Final Module For Foundations of Social Sciences Detaro

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
MODULE IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
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MODULE IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
First Issue: July 31, 2020; Second August 23, 2021
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Dr. Romeo F. Detaro
Notes to the Students
This course focuses on the study of the nature, history, philosophical, and
theoretical perspective in Social Studies/Science as a body of knowledge. It also deals
with the comparative analysis and relationships of the various Social Science disciplines.
This second issue is a loose notes regarding the topics and it is revised this
school year.
Romeo Felarca Detaro PhD.
Santa Rosa, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
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Table of Contents
Pages
Part 1
Notes to the Students ------------------------ 10
Unit 1. Introduction to Social Science ------------------------ 10
Lesson 1. Meaning of Social Science ------------------------ 10
Pre-activity ------------------------ 10
Lesson proper ------------------------ 11
Post activity ------------------------ 16
Lesson 2. Nature of Social Science ------------------------ 18
Pre-activity ------------------------ 18
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 19
Post activity ------------------------ 22
Lesson 3. History of Social Science ------------------------ 24
Pre-activity ------------------------ 24
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 24
Post Activity ------------------------ 27
References ------------------------ 27
Unit II. Philosophy of Social Science ------------------------ 29
Lesson 4. Meaning of Philosophy of Social Science ------------------------ 29
Pre-activity ------------------------ 29
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 29
Post Activity ------------------------ 31
Reference ------------------------
Lesson 5. Theoretical Perspectives in Social Science ------------------------ 32
Pre-activity ------------------------ 32
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 32
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Post Activity ------------------------ 38
Reference ------------------------
Lesson 6. Comparative Analysis of Various Social Science disciplines ------------------------ 40
Pre-activity ------------------------ 40
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 40
Post Activity ------------------------ 43
Reference ------------------------
Lesson 7. Anthropology ------------------------ 45
Pre-activity ------------------------ 45
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 45
Post Activity ------------------------ 48
References ------------------------
Lesson 8. Economics ------------------------ 49
Pre-activity ------------------------ 49
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 49
Post Activity ------------------------ 49
References ------------------------
Unit 3. Geography ------------------------ 52
Lesson 9. What is Geography ------------------------ 52
Pre-activity ------------------------ 52
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 52
Post Activity ------------------------ 55
Reference ------------------------
Lesson 10. History ------------------------ 56
Pre-activity ------------------------ 56
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 56
Post Activity ------------------------ 59
References ------------------------
Unit 4. Linguistics ------------------------ 60
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Lesson 11. Introduction to Linguistics ------------------------ 60
Pre-activity ------------------------ 60
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 60
Post Activity ------------------------ 62
References ------------------------
Lesson 12. Political Science ------------------------ 63
Pre-activity ------------------------ 63
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 63
Post Activity ------------------------ 67
References
Lesson 13. Introduction to Psychology ------------------------ 67
Pre-activity ------------------------ 67
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 68
Post Activity ------------------------ 68
References ------------------------
Lesson 14. Sociology and Demography ------------------------ 71
Prep-activity ------------------------ 71
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 71
Post Activity ------------------------ 74
References ------------------------
Part 2 ------------------------
MIDTERM PERIOD ------------------------
Unit 5. Ideas in Social Sciences ------------------------
Lesson 15. Functionalism ------------------------ 75
Pre-activity ------------------------ 75
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 75
Post Activity ------------------------ 78
References ------------------------
Lesson 16. Marxism ------------------------ 79
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Pre-activity ------------------------ 79
Lesson Proper ------------------------
Post Activity ------------------------ 85
References ------------------------ 85
Lesson 17. Symbolic Interactionism ------------------------ 87
Pre-activity ------------------------ 87
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 87
Post Activity ------------------------ 88
References ------------------------
Lesson 18. Psychoanalysis ------------------------ 89
Pre-activity ------------------------ 89
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 89
Post Activity ------------------------ 89
References ------------------------
Lesson 19. Freewill, Compatibilism and In-compatibilism ------------------------ 93
Pre-activity ------------------------ 93
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 93
Post Activity ------------------------ 98
References ------------------------
Lesson 20. Feminist theory, Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Human ------------------------ 100
Environment Systems
Pre-activity ------------------------ 100
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 100
Post Activity ------------------------ 104
References ------------------------
Lesson 21. Filipino Social Thinkers ------------------------ 106
Pre-activity ------------------------ 106
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 106
Post Activity ------------------------ 108
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References ------------------------
Lesson 22. Filipino Culture ------------------------ 109
Pre-activity ------------------------ 109
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 109
Post Activity ------------------------ 110
References ------------------------
Lesson 23. Sikolohiyang Pilipino ------------------------ 112
Pre-activity ------------------------ 112
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 112
Post Activity ------------------------ 113
References ------------------------
Lesson 24. Pantayong Pananaw ------------------------ 114
Pre-activity ------------------------ 114
Lesson Proper ------------------------ 114
Post Activity ------------------------ 116
References ------------------------
Suggested Readings ------------------------ 116
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Unit 1. Introduction to Social Science
Lesson 1. Meaning of Social Science
According to The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, Social
Science is defined as the study of human society especially of its organization and of
the relationship of individual members to it which belongs to any of the following
disciplines such as history, political science, economics etc. which treat an aspect
of human society.
Preparation (Pre-activity)
Teaching the foundations of Social Science is your first door for your great
careers ahead of you. Social Science will make you a Social Scientists, an almost
difficult career hence, the coverage of your knowledge is too broad and so in order
for someone to called an expert of this field the discipline is usually subdivided into
Political Science ( Political Scientists), History (Historian), Sociology
(Sociologists), Anthropology (Anthropologists), Philosophy ( Philosopher),
Economics (Economists), Demography (Demographer), Linguistics (Linguists),
Theology (Theologian) and many other sub disciplines and expertise. For this
reason, one who is considered a Social Scientists is difficult to describe because he
needs to be an expert to all of these disciplines.
Lesson Proper (Activity Proper)
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The first two phrases that needs to be distinguished are the terms Social Science
and Social Studies.
The core difference between Social Science and Social Studies exists in their
purpose ; in Social Science, you study the society and social life of human groups
while in social studies, you study both social science and humanities in order to
promote effective citizenry.
Humanities- is the study of how people process and document the human
experience. It also studies human culture, such as literature, philosophy, and history
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural science are studies of things in nature such as Botany, Biology, etc. Social
Sciences, are studies of human activities such as Sociology, Anthropology, History
etc.
Political Science – the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government
; the analysis of political activity and behavior.
a. Political theory=Political theory is the study of political ideas and values
like justice, power and democracy that we use to describe, understand and
assess political practices and institutions.
b. Public law=a legislative enactment affecting the public at large or a
branch of law concerned with regulating the relations of individuals with the
government and the organization and conduct of the government itself —
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compare private law.
c. Public administration-Public administration is the implementation of
government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this
implementation and prepares civil employees for working in the public
service.
History – is the record of the past (Funtecha and Padilla, 2000 p. 1.)
a. Political history-Political history is the history of the polis, the res
publica, the citizen body; political events are what was done by it, to it, or
in its name. Since a citizen body is made up of individuals, the rules which
constitute it are the basis of the subject.
b. Diplomatic history-Diplomatic history deals with the history of
international relations between states. Diplomatic history can be different
from international relations in that the former can concern itself with the
foreign policy of one state while the latter deals with relations between two
or more states.
c. Cultural history-Cultural history combines the approaches of
anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural
interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and
narrative descriptions of past matter, encompassing the continuum of
events about a culture.
d. Social history-Social history, often called the new social history, is a field
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of history that looks at the lived experience of the past.
e. Economic history-Economic history is the academic study of economies
or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a
combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application
of economic theory to historical situations and institutions.
f. Intellectual history-Intellectual history is the study of the history of
human thought and of intellectuals, people who conceptualize, discuss,
write about, and concern themselves with ideas.
Sociology – scientific study of human society (Aberia, p.1)
A. Theoretical sociology-A theoretical perspective is a set of assumptions
about reality that inform the questions we ask and the kinds of answers we
arrive at as a result. ... Often, sociologists use multiple theoretical
perspectives simultaneously as they frame research questions, design and
conduct research, and analyze their results.
B. Historical sociology- Historical Sociology is an interdisciplinary field of
research that combines sociological and historical perspectives/ methods to
understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the
impact this has on the present.
C. Sociology of knowledge-The sociology of knowledge is the study of the
relationship between human thought and the social context within which it
arises, and of the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies.
D. Sociology of economy-Economic sociology is the study of the social
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cause and effect of various economic phenomena. The field can be broadly
divided into a classical period and a contemporary one, known as "New
economic sociology".
E. Rural sociology-Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally
associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas
although topical areas such as food and agriculture or natural resource
access transcend traditional rural spatial boundaries.
F. Urban sociology-Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and
human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of
sociology seeking to study the structures, environmental processes,
changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for
urban planning and policy making.
Anthropology –is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings. The term
comes from the Greek anthropos for “man, human” and logos for “study”. (Ember
and Ember, 1997, p. 2).
a. Socio-cultural Anthropology-Sociocultural anthropology is a
portmanteau used to refer to social anthropology and cultural
anthropology together. Some universities, such as Boston University
and New York University, link them together into one major of study.
b. Physical or biological Anthropology-Physical or biological
anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and
adaptations to environmental stresses. Using an evolutionary
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perspective, we examine not only the physical form of humans - the
bones, muscles, and organs - but also how it functions to allow survival
and reproduction.
c. Archaeological Anthropology= Archaeological Anthropology traces
the origin, growth and development of culture in the past. ...
