University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Electrical Engineering

PERFORMANCE INNOVATIVE TASK

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 1

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. ROLAND BURT ABUL

SUBMITTED BY:
ISRAEL L. GABUT
MICHAEL EDWARD GUMATAS
ALDIE MAR QUINOL
CLARK JEIMY ZABALLERO
 1.) Given a three-phase load of 125 MW at power factor of 0.8 lagging, operating at
69Kv, with a transmission line efficiency of 97% and voltage regulation of 95%, and
the line length of 50Km, design a transmission line system and determine the best
conductor configuration, conductor resistance and inductance, and conductor radius
values to achieve the efficiency and voltage regulation set. Assume a two-bundled
conductor configuration with GMR of 0.0496m and bundle spacing of 30cm.

Solution

Get the value of the radius using the formula of GMR

1
GMR=√ r xd

1
0.0496=√ r x 0.3

1
r =0.0082m

r1
r=
0.7788

0.0082
r=
0.7788

r =0.0105 m

A A
D AB=D BC =D A B =D B C =D AA =D BB =DBC =0.3 m
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.3
D AC =D AC =0.6
B 1
B m
0.3
D AB =D BC =√ 0.3 + √ 0.3
2 2
1 1

C C

DCB =0.4243 m
1
0.3
D A C =D AC = D CA =0.6708
1 1 1

1
D SA =DSB =DSC =[ ( D AA D AA ) × ( D A A D A B ) ] 2× 2
1 1 1 1
 1
¿ [ ( 0.0105 ×0.7788 ×0.3 ) × ( 0.3× 0.0105 ×0.7788 ) ]
4

¿ 0.0495 m
Calculate for the Inductance

√
D MC =D MA=2 × 4 ( D AB D AB D AC D AC )( D A B D A B D A C D A C )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

¿ √8 ( 0.3 ×0.4243 ×0.6 × 0.6708 ) ( 0.6× 0.3 ×0.6708 × 0.6 )

¿ 0.4756 m

√
D MB=2 × 4 ( D BA D BA D BC DBC )( D B A D B
1 1 1 1
A1
DB C DB C )
1 1 1

¿ √8 ( 0.3 ×0.4243 ×0.3 × 0.4243 )( 0.4243 × 0.3× 0.4243 ×0.3 )

¿ 0.3566 m

Per phase

D M =√ DMA × D MB × D MC
3

¿ √ ( 0.4756 ) × ( 0.3566 )
3 2

¿ 0.432 m

L=2 ×10 ln
−7
( )
DM
DS

L=2 ×10 ln
−7
( 0.0495
0.432
)
−7 H
L ¿ 4.3329 ×10
m
μH
L=0.4333 ( 50 km )
km
L=21.6645 μH

Solve for the conductor Resistance

69
V R= =39.8372kV
√3

X L =2 πfL=2 π ( 60 ) ( 21.6645 ×10−6 )=0.0082 Ω

 PR
I R =I S=
3(V R )¿ ¿

I R cos θ R + IX L sin θ R
% V R= × 100
VR

( 1.3674 × 103 ) ( R × 0.8 ) +(0.0082sin ( 36.8699 ) )

0.95= 3
39.8372×10
R=36.1838 Ω

R=36.1838 Ω
L=21.6645 μH
r =0.0105 m
2.) Figure 3.32 shows the one-line diagram of a three-phase power system. By selecting a
common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side, draw an impedance diagram
showing all impedances including the load impedance in per-unit. The data are given as follows:

G: 90 MVA 22 kV x = 0.18 per unit

T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV x = 0.10 per unit
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV x = 0.06 per unit
T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV x = 0.064 per unit
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV x = 0.08 per unit
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV x = 0.185 per unit
Lines 1 and 2 have series reactances of 48.4 and 65.43 W, respectively. At bus 4, the three-phase
load absorbs 57 MVA at 10.45 kV and 0.6 power factor lagging.

SOLUTION:

In this example, the base of the system is 100 MVA and the base voltage of the first
generator is 22kV. Now, from the data above, we can solve the needed information, per
unit reactances, base impedance, line impedance, and load impedance, and transform the
circuit diagram above to per unit equivalent circuit diagram.

 For the base voltages:

@ bus 1:V G 1=22 kV

 @ bus 2∧3 :V B 2=V B 3 = [ ]
220
22
[ 22 ] =220 kV
11
[ ][ ]
@ bus 4 :V B 4 =
220
220 =11 kV

@ bus 5∧6 :V B 5=V B 6=

110
22 [ ][
22 ]=110 k

 For the per unit reactances:

X =x given
[ MVA system
MVAtable ]
=¿ the formula for the per −unit reactances.

