Energy exists in many forms, in an energy transformation - energy changes from one
form to another.

- Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by moving objects.

- Gravitational potential energy is possessed by an object based on its position, relative to a

reference level, which is often the ground.

- Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.

PRACTICE PROBLEM
 A ski jumper (m = 67.2 kg) begins at the We were given everything needed(m and
top of a 73.2 m high ski hill.Determine the ∆h), so all we do is use our formula: ∆Eg
gravitational potential energy of the ski or GPE = mg∆h and find the
jumper at the top of the hill. GPE(gravitational potential energy).

Law of Conservation energy: The law of conservation energy states that, energy cannot
be lost, it can be transformed from one form to another.

Efficiency: No energy-transforming device is 100% efficient. Typically the waste energy

is in the form of thermal energy.

- Non-renewable energy resources are energy-rich substances that cannot be

replenished when they are used in the energy transformation process.

- There are many ways to conserve energy.

Thermal Energy and Heat: When there’s no molecular motion it is absolute zero.

- Thermal energy is the total potential and the total kinetic energy of the particles of a
substance.

- There are three types of temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance and
when the temperature decreases the particles begin to move slower

- Thermal energy can be transferred in three different ways:thermal conduction, convection

and by radiant

Specific Heat Capacity: Is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1kg
sample of a substance by 1 Celsius.

- The principle of heat exchange states that thermal energy moves from a warm
object to a cooler one until both objects reach a new constant temperature.

- The absorption or release of thermal energy results in thermal expansion or

contraction.

PRACTICE PROBLEM
 A metal with specific heat capacity of We were given the ∆T and c so we solve for
1.2x102 J/kg°C is heated to 95.0 °C. The mass, we need Q = mc∆T and we will use the
metal is placed into 500.0 formula QR = -QA. By solving for Qr and QA
and then dividing QR/-QA I will get my
mL of ethyl alcohol (with specific heat
result.
capacity of 2.46 x103 J/kg°C initially at a
temperature of 25.0 °C. The
the final temperature of the mixture is 27.0
°C. What is the mass of the metal?

Nuclear Energy: You can identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of an element
by using the Bohr-Rutherford model. As well as identify the mass and atomic number of an
element from the periodic table

- Radioactive isotopes are unstable and will spontaneously undergo a change in their
nuclear structure.

Mechanical Waves

FORMULAS:
f=1/T (Hz) T=1/f (s) f=n waves/∆t (Hz) f=v/lamba (Hz)

v=lamba/f (m/s) v=lamba/T (m/s) lamba=v/f (m) v=√FT/µ (m/s)

µ=m/L v=332+0.6 T fobs = (vsound
(m/s) fbeat=|f2-f1| (Hz) xvdetector/vsound+-v
source)fsource (Hz)

Ln=(2n-1)/4 x Ln = n lamba/2 fo = f/1 - vs/v (Hz)

lamba (m) (m) Mach = v object/ v
sound

KEY TERMS:

Mechanical Waves: A mechanical wave is a transfer of energy through a medium by particle

vibration. Particle vibration is caused by a disturbance to the medium.

- A vibration is the cyclical motion of an object about an equilibrium point.

 - A medium is a material that permits the transmission of energy due to vibrations. A
medium can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas.

- The speed of a wave and the distance it can travel depend on the composition of the
medium. A rigid medium allows a wave to travel longer and faster than a less rigid
medium.

Types of Waves:

- Transverse waves are where particles of the medium move perpendicular to the
direction of the flow of energy.

- Longitudinal waves are where particles of the medium move parallel to the
direction flow of energy.

Sound Waves: Sound intensity is a measure of the energy flowing through the unit area due to a
sound wave.
 - Loudness levels are dependent on the distance from the source of the sound and are
called decibels.

- Sound waves range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Infrasonic waves have frequencies below 20
Hz. Ultrasonic waves have frequencies above 20 kHz.

Interference of Waves: The process of generating a new wave when two or more waves meet is
called interference.

- Vibrating particles in a medium react to the sum of all forces on them.

- The principle of superposition states that, when two waves meet, the resulting amplitude
is the sum of the individual amplitudes.

- Constructive interference occurs when two waves combine and the amplitude of the
resulting wave is greater than the amplitudes of all the individual waves.

- Destructive interference occurs when two waves combine and the amplitude of the
resulting wave is less than at least one of the original amplitudes.

Damping and Resonance: Damping is a condition in which the amplitude of a wave is reduced.
Resonance is the condition in which the frequency of a system equals the wave medium's
resonant frequency or one of its harmonics. The wave's amplitude can increase.

Doppler Effect:

- When a source of sound approaches a stationary observer, the observed frequency

increases.

- When the source moves away from a stationary observer, the observed frequency
decreases.

- If the source is appraching the detector, the speed of the source is taken to be negative. If
the source is receding from the detector, the speed of the source is taken to be positive.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

A missile with a top speed of 3450 km/h is
launched in the air. If the temperature of the
air is
32°C, what is the Mach number of the
missile?
We are given the v object and need to convert
it into m/s and we are given the
temperature(∆T), so after we convert km/h to
m/s and just use our formula for: v=332+0.6
T and once we got the speed of sound we use
the formula: Mach = v object/ v sound , this is
how we will get to our answer

An ambulance heads to a scene of a car

accident to help the injured. The ambulance’s
siren has a
frequency of 1600 Hz as it approaches you at
75 km/h. If the temperature is 37°C, what
frequency do
you hear?
For this problem we again were given vs, f
and ∆T , we convert km/h to m/s and use the
v=332+0.6 T equation, after solving for speed
of sound we will use doppler effect formula
fobs = (vsound
xvdetector/vsound+-vsource)fsource or fo =
f/1 - vs/v this is how we can get the speed of
sound

You are given the v = 50 m/s and lamba 6m,

find the f and T To find f I will just use v/lamba formula and
to find T I will use 1/f

Electricity

FORMULAS:

P= ∆E/∆t (W) I=Q/∆t (A) Q=Ne P = I^2R=V^2/R

V = ∆E/Q (V) V = IR (V)

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

 VT=𝑉1+𝑉2+𝑉3+⋯ 𝑉T=𝑉1=𝑉2=𝑉3=⋯

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = ⋯ IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = …

1/RT =
𝑅T = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…(o
(ohms) hms)

KEY TERMS:

Electrical Energy: Mechanical energy, thermal energy, and radiant energy are transformed into
electrical energy in power plants.

- Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is generated or transformed.

- Electrical energy is measured in units of kilowatt hours (kWh) for homes and megawatt
hours (MWh).

- Power plant technologies vary in efficiency, and each has impacts on the environment
and society.
- Free electrons that are able to move are essential for the transfer of electrical energy.

- Electric potential is a measure of how much electric potential energy is associated with
charges.

- Electric potential difference, or voltage, indicates the difference in electric potential

energy of the charges (electrons) between two points in a circuit.

- Electric potential difference is measured in joules per coulomb (J/C) or volts (V).

- The amount of charge or number of electrons (Q) is measured in coulombs.

- Sources of electrical energy cause an increase in the electric potential (voltage gain),
whereas loads cause a decrease in the electric potential (voltage drop).

- Direct current is the flow of electrons in one direction only.

- Circuits can be analyzed using a combination of equivalent resistance, Kirchhoff's laws,
and Ohm's laws.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

We will have combine the R’s and use the

formula 1/RT = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…
because a circuit is parallel

The circuit is parallel. We will combine

the R’s and use the formula 1/RT =
1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…