Archaeology tells us about the technology used in the past by analyzing
the tools people have left behind. On this basis it can shed light on the
economic activities of the people.
d. Linguistic Anthropology-Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of
linguistics and anthropology, which deals with the place of language in
its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and
maintaining cultural practices and societal structures
e. Applied Anthropology-Applied anthropology is the application of the
methods and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of
practical problems
Philosophy – the word philosophy comes from the two Greek words: philos (love)
and sophia (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to “love of wisdom”
and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to
investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which governs all things
( Abella, 2016, p. 4)
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a. Major branches
a.1. Ontology or Metaphysics- Ontology- study of existence;
Metaphysics- the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles
of things , including abstract concepts such as being, knowing,
substance, cause, identity, time and space.
a.2. Ethics- moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the
conducting of an activity
a.3. Epistemology- the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to
its methods , validity and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of
what distinguishes justified beliefs from opinion.
a. 4. Logic- reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict
principles of validity.
a. 5. Aesthetics- a set of principles concerned with the nature and
appreciation of beauty especially in art.
b. Minor branches
b.1. Philosophy of Language- refers to an area of philosophy
concerned with the syntactic properties as well the meaning and
reference of linguistic expressions , the things implied or indicated by
linguistic expressions and attributes of linguistic expressions as a
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function of linguistic and conversational contexts.
b.2. Philosophy of Mind- is a branch of philosophy which studies the
ontology and the nature of the mind its relationship with the body.
b.3. Philosophy of Mathematics- branch of philosophy which studies
the assumptions, foundations and implications of mathematics.
b.4. Philosophy of Religion- is the philosophical study of the meaning
and nature of religion.
Economics - comes from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos which
means management, as a Social Science , it is concerned with the study of human
behavior and practices to efficiently use scare resources to achieve man’s
satisfaction. (Imperial, and Dallo et.al., 2011, p.5)
a. Macroeconomics- branch of economics dealing with the
performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of an economy
as a whole , rather than individual markets.
b. Microeconomics- branch of economics that studies the behavior of
individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of
limited resources.
Demography – the statistical study of population like birth rate, death rate,
structure by age and sex etc. it comes from the Greek word demos meaning “people”
and graphos meaning “written”.
a. Births
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b. Deaths
c. Migration
Linguistics – the scientific study of languages whether from a historical and
comparative or from a descriptive , structural point of view . it also deals with the
systems of sounds of languages, especially sound change its inflections and word
formations , its sentence structure and its meaning change, as well as minor features
such as the spelling.
a. Pure Linguistics- morphology, syntax, semantics, phonetics,
phonology
b. Applied Linguistics- socio and psycholinguistics
Theology – the science which studies God and all that relates to him, including
religion and morals.
a. Theology Proper- the study of the character of God.
b. Angelology- the study of angels.
c. Biblical theology- the study of the bible.
d. Christology- the study of Christs.
e. Ecclesiology-the study of the Church.
f. Eschatology-the study of the end of time.
g. Hamartialogy- the study of sin.
Post Lesson Activity (Post Activity)
Name:_____________________________________________ Day : _________
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Lesson Title:________________________________________ Score:__________
Instruction: Fill out the blanks in your reflective journal.
Reflective Journal
What are the key terms How do you feel about Learnings or reflections
being defined it?
Enumerate the branches of branches of Political Science, History, Sociology and
Anthropology
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Among the different Branches and Sub-branches in Social Science, which area do you
want to be a specialists? Explain your answer.
References
Abella, Roberto D. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person, C and E
Publishing Inc. 2016, p. 4
Aberia, Humar D. Student Manual and Quizbook in Sociology Central Philippine
University, p. 1
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Ember Carol R. and and Ember, Melvin, Anthropology, Eight Edition, Prentice
Hall1997, p. 2
Funtecha, Henry F. and Padilla, Melanie J. 2000, p. 1
Imperial, and Dallo et.al. Worktext in Economics Turning Points IV, Rex Book
Store, 2011, p.5
The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language International Edition,
2004, p. 941-942; 255; 577;
https://www.quora.com retrieved July 3 , 2020
https://www,britannica.com retrieved July 3 ,2020
https://en.m.wikepedia.org. retrieved July 3 , 2020
Lesson 2. Nature of Social Science
Pre-Activity
Social science which is generally regarded as including psychology, sociology,
anthropology, economics and political science, consists of the disciplined and systematic
study of society and its institutions, and of how and why people behave as they do,
both as individuals and in- groups within society. It also rely primarily on empirical
approaches. It also includes the collective knowledge of fields such as social work and
welfare, archaeology and linguistics. It is important because its study helps us to gain
knowledge of the society we live in. Among the professions which are experts in
Social Science, are Guidance Counselors, Human Resources Representative, Lawyer,
Market Research Analysts, Policy Analysts, Public Relations Specialists, Social Workers
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and Sociologists. Man in social studies refers to human beings. Even Criminology is a
social science because it is a systematic study of law making, law breaking, and law
enforcing and its emphasis is on the systematic data collection, theoretical-
methodological symmetry, and the accumulation of empirical evidence toward the goal
of understanding the nature and extent of crime in society.
Activity Proper
Society- the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
Institutions - a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or
similar purpose.
Individual- a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family
In-groups – an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or
identity
Out-groups- is a group someone doesn’t belong to, often we feel disdain or
competition in relationship to an out-group. Sports teams, unions, and sororities are
examples of in-groups and out-groups, people may belong to, or be an outsider to, any
of these.
Empirical analysis- is an evidence-based approach to the study and interpretation of
information. The empirical approach relies on real-world data, metrics and results rather
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than theories and concepts. Empiricism is the idea that knowledge is primarily received
through experience and attained through the five senses.
Social work- is a practiced-based profession that promotes social change,
development, cohesion, and the empowerment of people and community.
Social welfare- organized public or private social services for the assistance of
disadvantaged groups specifically : social work.
Archaeology- study of human history and pre-history through the excavation sites and
the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
Guidance counselors- a person who gives help and advice to students about
educational and personal decisions.
Human resources representatives- works with an organization’s new, current and
former employees to assists in the hiring, administration and training processes.
Market research analysts- gather and analyze data on consumers and competitors,
study market conditions to examine potential sales of a product or service. They help
company understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at what price.
Policy analysts- is responsible for examining the efficacy of existing policies and
laying out the groundwork for new programs and legislation to meet objectives and
goals. Duties of the position include reviewing and amending policy drafts and
proposing suggestions to improve the effects of existing policies.
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Public Relation Specialists- people who create and maintain a favorable public
image for the organization they represent. They craft media releases and develop social
media programs to shape public perception of their organization and to increase
awareness of its work and goals.
Sociologists- an expert in or student of the development, structure , and functioning
of human society.
Human beings- a man, woman , or child of the species Homo sapiens, distinguished
from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech , and
upright stance.
Law -maker- a legislator
Law- the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as
regulating the actions of its members and which may enforce by the imposition of
penalties.
Lawyers- advise individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal issues and
disputes and represent them in court and legal transactions., also called attorneys,
lawyers inform their clients about their legal rights and obligations , and help steer
them through the complexities of the law.
Law enforcer- any office, agent. or employee of a state.
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Systematic data collection- the process of collecting accurate data through
interviewing, questionnaires, and other methods.
Sociological Theory- is a supposition that intends to consider, analyze, and /or
explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections
between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological
knowledge.
Sociological Research Methods- fall into broad categories of quantitative and
qualitative approaches , but studies frequently use “mixed methods” incorporating both
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
Lesson Title:__________________________________ Score:__________
Identification: Study both lessons one and two. Then read and answer the correct
word or phrases being ask. (15 points)
__________________ 1. study of human history and pre-history through artifacts .
__________________ 2. group of people living together in a more or less
ordered community.
__________________3. an expert in human society.
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___________________4. is usually founded for a religious, educational, social, or
similar purpose.
___________________5. is a practiced-based profession that promotes social
change, development, cohesion, and the empowerment of
people and community.
__________________6. a sole human being.
__________________7. an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared
interest or identity
___________________8. It simply means the system of rules
___________________9. the study of the Church.
___________________10. from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos
which means management.
___________________11. Refers to “love of wisdom” and they soon applied it to
the study or discipline that uses human reason to
investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles
which governs all things
___________________12. the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of
government.
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___________________13. it comes from the Greek word demos meaning “people”
and graphos meaning “written”.
___________________14. is the record of the past.
___________________15. the study of the character of God.
Reference
https://www.asante.org retrieved July 4, 2020
https://journals.sagepub.com retrieved July 4, 2020
https://www.careergirls.org retrieved July 4, 2020
https://www.yourfreecareertest.com retrieved July 4, 2020
Lesson 3. History of Social Studies
Pre-Activity
While the origin of Social Science is sometimes contested, there were authors
who suggested that as early as 1760’s, it was already an interesting new discipline.
Some Social Science is regarded as Sociology and in fact, some scholars considered it
as the queen of all social sciences.
Lesson Proper
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While the origin of Social Science is sometimes contested or debated some authors,
the following were suggested evolution of the study :
1760- start of the study of man and society, and among those who were prominent
during this period were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Charles Louis
de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu or simply Montesquieu and Voltaire
Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679)- was an English philosopher, scientists and historian
best known for his political philosophy. Wrote Leviathan (1651), he describes the
relation between civil and natural laws and the relation between civil and ecclesiastical
forms of sovereignty. Leviathan refers to a government which unifies the collective will
of many individuals and which unites them under the authority of a sovereign power.