G 1 : X=( 0.18 )
[ ]100
90
=0.20 pu

)[ ]
100
T 1 : X =( 0.10 =0.20 pu
50

)[ ]
100
T 2 : X =( 0.06 =0.15 pu
40

)[ ]
100
T 3 : X =( 0.064 =0.16 pu
40

)[ ]
100
T 4 : X= ( 0.08 = 0.20 pu
40

 For the motor per-unit reactance:

[ ][ ]
2
KV given MVA system
X =x given
KV new MVA table

[ ][ ]
2
10.45 100
M : X=( 0.185 ) =0.25 pu
11 66.5

 For the base impedance:

- Since it has an indication from the circuit diagram (Fig. 3.32) that the voltage of Line
1 is 220kV and the voltage of line 2 is 110kV. Since we already have the base system
which is the 100MVA, then our formula for the base impedance is:

2
[k V B ]
Z B=
MVAB
2
[ 220 ]
For Line 1: Z BL1= =484 Ω
100
 2
[ 110 ]
For Line 2: Z BL2= =121Ω
100

 For the load apparent power:

From the question, it is stated that the load absorbs 57 MVA at 10.45 kV and 0.6 power factor
lagging. We have the pf 0.6, so we will use it to get the angle for the complex power. That is:
−1
ϴ=cos ( pf )
−1
ϴ=cos ( 0.6 )
ϴ=53.13 °

 For the complex power:

S L3 ∅ =V P ∠ ϴ
S L3 ∅ =57 ∠ 53.13° MVA
 For the load impedance:
- The formula for the load impedance is stated below. Since it is stated that the load has
10.45 kV so that is our line-to-line voltage.
2
[ V L−L ]
Z L= ¿
S L3 ∅

- The * indicates the opposite sign of the complex power. Since the angle of the
complex power above is positive then we will use the opposite sign of it. That is:

2
[ 10.45 ]
Z L=
57 ∠−53.13 °
Z L =1.1495+1.5327 iΩ

 For the per unit line impedance:

Z old
Z pu =
Z new

- The equation above is the formula for the per unit line impedance. From the question,
the reactances for both lines 1 and 2 are already given. For the line 1, 48.4W and for
the line 2, 65.43W. That is for our Z old. Our Z new is the answer of our base impedance.

48.4
For Line 1: Z pu= =0.10 pu
484
 65.43
For Line 2: Z pu= =0.54 pu
121

 For the base impedance of the load:

2
[k V B ]
Z B=
MVAB

- At bus 4, we have a base voltage of 11 kV. Then still, our system base is 100 MVA.
That is:
2
[ 11 ]
Z B= =1.21 Ω
100

 For the per unit load impedance:

ZL
Z L( pu)=
ZB
1.1495+ 1.5327i
Z L( pu)= =0.95+1.27 i pu
1.21

 For the per-unit equivalent circuit diagram:

- For the per unit impedance diagram, we only substituted the values which we have
obtained from our calculations. These values were already in terms of pu.
- By following the given diagram and by substituting the values of each component in
terms of pu, the diagram will look like Figure 1.
SIMULATION (Narrative Report)
In doing the simulation, I followed the data that I have obtained during the calculations. Those data were
already in terms of pu, per-unit. In order to not get confused, since lots of data were calculated, the per
unit impedance diagram is my basis in doing the simulation.
The following information is the steps in doing the simulation:

Step 1: New Case

- Go to the Edit Mode, Draw Tab, and click Network. In the Network, that is where the
components located in order to draw the diagram.
Step 2: Draw the Buses
- By clicking the Network, select Bus. Then input the value depending on the data you have
obtained through calculations.
- We have the base voltage of bus 1 which is 22 kV from the generator. The 22 kV is already given
from the diagram.
- The procedure is the same as the other buses. Since the diagram has 6 buses, the simulation
diagram must also have 6 buses with different Nominal Voltage (kV).

Note: The Nominal Voltage (kV) is the base voltages in your calculations.

Step 3: Draw the Transformers

- In drawing the transformers, the Series Reactance is the per unit value of your calculations in
transformers: 1, 2, 3, and 4.
 - Follow the procedure to the rest of the transformers. The only difference is the value of the Series
Reactance.

Step 4: Draw the Transmission Lines

- The data we have contains 2 transmission lines.
- The data we need for the simulation in the transmission line is the per unit line impedance of Line
1 and Line 2.
- The MVA Limit, set it to 100 MVA. (system MVA)
- Input the value of the Series Reactance (in terms of pu).
- Follow the procedure to the other transmission line. The only difference is the value of the per
unit line reactance.
Step 5: Draw the Generator
 - The generator has already 90 MVA from the given and that will be our Generator MVA Base.
- Set the MW Output to zero since we don’t have any values of it.

