• BATTERY

-A battery is a device that stores energy and then discharges it by converting chemical energy
into electricity.

-The common battery types are alkaline, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and nickel-metal
hydride.

-A battery is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical
discharge reactions. Batteries are composed of one or more cells each containing an anode
(-), cathode (+) and the electrolyte.

-Cells are classified into two types’ primary cells and secondary cells, wherein the primary
cells are not rechargeable while the secondary cells are rechargeable.

• SWITCH

-A switch is an electrical component which is used to break an electrical circuit, interrupting

the current and to deliver the current from one conductor to another conductor. It is works with
ON and OFF mechanism. Switches are devices that open and close circuits.

-Switches are classified into four types such as single pole single throw (SPST), single pole
double throw (DPST), double pole single throw (DPST) and double pole double throw
(DPDT).

• FUSE

-A fuse is a piece of wire of a material, which is used to protect the components from damage
due to extreme current flowing through them. When an excessive current flows through the
circuit, the wires get heated up and melt. As a result, the current stops flowing.
-A standard fuse consists of main components such as metal-fuse element, a set of contacts,
support body and connection. A fuse element is made of copper, zinc, silver, alloys or
aluminum to provide predictable characteristics.

• TRANSFORMER
-A transformer is an electrical device, wherein two coils of wire are linked by an iron core.
Transformers provide much needed capability of changing the voltage and current levels
easily. They are used to step-up (increase) or step-down (decrease) AC voltages.
-A transformer that has more turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil is called as a
step-up transformer and a step-down transformer has more turns in the primary coil than the
secondary coil (step-down transformer).
-Transformers come in sizes ranging from small ones equivalent to an inch across, to large
ones that weigh hundreds of pounds or more, depending on the voltage and current they
must handle.

• CIRCUIT BREAKER

-A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device which is operated automatically. A circuit

breaker is used to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by short circuit overload.
The basic function of the circuit breaker is to interrupt the current flow and detect a fault
condition.
-It consists of two contacts such as moving and fixed contact.
-. Moving contact is used to make and break the circuit using stored energies in the form of
spring or compressed air.
-Fixed contact includes a spring which holds the moving contact after closing.
-Circuit breakers consist of two coils, closing and tripping coil. Where closing coil is used to
close the circuit and tripping coil is used to trip the circuit.

• CAPACITORS

-A capacitor is a two terminal linear passive component made from two conductive plates with
an insulator between them. The function of a capacitor is that it stores electrical energy when
an electric charge is forced on to its electrical conductors (plates) from a power source.
- A capacitor still maintains this charge even after getting disconnected from the power
source.

- A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit and also can be used as a filter to block
the DC signals, but allows AC signals.

• RESISTORS

-A resistor is an electrical component that regulates or restricts the flow of an electrical current
in a circuit.
-When current flows through the resistor, the electrical energy is absorbed by the resistor and
dissipated in the form of heat.
-The current through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor’s
terminals
 • TRANSISTOR

-Transistor is a three terminal electronic device made of semiconductor material which

regulates voltage or current flow and acts as a switch for electronic signals. There are two
types of transistors PNP and NPN, most circuits tend to use NPN transistor.
-Transistors are designed in different shapes and they have three terminals namely, base,
emitter and collector. Where, base is responsible for activating the transistor, emitter is the
negative lead and collector is the positive lead.