Thomas Hobbes presents himself as the first true political philosopher, the first to offer
exact knowledge of justice, sovereignty, and citizenship. Hobbes claims, moreover, that
his systematic political science will revolutionize political practice, enabling us to build
more stable, peaceful, and productive societies. In order to achieve these results,
though, Hobbes must promote a view of the proper scope of politics that is narrower
than that of the ancients. By focusing political energies on the preservation of life and
its comforts, Hobbes helps to institute the proposal made earlier by Machiavelli: that
politics should satisfy certain basic, morally neutral needs rather than aim to organize
us around contentious principles. Hobbes emphasizes several ideas that have become
central to modern politics and modern political science. He argues that human beings
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are not naturally social or political, that the state of nature is a state of war, and that
we must self-consciously create a government that is based on mutual consent and that
presupposes a fundamental equality among its members. These ideas are most
comprehensively set forth in the Leviathan (1651), which text serves as the basis for
this introduction to Hobbes’s thought.
Hobbes’s Political Science
Hobbes’s claim to found the first true political science should be understood against the
background of the political thinkers he seeks to supplant, chiefly Aristotle. Hobbes is
dissatisfied with the wisdom Aristotle claims to gain from considering multiple opinions
about the good, remarking that hundreds of years of philosophical conversation have
made no discernible progress on this question. Hobbes aims rather to elaborate a
definitive and unambiguous science of the political good. Indeed, he argues that
reading Aristotle serves no purpose but to justify the ambitions of rebellious young
men.
Because we can know completely and with certainty only what we make and control,
Hobbes gives an account of political order that portrays it as a self-conscious
construction, an artifice we craft to remove ourselves from a pre-political state of
nature. In order to achieve the exact knowledge for which he aims, Hobbes must limit
his scientific claims to the implications that can be deduced from this decision to
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institute a political order, or “commonwealth.” His political science proper therefore
constitutes only the section of the Leviathan that concerns the “consequences” that
follow from this choice, namely, the rights and duties of the sovereign and of the
subjects that are necessary to maintain this basic political agreement. This choice,
however, follows upon our passions and our speech, especially our calling “good” the
object of our desires, and pleasure the appearance of it.
The State of Nature
Hobbes begins his discussion with a description of human passions and speech, our
basic motions. Following this, Hobbes develops his account of the state of nature from
the claim that human beings are naturally equal. By this he means that each individual
possesses the natural right to preserve himself, and furthermore the natural right to
claim all things, or seek all power, that he judges necessary to this end. Moreover,
Hobbes writes, in the state of nature we are, for practical purposes, equal in physical
and mental capacity, since no one is strong or smart enough to defend himself with
certainty against the threats that arise from the efforts of other individuals to preserve
themselves.
According to Hobbes, this rough equality of ability leads each person to have an equal
hope of acquiring good things for himself. As individuals strive to accumulate goods,
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they compete with each other, and consequently create an atmosphere of distrust. The
attempt to acquire things, and to preserve them from the encroachments of others,
causes us to try to dominate and control those around us. Furthermore, Hobbes
observes, some people care particularly to be known as that sort who can dominate—
they are vainglorious or prideful individuals who are unhappy if they are not recognized
as superior.
These three things—competition, distrust, and the desire for glory—throw humankind
into a state of war, which is for Hobbes the natural condition of human life, the
situation that exists whenever natural passions are unrestrained. This state of war
should be distinguished from wars as we usually experience them, for in the natural
state of war every individual faces every other individual as an enemy; it is the “war of
every man against every man.” The total absence of collaboration makes us miserable,
and renders life “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Hobbes’s description of the state of nature proposes that what human beings want
above all is to preserve their lives and their goods, and what they fear above all is
violence at the hands of others. This desire to preserve ourselves against the threat of
violent death is the core of Hobbesian psychology. Hobbes suggests that his account
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will be ratified by honest introspection—after all, why else would we lock our doors at
night?
The Social Contract
Once the misery of the natural condition becomes clear, it is evident that something
must be done to change it. The first step is for individuals to decide to seek peace and
to make the arrangements necessary to attain and preserve it. It becomes clear that
the only way to have peace is for each individual to give up his natural right to acquire
and preserve everything in whatever manner he sees fit.
As Hobbes stipulates, this must be a collective endeavor, since it only makes sense for
an individual to give up his right to attack others if everyone else agrees to do the
same. He calls this collective renunciation of each individual’s right to all things the
“social contract.” The social contract inverts the state of nature while also building upon
some key passions responsible for the state of nature: it amounts to a more intelligent
way to preserve oneself and safely acquire goods.
Hobbes presents the social contract in the context of elaborating his “laws of nature,”
which are the steps we must take to leave the state of nature. In calling these rules
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“laws of nature,” Hobbes significantly changes the traditional concept of natural law, in
which nature offers moral guidance for human behavior. By contrast, Hobbes’s laws of
nature are not obligatory in his state of nature, since, as he makes clear, seeking peace
and keeping contracts in the state of nature would be self-destructive and absurd. In
other words, acting against the laws of nature cannot simply be called unnatural or
unjust—for Hobbes, nothing is naturally just, unjust, or blameworthy. Justice only exists
as a convention, in the context of a civil society.
The Leviathan, or the Sovereign
Particularly because there is no natural sanction for justice, we need to institute some
guarantee that everyone involved in the social contract will keep his word. Hobbes
argues that individuals require a “visible power to keep them in awe,” to remind them
of the purpose of the social contract and to force them, for fear of punishment, to keep
their promises. This power must also be sufficient to keep in check the yearning for
superiority of those who desire honor or glory. Hobbes calls the power necessary to
transform the desire for a social contract into a commonwealth the sovereign, the
Leviathan, or the “king of the proud.”
The sovereign power is created when each individual surrenders his private strength to
a single entity, which thereby acquires the means to keep everyone in obedience. Every
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individual must also surrender his private opinion about public issues to the sovereign—
for to have sufficient power to safeguard the contract, the sovereign must have the
authority to decide what is necessary to keep it, and what constitutes a transgression of
it.
The relation of the sovereign to the subject is not a contract. Rather, as Hobbes makes
clear, the individual must understand his will to be identical with the sovereign will,
since one who desires peace must logically will whatever is necessary for peace to be
maintained. The “real unity” that the subjects and the sovereign comprise is
dramatically expressed in the picture found on the cover of the Leviathan, in which one
finds a huge figure literally composed of small individuals.
Although it is commonly assumed that the Leviathan is a king, Hobbes makes clear that
the sovereign power can be composed of one person, several, or many—in other
words, the Leviathan can equally well describe a monarchy, an aristocracy, or a
democracy. The only requirement that Hobbes sets for sovereignty is that the entity has
absolute power to defend the social contract and decide what is necessary for its
defense.
Religion in the Commonwealth

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One power that Hobbes insists the sovereign must possess is the authority to determine
the public observance of religion. In Hobbes’s opinion, religion can be one of the chief
threats to public peace, since it can validate authorities other than those designated by
the sovereign. Hobbes is concerned both with Church authorities who make spiritual or
moral claims with political intent, and also with the appeal to private conscience, which
Hobbes argues is essentially the claim that an individual opinion should take priority
over the common agreement represented by the political sovereign.
Hobbes attempts to counter the religious threat to public peace by drawing a strict
distinction between private belief and public worship, and then attempting to render
private belief politically ineffectual while submitting the form of public worship to the
decision of the sovereign. Hobbes tries to make private belief politically neutral by
encouraging skepticism: his account of the human mind makes us doubtful of what we
know, and his reading of Scripture emphasizes the passages that insist on the
mysteriousness of God’s will. Hobbes ultimately pares back Christianity to the personal
belief that “Jesus is the Christ,” who will come—in some future time—to reign on earth.
In the meantime, Hobbes insists, we should follow Romans 13 in recognizing that all
authority comes from God, and obey the civil sovereign.
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Hobbes likens the obedience a subject owes the sovereign to that of a monk to the
pope. Yet there is a glaring difference: in the Hobbesian commonwealth, subjects owe
only outward obedience to the commands of the sovereign. Subjects must be allowed
to believe whatever they want (in part because persecution would unnecessarily disturb
public peace), as long as they do not try to influence public argument with their
personal beliefs.
Hobbes, Liberalism, and Modern Politics
Hobbes’s emphasis on the absolute power of the Leviathan sovereign seems to put his
political thought at odds with liberal theory, in which politics is devoted to the
protection of individual rights. Hobbes nonetheless laid the foundation for the liberal
view. His concept of the state of nature grounds politics in the individual’s desire to
preserve his life and his goods, and stipulates that the role of government is to serve
these ends. Happiness or “felicity” is continual success in obtaining what we desire. For
Hobbes, the individual has no natural duties toward others or to the common good;
obligations are taken up only as necessary means to one’s own ends. Furthermore,
Hobbes makes clear that the individual retains his natural right to preserve himself even
after entering the commonwealth—he has no obligation to submit himself to capital
punishment or likely death in war. While Hobbes has a much more limited
understanding of individual rights than liberal theorists, his political science launches
the argument that the individual has an inviolable right by nature, and also suggests
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that politics exists to help further the individual’s pursuit of his own happiness. Hobbes
begins the liberal notion of representative government: government represents but
does not rule us; its duty is to make our lives and acquisitions safe, not to form our
souls.
Not long after Hobbes’s death, John Locke used many of the elements of Hobbes’s
thought to develop the first full account of modern political liberalism. Although Locke
takes pains to distance himself from Hobbes, Hobbes’s influence can be seen in Locke’s
account of the state of nature, in his argument that the origin of all legitimate
government lies in the consent of the governed, and in his view that the political
community should aim to serve basic, common needs (Locke makes the preservation of
property central). Through Locke, Hobbes indirectly influenced the founders of the
United States, who, in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, proclaim a
new kind of politics based on equality and consent, in which government serves
relatively limited and popular aims.