Step 6: Draw the Motor Load

- Set the MW Value to zero since we don’t have any values of it.
 - - Set the MVAR Value to 0.25 since we obtained that from the per unit reactance of Motor
(also if we based it on the per unit impedance diagram, Fig.1)

Step 7: Draw the Load

 - Set the MW Value to 0.95 from the data we obtained from the calculation of the Load Impedance.
- Set the MVAR Value to 1.27 from the data we obtained from the calculation of the Load
Impedance.

Step 8: The Impedance Diagram

- After drawing the components and input the values, this will be the diagram looks like.
Step 9: Run Mode
- Click Run Mode, Tools Tab then select the Green Button above the “Solve” option. It is a button
where you can run the simulation of your diagram.
There’s a little arrow in each line which describes as the flow of the simulation. Though it is not
seen very clearly for it is too small.

- As we run the simulation, the generator is automatically defined a value in terms of MW and in
terms of MVAR. The motor load has value about 0.something.
Step 10: Results of the Simulation
- Click Edit Mode, Case Information Tab then select Model Explorer.
 - There you will see the data from each of your components from the diagram we have simulated.

Figure 1: BUS RECORDS

 FigureFigure
4: 2:
Figure BUS1:ADMITTANCE
BUS RECORDS
GENERATOR MATRIX
RECORD

Figure 6: LINE AND TRANSFORMER RECORD

Figure 3: LOAD RECORDS

Figure 5: FAULT ANALYSIS
3.) A 300 km transmission line with a VR% of 95% and efficiency of 90% is operating with 230
kV voltage line. The load to be supplied is 300 MW with 0.8 power factor lagging. Determine
the best values of resistance, inductance and capacitance that could match with the conductor
configuration and code from Table A.3. Use the propagation constant value of 0.0456 + j0.4750
ohm and characteristic impedance of 406.4 cis (-5.48°) ohms.

Solution:

Start your equations with the value of the propagation constant and characteristic
impedance.

( 0.0456+ j 0.4750 )2=zy ( eq .1 )

z
( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )2 = ( eq . 2 )
y

2
y ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 ) =z ( eq .3 )

Substitute equation 3, which is the value of z into equation 1.

( 0.0456+ j 0.4750 )2= y 2 ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )2

Apply square root the whole equation to cancel out the exponent.

√ ( 0.0456+ j0.4750 ) = y ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )

2 2 2

( 0.0456+ j 0.4750 )= y ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )

Solve for the value of y.

( 0.0456+ j 0.4750 )
y=
( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )

−8 S
y=7.3580 ×10 + j 1.1742
mi

Substitute the value of y into equation 3.

2
z= y ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )

z=( 7.3580 ×10 + j 1.1742 ) ( 406.4 ∠−5.48 )

−8 2
 Ω
z=36.8821+ j190.3880
mi

Convert the distance, 300km into miles.

d=300 km=186.411mi

To get resistance, r, divide the value of R which is located in the value of z by the
distance in miles.

R
r=
d

36.8821 Ω
r=
186.411 mi

Ω
r =0.1979
mi

To get the inductance, L, divide the value of x located in the value of z by 2pi60d (d in
miles).

x
L=
2 π 60 d

190.3880 Ω
L=
2 π 60 ( 186.411 mi )

−3 Ω
L=2.7092 ×10
mi

To get the capacitance, C, multiply ωC , which is located in the value of y by 2pi60d.

C=ωC 2 π 60 d

C=( 1.1742 Ω )( 2 π 60 ) (186.411mi)

82517.2471 Ω∙ mi
C= ×1M Ω
100000 Ω

C=0.8252 M Ω∙ mi
 To find the optimal match of the conductor configuration, we must base with the
resistance value.

Ω
r =0.1979
mi

The nearest value is between the configuration Hen and Osprey conductors. Since Osprey
has a lower value on what we have calculated, we chose the Hen conductors as the closest match
for this configuration.

To verify that we have the exact value for the z and y, the voltage regulation must be
approximately 95% as stated in the problem.

230000
E R= =132790.5619 V
√3
300000000
I R= =941.33 A
( √ 3 ) ( 230000 V ) ( 0.8 )

cosh Y x =0.89046∠1.34

sinh Y x =0.4597 ∠84.93

E S=
230000
√3 (
cosh Y x + I R Z o sinh
1
x )
E S=231256.536 ∠49.43 V

(
[0.89046 ) ( √3 )
]
231256.536 230000 V
−
V = ×100
( √3 )
R
230000 V

V R=95.57 %