Hobbes’s political ideas aroused much controversy in his time, and they continue to be
contentious. Some disagree with Hobbes’s claim that politics should be viewed primarily
as an instrument to serve self-interest, and side with Aristotle in thinking that politics
serves both basic needs and higher ends. On this view, Hobbes’s attempt to divert
public debate from tackling controversial but fundamental questions hampers our
pursuit of wisdom, happiness, and excellence. Others argue that Hobbes’s systematic
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focus on achievable goals has made possible the security and prosperity that those in
modern Western nations enjoy, and furthermore that these conditions give us the
leisure and peace to pursue knowledge and excellence in private life. In either case,
Hobbes’s contribution to the framework of the modern world makes a study of his work
important to understanding our political horizons.
John Locke ( 1632-1704 )- expressed his views that government is obligated to serve
the people , by protecting life, liberty and property. Also he went about limiting the
power of the government.
Giambattista Vico (1668-1744)- he explains the three principles of history:
1. religion
2. marriage
3. burial
these are principles both in the sense that they are the first things in society and in that
they lie at the core of social existence.
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)- a French judge , man of letters, and political
philosopher, his theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many
constitutions throughout the world.
Francois Marie Arouet or Voltaire (1694-1778)- French writer, historian, and
philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity- especially the Roman
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Catholic Church- as well as the advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and
separation of church and state.
Aguste Comte (1798-1857)- French Philosopher who formulated the doctrine of
positivism. Also known as the founder of the academic discipline of Sociology.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1977)- French Sociologists, who formally established the
academic discipline of Sociology and with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited
as the architect of modern social science.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)- German philosopher, economists, historian, sociologists,
political theorists, journalists, and socialists revolutionary. His theory is known as a
labor theory of value, which states that the value of the produced economic good can
be measured objectively by the average number of labor-hours required to produced it.
Charles Booth (1840-1916)- British ship owner , social researcher and reformer ,
best known for his innovative philanthropic studies on working class life in London
towards the end of the 19th century.
Frederic Le Play (1806-1882)- French mining engineer and sociologists who
developed techniques for systematic research on the family.
Vilfredo Pareto- (1848-1923)- he specifies that 80% of consequences comes from
20% of the causes, asserting an unequal relationship between inputs and outputs. This
principle serves as a general reminder that the relationship between inputs and outputs
is not balanced.
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Max Weber-(1864-1920)- German Sociologists, philosopher, jurist, and political
economists known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic”, relating Protestantism to
capitalism, for his ideas on bureaucracy.
Denis Diderot- ( 1713-1784)- chief editor of Encyclopedie, he also promoted the use
of reason in society to overcome challenges, think for ourselves , and discover the
truth.
Charles Fourier-( 1772- 1837 )- French social theorists who advocated a
reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as
phalanges (phalanxes)
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
Lesson Title :__________________________________Score:__________
Fill out the chart below with missing information under each title heading with the
correct answer.
Social Works Year of Birth Theory or Legacy in our
Scientists and Death idea discipline of
Social
Science
Thomas
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Hobbes
Aguste
Comte
Emile
Durkheim
Karl Marx
Charles
Booth
Frederic Le
Play
Vilfredo
Pareto
Max Weber
Denis Diderot
Charles
Fourier
References
https://www.iep.utm.edu retrieved July 7, 2020
https://www.britannica.com retrieved July 7, 2020
www.angelfire.com retrieved July 7, 2020
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plato.stanford.edu retrieved July 7, 2020
htpps://en.m.wikipedia. retrieved July 7, 2020
https://www.investopedia.com retrieved July 7, 2020
Lesson 4. Philosophy of Social Science
Pre-activity
Philosophy of Social Science is a branch of philosophy that examines the concepts,
methods and logic of the social sciences. The Philosophy of social science is
consequently a meta theoretical endeavor-a theory about theories of social life.
Activity Proper
Comte first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in
Positive Philosophy, Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence.
1. Mathematics- the abstract science of number, quantity and space.
2. Astronomy- the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and
the physical universe as a whole.
3. Physics- the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of
matter and energy.
4. Chemistry- the branch of science that deals with the identification of the
substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties
and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.
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5. Biology- study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that
cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
Observing the circular dependences of theory and observation in science, and
classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first
philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. For him the physical
sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately
channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex “Queen Science” of
society itself. His view of positivism would therefore set -out to define , in more
detail, the empirical goals of sociological method. Comte offered an account of
social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for
the truth according to a general ‘law of three stages”. This law states that
society as a whole, and each particular science, develops through three mentally
conceived stages namely:
1. The theological stage- is dominated by religion, the world and place is
dominated by gods, spirits, and magic.
2. The metaphysical stage- in which abstract speculative thinking is most
prominent, such as essences and final causes
3. The positive stage- in which empirically based scientific knowledge
Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are more typically cited as the fathers
of contemporary social Science.
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
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Lesson Title:__________________________________ Score:__________
Fill out the chart below with missing information under each title heading with the
correct answer.
Comte’s Law Give concrete descriptions of this stage
of Three
Stages
Reference
https://britannica.com retrieved July 15, 2020
https://en.m.wikipedia.org retrieved July 15, 2020
Lesson 5. Theoretical Perspectives in Social Science
Pre-activity
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Different Social science disciplines got different theoretical perspectives. In this module
I will only include some of the theoretical perspectives of History, Sociology,
Economics and Political Science.
Activity Proper
Major Philosophies in the Study of History
a. Cyclical view
1. History repeats itself
2. All human events occur in cycles
Proponents:
Herodotus- 5th century BC, he was an ancient Greek historian from Halicarnassus,
Persian Empire who wrote Histories, a detailed record of his “inquiry” on the origins of
the Greco-Persian Wars.
Oswald Sprengler-(1880-1936)-German historian . he is best known for his book The
Decline of the West, published in 1918 and 1922, covering all of world history.
b. Providential View
1. History is determined by God
2. It consists of recording the death struggle between good and evil.
3. Man is relegated to the role of a pawn in a game of high stakes.
4. It is popular during the Middle Ages
Proponent: Saint Agustine-354 AD-430 AD- he defined history as having a
distinct beginning and end, through which God worked to provide salvation to
humanity.
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c. Progressivists View or Linear View
1. This view regards mankind as responsible for the advancement of civilization.
Places complete faith in human abilities rather than in divine intervention,
that mankind is getting better and better, and each generation build upon the
achievements of the preceding.
Proponents:
Robin George Collingwood ( 1880-1943)- English philosopher, whose idea of history
is a science of the mind or a geisteswissenschaft, and as such it is to be contrasted with
the sciences of nature.
According to him, all history is the history of thought.
Loius Gottschalk (1927-1975) - according to him history contributes to the
development of national awareness.
Wilhelm Bousset (1865-1920) - co-founder of history of religions school of biblical
study.
Giambattista Vico - by looking at particular facts of history, it is possible to discover
universal truth, he uses philological (Philology- the study of literary text and of written
records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the
determination of their meaning ) and historical evidence to make metaphysical claims.
d. Relativist View
1. History classifies and groups together facts about the past in terms of current
needs or contemporary concerns. History creates its own subject.
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2. Each situation implies a reinterpretation of the past- thus relationship to the
past is in a constant state of change, history is subjective.
3. History does not deal with causal analysis- cause and effect relationship but
on discourse, and does not have a fixed theory or fixed position against which
historical data could be measured.
4. This view states that one does not have a fixed theory or fixed position
against which historical data could be measured.
Proponents:
Paul Gagnon- urges that social history be used to provide the necessary multicultural
education.
Michel Foucault- primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge ,
and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions.
Forerunner of the Study of Sociology
1. August Comte- man’s intellectual development is an evolutionary process,
society is a result of social interaction, and his sociological theory is a rational
and just society can be achieved through Sociology.
2. Karl Marx- according to him, man have lower class individuals who felt misery
and injustices because of existing industrial order, society for him is branded with
economic determinism and his theory is Economic inequality which will result to
class struggle and conflict.
3. Herbert Spencer- man according to him has the ability to survive and adapt to
his environment or survival of the fittest, society had developed from relative
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homogeneity to heterogeneity or complexity and his theory is that free public
education for all is not necessary for those who wanted to attain it would find
and utilize their own ways and means in order to survive and achieve it.
4. Emile Durkheim- man according to him is a more of a product rather that
creators of society, society itself is external to an individual and his theory is
about social phenomena like customs and among others have determined which
people accept without questions.
5. Max Weber- man are attached to their own behavior but can be affected by the
behavior of others, society is composed of social classes and that could either be
power or wealth and social prestige and they play an important role in our
society. His sociological theory includes the understanding of human action
through a “sympathetic understanding of the mind of others”. (Bernadine
Tredente-Baliguat, (Course Syllabus Socio 1b- Society and Culture With
population Education)
Major Philosophies in the Study of Economics
1. Laissez-faire- French word meaning “ leave alone”, the less the government is
involved in the economy, the better off business will be, and by extension,
society as a whole.
2. Social market-opposed to laissez-faire, it also combines private enterprise with
regulation and state intervention to establish fair competition, maintaining a
balance between a high rate of economic growth , low inflation, low levels of
unemployment, good working.
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3. Neo-capitalism- is an economic ideology which blends some elements of
capitalism with other systems.
Major Philosophies in the Study of Political Science
Anarchism- belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on
a voluntary, cooperative basis without resource to force or compulsion.
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and
rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of
the state, which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. As a historically
left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually
described alongside libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing (libertarian socialism) of
the socialist movement, and has a strong historical association with anti-capitalism and
socialism.
The history of anarchism goes back to prehistory, when humans lived in anarchic
societies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the
rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose, but it was
not until the 19th century that a self-conscious political movement emerged. During the
latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist
movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers'
struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this
period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Spanish
Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. In the last
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decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been
resurgent once more.
Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can be
broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap
between the two, which are merely descriptive. Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down
authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics
aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like. Anarchist thought, criticism,
and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society. Criticism of anarchism
include claims that it is internally inconsistent, violent, or utopian.
Capitalism-an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry
are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of
production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include
capital accumulation, competitive markets, a price system, private property and the
recognition of property rights, voluntary exchange and wage labor. In a capitalist
market economy, decision-making and investments are determined by owners of
wealth, property, or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices
and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in
goods and services markets.
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Economists, historians, political economists and sociologists have adopted different
perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in
practice. These include laissez-faire or free-market capitalism, state capitalism and
welfare capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free
markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition and state-sanctioned social
policies. The degree of competition in markets and the role of intervention and
regulation as well as the scope of state ownership vary across different models of
capitalism. The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private
property are matters of politics and policy. Most of the existing capitalist economies are
mixed economies that combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in
some cases economic planning.
Market economies have existed under many forms of government and in many different
times, places and cultures. Modern capitalist societies developed in Western Europe in a
process that led to the Industrial Revolution. Capitalist systems with varying degrees of
direct government intervention have since become dominant in the Western world and
continue to spread. Economic growth is a characteristic tendency of capitalist
economies.
Critics of capitalism argue that it concentrates power in the hands of a minority
capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of the majority working class and
their labor; prioritizes profit over social good, natural resources and the environment; is
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an engine of inequality, corruption and economic instabilities; is anti-democratic; and
that many are not able to access its purported benefits and freedoms, such as freely
investing. Supporters argue that it provides better products and innovation through
competition, promotes pluralism and decentralization of power, disperses wealth to
people who are able to invest in useful enterprises based on market demands, allows
for a flexible incentive system where efficiency and sustainability are priorities to protect
capital, creates strong economic growth, and yields productivity and prosperity that
greatly benefit society.
Liberalism- is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the
governed and equality before the law.
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed
and equality before the law. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their
understanding of these principles, but they generally support individual rights (including
civil rights and human rights), democracy, secularism, freedom of speech, freedom of
the press, freedom of religion and a market economy. Yellow is the political colour most
commonly associated with liberalism.
Liberalism became a distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment, when it became
popular among Western philosophers and economists. Liberalism sought to replace the
norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, the divine right of
kings and traditional conservatism with representative democracy and the rule of law.
Liberals also ended mercantilist policies, royal monopolies and other barriers to trade,
instead promoting free trade and marketization. Philosopher John Locke is often
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credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition, based on the social contract,
arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property and governments
must not violate these rights. While the British liberal tradition has emphasized
expanding democracy, French liberalism has emphasized rejecting authoritarianism and
is linked to nation-building.
Leaders in the British Glorious Revolution of 1688, the American Revolution of 1776 and
the French Revolution of 1789 used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of
royal tyranny. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French
Revolution. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across
Europe and South America, whereas it was well-established alongside republicanism in
the United States. In Victorian Britain, it was used to critique the political establishment,
appealing to science and reason on behalf of the people. During 19th and early 20th
century, liberalism in the Ottoman Empire and Middle East influenced periods of reform
such as the Tanzimat and Al-Nahda as well as the rise of constitutionalism, nationalism
and secularism. These changes, along with other factors, helped to create a sense of
crisis within Islam, which continues to this day, leading to Islamic revivalism. Before
1920, the main ideological opponents of liberalism were communism, conservatism and
socialism, but liberalism then faced major ideological challenges from fascism and
Marxism–Leninism as new opponents. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread
even further, especially in Western Europe, as liberal democracies found themselves as
the winners' in both world wars.
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In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism (often called simply
liberalism in the United States) became a key component in the expansion of the
welfare state. Today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout
the world. The fundamental elements of contemporary society have liberal roots. The
early waves of liberalism popularised economic individualism while expanding
constitutional government and parliamentary authority. Liberals sought and established
a constitutional order that prized important individual freedoms, such as freedom of
speech and freedom of association; an independent judiciary and public trial by jury;
and the abolition of aristocratic privileges. Later waves of modern liberal thought and
struggle were strongly influenced by the need to expand civil rights. Liberals have
advocated gender and racial equality in their drive to promote civil rights and a global
civil rights movement in the 20th century achieved several objectives towards both
goals. Other goals often accepted by liberals include universal suffrage and universal
access to education.
Conservatism- commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change
or innovation.
Conservatism is the aesthetic, cultural, social, and political philosophy that embodies
the desire to conserve traditional social institutions, held to be either good in
themselves, or better than the likely alternatives, or at least safe, familiar, and the
objects of trust and affection.
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The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditions and values of
the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek
to conserve a range of things such as organized religion, property rights, parliamentary
government, family values, the social order, the rule of law, the culture of life, the
natural environment, and classical and vernacular culture. Adherents of conservatism
often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.
The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with
François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of Bourbon Restoration that sought
to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. Historically associated with right-wing
politics, the term has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no
single set of policies regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism
depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time. Conservative
thought has varied considerably as it has adapted itself to existing traditions and
national cultures. For example, some conservatives advocate for greater government
intervention in the economy while others advocate for a more laissez faire free market
economic system. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding
their respective traditions—may disagree on a wide range of issues. Edmund Burke, an
18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution, but supported the American
Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in the 1790s.
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Communism- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and
leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and
is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Communism (from Latin communis, 'common, universal') is a philosophical, social,
political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the
establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order structured upon
the ideas of common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social
classes, money, and the state. Communism is a specific, yet distinct, form of socialism.
Communists agree on the ultimate withering away of the state but disagree on the
means to this end, reflecting a distinction between a more libertarian approach of
communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more
vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a
constitutional socialist state.
Communism includes a variety of schools of thought which broadly include Marxism and
libertarian communism as well as the political ideologies grouped around both, all of
which share the analysis that the current order of society stems from capitalism, its
economic system and mode of production, namely that in this system there are two
major social classes, the relationship between these two classes is exploitative, and that
this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a social revolution. The two
classes are the proletariat (the working class), who make up the majority of the
population within society and must work to survive, and the bourgeoisie (the capitalist
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class), a small minority who derives profit from employing the working class through
private ownership of the means of production. According to this analysis, revolution
would put the working class in power and in turn establish social ownership of the
means of production which is the primary element in the transformation of society
towards a communist mode of production.
In the 20th century, Communist governments espousing Marxism–Leninism and its
variations came into power in parts of the world, first in the Soviet Union with the
Russian Revolution of 1917, and then in portions of Eastern Europe, Asia, and a few
other regions after World War II. Along with social democracy, communism became the
dominant political tendency within the international socialist movement by the
1920s.Criticism of communism can be divided into two broad categories, namely that
which concerns itself with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist states and
that which concerns itself with communist principles and theory. Several academics and
economists, among other scholars, have stated that the model under which these
nominally Communist states in practice operated was not an actual communist
economic model in accordance with most accepted definitions of communism as an
economic theory but in fact a form of state capitalism, or non-planned administrative-
command system.
Socialism- a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that
the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by
the community as a whole.
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Authoritarian socialism- is a political – economic system that can be generally
described as socialists, but one that rejects the liberal democratic concepts of multi-
party politics , freedom of assembly, habeas corpus and freedom of expression.
Democratic socialism- is a political philosophy supporting political democracy within
a socially owned economy , with a particular emphasis on economic democracy,
workforce democracy, and worker’s self-management within a market socialist economy
or some form of decentralized planned socialist economy.
Fascism- is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultra nationalism characterized by
dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition as a well as strong regimentation of
society and of the economy which came to prominence in early 20th century Europe.
Marxism- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles, later
developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of
communism.
Leninism- Marxism as interpreted and applied by Lenin, it is a political philosophy that
seeks to establish a socialist state to develop further into socialism and eventually
communism, a classless social system with common ownership of the means of
production and with full social and economic equality of all members of society.
Trotskyism- the political of economic, principles of Leon Trotsky, especially the theory
that socialism should be established throughout the world by continuing revolution.
Trotskyism has generally included elements of anarchism and syndicalism, but the term
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has come to be used indiscriminately to describe a great many forms of radical
socialism.
Stalinism- the ideology and policies adopted by Stalin, based on centralization,
totalitarianism, and the pursuit of communism.
Titoism- is described as the post world war-II policies and practices associated with
Josip Broz Tito during the Cold war, characterized by an opposition to the Soviet Union.
Maoism- Maoism or Mao Zedong thought, is a variety of Marxism-Leninism that Mao
Zedong developed for realizing a socialists revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial
society of the Republic of China and later the People’s Republic of China.
Marcosism- Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos’s political ideology was anchored
on his “ democratic centralism”
Dutertism- the political ideology of Philippine President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, which
includes his anti-drug campaign, strong political will and among others.
Post Activity
Make an interview of somebody who is knowledgeable about the history of your Town.
Write the history of your town inside the box including your interviewee, time and
venue of your interview including your time of interview. (20 points)
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Reference
Tredente-Baliguat, Bernadine, Course Syllabus Socio 1b- Society and Culture With
population Education, undated, Department of Social Sciences College of Arts and
Sciences, Central Philippine University, pages 8-9
Funtecha, Henry F. and Padilla, Melanie J. A Study Guide in Philippine History for
Teachers and Students, 2000, page 4-5
Penaflor, Lito and Penaflor, Karyl, Poliotics and Governnace with Philippine Constitution
for Senior High School Students- Grade 12, 2017, Pages 17-29
https://en.m.wikipedia.org retrieved July 8, 2020
https://archives.history.ac.uk retrieved July 8, 2020
University of Chicago Library Guide to the Louis Gottschalk Papers 1927-1975
lib.uchicago.edu
Dictionary.com
anarchism wikipedia - Bing retrieved August 23, 2021
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capitalism meaning - Bing retrieved August 23, 2021
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism - Bing retrieved August 23, 2021
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism retrieved August 23, 2021
Lesson 6. Comparative Analysis of Various Social Sciences
Pre-activity
Social Sciences is all about the relationship of man to his fellow man in relation to his
past, that is why we study History, or its about its origin, race and culture , as in the
case of Anthropology, or in his dealings with government or its interplay of power, that
why we have Political Science and so on and so forth. This lesson will briefly compare
some of these Social Sciences with regards to its focus of inquiry.
Activity Proper
1. Economics and Various Social Sciences
Can be defined as a social science that deals with the study of the allocation of
scarce resources among unlimited and competing uses to satisfy human needs.
Economics -is related to other social science in that they study life of human beings,
but they differ in their method of analysis and specific objectives.
Anthropology- is the most comprehensive of the social sciences. It covers the
biological, psychological, social, and cultural aspects of human life. It studies every
aspect of human society, including social structure, aesthetic expression, language, and
the belief system.
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Political Science -studies the mechanics of the distribution of power and is concerned
with the relationship between authority and the masses.
Psychology- studies society from the viewpoint of the individuals and groups. It finds
out how society influences the individuals and groups. It finds out how society
influences the individual’s personality and how the individual responds to social stimuli
and pressures.
Sociology –studies society by analyzing human groups, institutions, and social
relationships. It analyzes the social patterns that result from numerous individual
interactions.
History is not only a systematic recording of past events but a detailed and in-depth
interpretation of the causes and effects of past events on the lives of the members of a
society. ( Tullao Jr., Tereso, 1999 )
2. Anthropology and Various Social Sciences
Anthropology is literally the study of human beings. It differs from other disciplines
concerned with people in that it is broader in scope. It is concerned with humans in all
places of the world and it traces human evolution and cultural development from
millions of years ago to the present day.
Another distinguishing feature of an anthropology is its holistic approach to the study
of human beings. Anthropologists study not only all varieties of people but also all
aspects of those people’s experiences.
Anthropologists are concerned with identifying and explaining typical characteristics
(traits, customs) of particular human population.
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Physical anthropology is one of the major fields of the discipline. Physical anthropology
studies the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution ( the focus called
human paleontology). It also studies how and why contemporary human populations
vary biologically (the focus called human variation).
The second broad area of concern to anthropology is cultural anthropology. Its three
subfields-archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and ethnology- all deal with aspects
of human culture- that is with the customary ways of thinking and behaving of a
particular society. (Ember and Ember, 1997).
3. Sociology and Various Social Sciences
Sociology- is the scientific study of society with special emphasis upon groups and
institutions.
The technical or applied social sciences such as politics, education, social service, and
economics are related to sociology in a different way. They are to a greater or lesser
extent, applications of principles which it is the business of sociology and psychology to
deal with explicitly, hence sociology may be regarded as fundamental to the other social
sciences. The economists , for example, is interested in the factors which influence
business activity. He soon learns that to understand business activity, he must know
something about the manner in which people usually operate in human groups. The
sociologists is not interested in business as such, but he is interested in the social
patterns which govern the actions of labor leaders, business promoters, consumers, and
workers. The same type of analysis could be made of political science, social welfare,
and education. The major task of the sociologist is to study human groups, and by so
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doing he helps the specialized sciences in their tasks and from them obtains more data
which may be used in the analysis of group conduct. There are also specific fields such
as criminology, the family, population, race relations, etc. which do not receive much
academic consideration until the sociologists made them the object of scientific inquiry.
Finally, we have been interested in the way patterns of human association affect
various areas of human life which have long been the subject of study, and thus we
have the sociology of law, religion, education, industry, to name a few which are fairly
well developed.
Post Activity
Answer the following post activity questions:
1. What is Economics and explain its relationship to other Social Sciences?
2. What is Anthropology and explain its relationship with other social sciences?
3. What is Sociology and explain its relationship with other Social sciences?
1._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
2._____________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
3._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
Reference
Tullao Jr., Tereso S. Understanding Economics In The Philippine Setting, Phoenix
Publishing House Inc., 1999, pages 2-3
Ember, Melvin and Ember, Carol, Anthropology Eight Edition, Prentice Hall, p. 13
Espiritu and Hollsteiner et. al. Pages 8-9
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Lesson 7. Introduction to Anthropology
Pre-activity
Anthropology, by definition is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings.
The term comes from the Greek Anthropos for “man, human” and logos for “study”.
Anthropologists seek answers to an enormous variety of questions about humans. They
are interested in discovering when, when, and why humans appeared on the earth, how
and why they have changed since then, and how and why modern human populations
vary in certain physical features
Activity Proper
The Scope of Anthropology
1.Anthropology differs from other disciplines concerned with humans: broader in scope
both geographically and historically.
2. Anthropology is concerned explicitly and directly with all varieties of people
throughout the world, not only those close at hand or within a limited area.
3. It is also interested in people of all periods. Beginning with the immediate ancestors
of humans, who lived a few million years ago, anthropology traces the development of
humans until the present. Every part of the world that has ever contained a human
population is of interest to anthropologists.
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4. Traditionally, Anthropologists are found in remote villages, but now we can see them
in cities of the industrial world.
5. Because anthropologist are acquainted with human life in an enormous variety of
geographical and historical settings, they are often able to correct mistaken beliefs
about different groups of people.
For example: drinking milk causes cramps, stomach gas, diarrhea and nausea known as
milk intolerance is the reason why many black schoolchildren don’t drink milk, which the
American educators before thought and assumed that lack of money or education was
the cause.
6. Anthropology is holistic, or multifaceted, approach to the study of human beings.
Anthropologists study not only all varieties of people but many aspects of human
experiences as well.
For example when describing a group of people:
a. History of the area in which people live
b. The physical environment
c. The organization of family life
d. The general features of their language
e. The group’s settlement’s patterns
f. Political systems
g. economic systems
h. religion
i. styles of arts and dress
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7. because of this holistic approach, anthropologists tend to specialized in one area:
Four Major Sub-disciplines of Anthropology
a.1. Physical Anthropology- seek to answer two distinct sets of questions. The first
set of questions about the emergence of humans and their evolution ( this is the focus
of human paleontology or paleoanthropology). The second set includes questions about
how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically the focus referred to
as Human Variation).
Social Darwinism refers to various theories that emerged in Western Europe and
North America in the 1870s that applied biological concepts of natural selection and
survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics. Social Darwinism posits that
the strong see their wealth and power increase while the weak see their wealth and
power decrease. Various social Darwinist schools of thought differ on which groups of
people are the strong and which are the weak, and also differ on the precise
mechanisms that reward strength and punish weakness.[clarification needed] Many
such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism, while
others, emphasizing struggle between national or racial groups, support nationalism,
authoritarianism, eugenics, racism, imperialism, communism and/or fascism. The
ideology of social Darwinism inspired the perpetrators of genocides including the
Armenian genocide.
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Social Darwinism declined in popularity as a purportedly scientific concept following the
First World War, and was largely discredited by the end of the Second World War—
partially due to its association with Nazism and partially due to a growing scientific
consensus that it was scientifically groundless. Later hypotheses that were categorized
as social Darwinism were generally described as such as a critique by their opponents;
their proponents did not identify themselves by such a label. Creationists have
frequently maintained that social Darwinism—leading to policies designed to reward the
most competitive—is a logical consequence of "Darwinism" (the theory of natural
selection in biology). Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal
to nature, since the theory of natural selection is merely intended as a description of a
biological phenomenon and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon is good
or that it ought to be used as a moral guide in human society. While most scholars
recognize some historical links between the popularisation of Darwin's theory and forms
of social Darwinism, they also maintain that social Darwinism is not a necessary
consequence of the principles of biological evolution. Social Darwinism is generally
universally accepted to be a pseudoscience not based on any empirical data or truth.
Scholars debate the extent to which the various social Darwinist ideologies reflect
Charles Darwin's own views on human social and economic issues. His writings have
passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism, while other
passages appear to promote it. Darwin's early evolutionary views and his opposition to
slavery ran counter to many of the claims that social Darwinists would eventually make
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about the mental capabilities of the poor and colonial indigenes. After the publication of
On the Origin of Species in 1859, one strand of Darwin's followers, led by Sir John
Lubbock, argued that natural selection ceased to have any noticeable effect on humans
once organised societies had been formed.However, some scholars argue that Darwin's
view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from other theorists such as
Herbert Spencer. Spencer published his Lamarckian evolutionary ideas about society
before Darwin first published his hypothesis in 1859, and both Spencer and Darwin
promoted their own conceptions of moral values. Spencer supported laissez-faire
capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self-
improvement which could be inherited.An important proponent in Germany was Ernst
Haeckel, who popularized Darwin's thought and his personal interpretation of it, and
used it as well to contribute to a new creed, the monist movement.
Primatologists- anthropologists, psychologists, and biologists who specialize in the
study of primates like prosimians, monkeys, and apes and humans who belongs to the
order of primates.
It is related to geology, general vertebrate, paleontology, comparative
anatomy, study of comparative primate behavior.
Human Genetics- the study of human traits that are inherited
Population Biology- the study of environmental effects on and interaction with,
population characteristics.
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Epidemiology- the study of how and why diseases affect different populations in
different ways.
b.2. Anthropological Linguistics- the anthropological study of languages
b.3. Archaeology- the study of past cultures through their material remains
the archaeologists seeks not only to reconstruct the daily life and customs of
peoples who lived in the past but also
b.4. Ethnology- the study of recent cultures, is often referred to by the parent name,
cultural anthropology.
Post Activity
Instruction: Discuss the reason why Anthropology is considered as a very broad scope
of studies.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________.
Reference
Ember, Melvin and Ember, Carol, Anthropology Eight Edition, Prentice Hall, p. 1-13
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=Theories+in+physical+anthropology&cvid=bc5f932070ed4cecb810cc133f11f2ed&aqs
=edge..69i57j0.10894j0j9&FORM=ANAB01&PC=HCTS retrieved August 23, 2021
Lesson 8. Introduction to Economics
Pre-activity
Economics – comes from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos which
means management.
Activity Proper
Xenophon- instructional treatises on efficient management and leadership which is
titled “Oeconomicus” , he describes Greek economy as a premarket, wherein product s
were neither uniform nor traded on organized exchange or analyzed for their own
sake. They emphasized human contract through the practical nature of leadership and
policy.
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Plato- in his book, “The Republic” presented a blueprint for an economy in which cities
are founded on key principles of specialization and division of labor that creates mutual
interdependence and further leads to reciprocal exchange.
Economic ideas of Plato
Plato (427-347BC ) was one of the greatest philosopher of the Greece who was the
pupil of Socrates. Plato’s ideas on economic arose in his work, - ‘ The Republic.’ In
which he discussed the organizing of the state, division of labour, slavery and
communism and so on. Let us discussed the economic ideas of Plato:
1. Origin of the state: According to Plato, a state arises out of the needs of
maintaining. He opines that no one is self-sufficient and all of us have many words, so
one takes a helper for one purpose and another for another. When the helper and the
partners are gathered together in one habitation, the body of inhabitants is termed as
state. Thus, Plato found the origin of the state on eh basis of economic consideration.
2. Division of labor: Plato advocated the division of labor in economic activities.
Thus division of labor arose from the natural differences in human beings. He was
interested in the increase of efficiency and therefore he advocated for the increasing
amount of specialization in production.
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3. Communism: Plato wanted to abolish the class conflict in the society; but not on
the basis of equality of opportunity. Plato supported property community. He wanted to
abolish some of the evils of the cast system through his communism promote harmony
of interest in the society.
4. Division of society: Plato decided the entire society into major parts- 1. The
ruling class and the ruled class. The ruling class was a previlege class including
philosophers, aristocrats, who enjoyed common ownership of property, the ruled class,
on the other hand, included workers, agricultural labors who didn’t have the right to
property.
5. Slavery: Plato considered slavery as a permanent and necessary institution in the
history of mankind. But he wanted treatment to the slavery.
5. Value, money and interest: Plato considered that a producer should not
charge more than the value of the commodity. To him, money was not only a
medium of exchange but it was also a standard of value. So far as the
interest was considered, he was not in favor of interest to be paid against the
loans.
Aristotle- did not agree to Plato about his ideal state, he defended private property for
all classes and not just for the established leaders. In his book “Topics and Rhetoric”,
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Aristotle viewed exchange as a way to satisfy individual and collective wants and not as
a means for the state accumulate wealth.
Economic ideas of Aristotle
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was the most popular pupil of Plato. Although Aristotle did
not contribute any published book on economic, yet many of his talks were related with
the ancient economic problems. So we can discussed Aristotle’s economic view as
follows.
Origin of the state: Aristotle explained that the origin of the state was not based on
merely economic factors, but it was an outcome of the natural instinct of man to
associate with other human beings or with other groups of the pupil. Thus, Aristotle
regarded origin of the state as a product of a natural growth.
Communism: Aristotle attacked the common ownership of Plato and advocated
private ownership of the property as it was a natural instinct of man.
The scope of Economics: According to Aristotle, there were two parts of economic-
household management and wealth earning economy. The household management was
basically concerned with consumption of wealth in the satisfaction of the desires of life
whereas wealth earning economy was related with the art of earning wealth. However,
he was in favor of the household economy as it was natural one.
Value Money and interest: Plato recognized value as an inherent quality of the
commodity while Aristotle considered that the value of the commodity was based on it’s
use or it’s intensity of wants.
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According to Aristotle, money was a useful way of facilitating exchange. He thought
that money can act as a medium of exchange and also as a measures value and a
standard of deferred payment. Aristotle was against the payment of a high rate of
interest.
Division of labor and Slavery: Like Plato, Aristotle also supported the division of
labour or specialization in production Aristotle was also a supporter of slavery system.
He considered slavery as a natural institution.
Francois Quesnay- his groups are called physiocrats believed in the importance of
nature in the economic development of a country. The strongly agreed that man should
use his natural resources wisely and properly to attain maximum advantages from it. It
his book “ Tableau Economique” which illustrated the flow of the factors of production,
goods, and services in the different sectors of the economy.
Mercantilists- contradicted these principles of the physiocrats. They believed in the
importance of gold and silver in the development of the economy. According to this
group, the accumulation of gold and silver determines the wealth of a country.
Classicists Economists
a. Adam Smith- known as the “Father of Modern Economics”
b. David Ricardo- his idea is known as The Law of Diminishing Marginal
Returns
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c. Thomas Robert Malthus- his theory in his book “ Essay on the Principles of
population” states that if the population increases rapidly than the supply of
food, it can cause famine, and it can affect the economic activities of man.
d. Neo-classists- they founded the law of supply and demand, advanced by John
Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, and later propagated by Mao Tse-Tung of China,
Vladimir Lenin of Russia and other communists countries.
e. John Maynard Keynes- wrote “ General Theory of Employment , Interest, and
Money”, he was also known as the Father of Modern Employment theory.
f. Karl Marx- wrote “ Das Kapital” also known as the Father of Communism,
shared his principles and ideals regarding the cause of poverty of the proletariat
or working class is caused by abusive practices of the rich capitalists that
safeguard their own selfish interests and their accumulation of wealth.
The study of Economics is subdivided into:
1. Microeconomics-is centered in discussing the small unit of the economy. It
tackles the behavior of the consumers, producers and the market.
2. Macroeconomics- is the study of the behavior of the entire economy. It
focuses on the aggregate activities of the government, industry, and household.
Post Activity
Instruction: Identification: Write your answer on the blanks provided
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_____________________1. It discussed the small unit of the economy.
_____________________2. It discussed the economy of the whole country.
_____________________3. He wrote Topics and Rhetorics.
_____________________4. He wrote Das Capital.
_____________________5. Father of Modern Employment Theory.
________________________6. Father of Modern Economics.
________________________7. His idea is about the general theory of employment.
________________________8. Group of Economists that proposed Law of Supply and
Demand.
________________________9. Group of economists that considers silver and gold as
the basis for wealth.
________________________10. Science of properly allocating scarce resources to our
unlimited wants.
Reference
Imperial, and Antonio et. al. Worktext in Economics Turning Points IV Second Edition
page 3-5
Economic Ideas of Plato and Aristotle (sitonexam.in) retrieved August 23, 2021
Lesson 9. Introduction to Geography
Pre-activity
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Geography is the science of the earth. (The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English
Language, 2004)
Activity Proper
Geography comes from the two Greek words , geo which means “earth” and
graphien which means “to write” or “to describe”. Geography, therefore, is the study of
the earth and deals with location, extent, distribution, frequency, and interaction of all
significant elements of the human and physical environment on the earth’s surface. It
also deals with the descriptions of the earth into continents, regions, countries,
landforms, water forms, and the relation of these geographic features to the way of life
of the people in the area.
The knowledge of geography helps us understand why and how things around us
happen. It also helps us see how the environment affects people and how affect the
environment , on the other hand.
Geography is divided into:
1. Physical geography- deals with the composition of the earth’s surface and the
distribution of its features
Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the two fields of
geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with
the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built
environment, the domain of human geography.
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Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related
fields, as follows:
Geomorphology is concerned with understanding the surface of the Earth and
the processes by which it is shaped, both at the present as well as in the past.
Geomorphology as a field has several sub-fields that deal with the specific
landforms of various environments e.g. desert geomorphology and fluvial
geomorphology; however, these sub-fields are united by the core processes
which cause them, mainly tectonic or climatic processes. Geomorphology seeks
to understand landform history and dynamics, and predict future changes
through a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical
modeling (Geomorphometry). Early studies in geomorphology are the foundation
for pedology, one of two main branches of soil science.
Hydrology is predominantly concerned with the amounts and quality of water
moving and accumulating on the land surface and in the soils and rocks near the
surface and is typified by the hydrological cycle. Thus the field encompasses
water in rivers, lakes, aquifers and to an extent glaciers, in which the field
examines the process and dynamics involved in these bodies of water. Hydrology
has historically had an important connection with engineering and has thus
developed a largely quantitative method in its research; however, it does have
an earth science side that embraces the systems approach. Similar to most fields
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of physical geography it has sub-fields that examine the specific bodies of water
or their interaction with other spheres e.g. limnology and ecohydrology.
Glaciology is the study of glaciers and ice sheets, or more commonly the
cryosphere or ice and phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology groups the latter
(ice sheets) as continental glaciers and the former (glaciers) as alpine glaciers.
Although research in the areas is similar to research undertaken into both the
dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers, the former tends to be concerned with the
interaction of ice sheets with the present climate and the latter with the impact
of glaciers on the landscape. Glaciology also has a vast array of sub-fields
examining the factors and processes involved in ice sheets and glaciers e.g.
snow hydrology and glacial geology.
Biogeography- is the science which deals with geographic patterns of species
distribution and the processes that result in these patterns. Biogeography
emerged as a field of study as a result of the work of Alfred Russel Wallace,
although the field prior to the late twentieth century had largely been viewed as
historic in its outlook and descriptive in its approach. The main stimulus for the
field since its founding has been that of evolution, plate tectonics and the theory
of island biogeography. The field can largely be divided into five sub-fields: island
biogeography, paleobiogeography, phylogeography, zoogeography and
phytogeography.
Climatology- is the study of the climate, scientifically defined as weather
conditions averaged over a long period of time. Climatology examines both the
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nature of micro (local) and macro (global) climates and the natural and
anthropogenic influences on them. The field is also sub-divided largely into the
climates of various regions and the study of specific phenomena or time periods
e.g. tropical cyclone rainfall climatology and paleoclimatology.
Meteorology- is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that
focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting (in contrast with
climatology). Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant
progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century.
Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that illuminate and
are explained by the science of meteorology.
Soil geography deals with the distribution of soils across the terrain. This
discipline is fundamental to both physical geography and pedology. Pedology is
the study of soils in their natural environment. It deals with pedogenesis, soil
morphology, soil classification. Soil geography studies the spatial distribution of
soils as it relates to topography, climate (water, air, temperature), soil life
(micro-organisms, plants, animals) and mineral materials within soils
(biogeochemical cycles).
Palaeogeography- is a cross-disciplinary study that examines the preserved
material in the stratigraphic record to determine the distribution of the continents
through geologic time. Almost all the evidence for the positions of the continents
comes from geology in the form of fossils or paleomagnetism. The use of these
data has resulted in evidence for continental drift, plate tectonics, and
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supercontinents. This, in turn, has supported palaeogeographic theories such as
the Wilson cycle.
Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean
and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal
geomorphology, geology, and oceanography) and the human geography of the
coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering processes, particularly
wave action, sediment movement and weathering, and also the ways in which
humans interact with the coast. Coastal geography, although predominantly
geomorphological in its research, is not just concerned with coastal landforms,
but also the causes and influences of sea level change.
Oceanography- is the branch of physical geography that studies the Earth's
oceans and seas. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms
and ecosystem dynamics (biological oceanography); ocean currents, waves, and
geophysical fluid dynamics (physical oceanography); plate tectonics and the
geology of the sea floor (geological oceanography); and fluxes of various
chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its
boundaries (chemical oceanography). These diverse topics reflect multiple
disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean
and understanding of processes within it.
Quaternary science - is an interdisciplinary field of study focusing on the
Quaternary period, which encompasses the last 2.6 million years. The field
studies the last ice age and the recent interstadial the Holocene and uses proxy
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evidence to reconstruct the past environments during this period to infer the
climatic and environmental changes that have occurred.
Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that address
how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the
distribution and flow of energy, materials, and individuals in the environment
(which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape "elements"
themselves such as hedgerows). The field was largely funded by the German
geographer Carl Troll. Landscape ecology typically deals with problems in an
applied and holistic context. The main difference between biogeography and
landscape ecology is that the latter is concerned with how flows or energy and
material are changed and their impacts on the landscape whereas the former is
concerned with the spatial patterns of species and chemical cycles.
Geomatics is the field of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering
geographic information, or spatially referenced information. Geomatics includes
geodesy (scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and
representation of the earth, its gravitational field, and other geodynamic
phenomena, such as crustal motion, oceanic tides, and polar motion),
geographical information science (GIS) and remote sensing (the short or large-
scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either
recording or real-time sensing devices that are not in physical or intimate contact
with the object).
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Environmental geography is a branch of geography that analyzes the spatial
aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. The branch
bridges the divide between human and physical geography and thus requires an
understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology,
biogeography, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies
conceptualize the environment. Although the branch was previously more visible
in research than at present with theories such as environmental determinism
linking society with the environment. It has largely become the domain of the
study of environmental management or anthropogenic influences.
2. Human geography- deals with the economic, political and social geography,
and is concerned essentially with the changes wrought by man on his
environment.
Effects of the Archipelago Shape of our Nation ( Zaide and Zaide, 2004)
1. There is a geographical barrier separating the Philippines from other nations
in Asia.
2. The archipelago barrier also divides tribes and nations in the Philippines
3. With many islands to defend, the country is easily invaded by foreigners who
want to conquer and colonize.
4. Smuggling, piracy and migration can happen more easily in this archipelago.
5. Our archipelago is an ideal training for missionaries and evangelists who want
to learn different cultures, climates, and people.
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Topography- refers to the physical features of the country. For example: The
Philippines is an inverted Y-shaped archipelago of numerous islands and islets, coral
reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays, mountains and valleys; cool plateaus and scenic
volcanoes .
Physical Features of Asia (Samson and Antonio et. al., 2011)
1. Region- is an area on the earth’s surface marked by distinguished similar
features and unifying characteristics. For example: Asia is divided into 5
Regions namely: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, and North or
Central Asia.
2. Natural Features
a. Mountain Ranges
b. Plateaus
c. Peninsulas
d. Archipelagos
e. Islands
f. Deserts
g. Waterforms- rivers, seas, oceans, etc.
h. volcanoes
3. Climate- tropical, arid and semi-arid, temperate, continental sub arctic or taiga,
contineltal sever, polar, and tundra
4. Natural calamities
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5. Natural resources
a. Plant life
b. Animal life
c. Forest resources
d. Fish and marine resources
e. Minerals
f. Energy sources
g. Scenic beauties and natural wonders
Factors that Affects the Climate of Asia
a. Latitude- is the angular distance north and south of the equator, and is
measured in degrees along a meridian as on a map or globe.
b. Oceanity- is the measure of the degree to which the climate of the region is
influenced by a maritime airflow from the oceans.
c. Monsoon- is a wind system that influences large climatic regions and
reverses direction seasonally. Example: in the Philippine habagat and amihan.
d. Elevation- temperature changes with elevation, the higher you go, the
colder it gets.
e. Vegetation Cover – tundra vegetation, forest, grassland, desert lands,
Post Activity
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Essay: Write in not more that 200 words inside the box, your understanding about the
study of geography, focus your discussion on how people of Pototan is affected by
flooding of the river and the impact of plains in the lives of the Pototanons.
Reference
Samson, Maria Carmelita B. and Antonio, Eleanor D. et. al. Work text in Asian History,
Turning Points II, Second Edition, Rex Bookstore, 2011, p. 1-23
Gregorio F. and Zaide, Sonia M. Philippine History and Government, sixth edition, All
Nations Publishing Co. 2004, p. 2-19
The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language International Edition, 2004
Human geography - Wikipedia retrieved August 23, 2021
Lesson 10. Introduction to History
Pre-activity
History according to Funtecha and Padilla, 2,000, is defined in different ways:
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1. The traditional definitions includes: History is the record of the past, which a
weak definition according Funtecha and Padilla because it is a one sided
definition of history since it is biased only in favor of the written records, oral
history traditions and cultural artifacts are not included.
2. Modern definition- history is the reconstruction of the past based on the records,
oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions. It is an imaginative and
interpretative reconstruction of the past.
Activity Proper
Uses or importance of History
1. Bridging the gap between the present and the past.
2. Explaining causes of things and events
3. Projecting the future
4. Interpreting conditions of a given space and time
5. Promoting nationalism and patriotism
Sources of History
a. Written or inscribed sources
1. Birth and death certificates
2. Marriage certificates
3. Directories
4. Church records
5. Letters and diaries
6. Local newspapers
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7. Census reports
8. Title deeds
9. Surveyor’s notes
10. School records
11. Government records
12. Business records
13. Police records
14. Books
15. Souvenir programs
16. Hospital records
17. Inscriptions
b. Graphic, visual materials and artifacts
1. Photographs
2. Heirlooms and keepsakes
3. Arts and crafts
4. Tools, weapons and utensils
5. Old structures and landmarks
6. Skeletal remains with funerary furniture and paraphernalia
c. Folklore/oral literature
d. Oral history through interviews
Theories of History
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Giambattista Vico- verum ipsum factum or “ the true is the made”, or something is
true because it is made of scienzia both sets of knowledge per caussas as its task and
as the method of attaining it; or express in other terms the content of scienza is
identical with the development of that scienza itself ( Plato.stanford.edu), Vico studied
Roman law and history and and Greek philosophy, he wrote Nouva Scienza ( New
Science), in 1725, his cyclical theory of history- states that the method we adopt
must necessarily vary according to the things with which we are dealing.
Giambattista Vico (born Giovan Battista Vico /ˈ

viːkoʊ/; Italian: [ˈ
viko]; 23 June 1668 –
23 January 1744) was an Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist during the
Italian Enlightenment. He criticized the expansion and development of modern
rationalism, was an apologist for classical antiquity and the Renaissance humanities,
finding Cartesian analysis and other types of reductionism impractical to human life,
and was the first expositor of the fundamentals of social science and of semiotics. He is
recognized as one of the first Counter-Enlightenment figures in history.
The Latin aphorism Verum esse ipsum factum ("What is true is precisely what is made")
coined by Vico is an early instance of constructivist epistemology.He inaugurated the
modern field of the philosophy of history, and, although the term philosophy of history
is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a "history of philosophy narrated philosophically."
Although he was not an historicist, contemporary interest in Vico usually has been
motivated by historicists, such as Isaiah Berlin, a philosopher and historian of
ideas,Edward Said, a literary critic, and Hayden White, a metahistorian.
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Vico's intellectual magnum opus is the book Scienza Nuova or New Science (1725),
which attempts a systematic organization of the humanities as a single science that
recorded and explained the historical cycles by which societies rise and fall.
Samuel Beckett's first published work, in the selection of critical essays on James Joyce
entitled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress,
is "Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". In it, Beckett sees a profound influence of Vico's
philosophy and poetics—as well the cyclical form of the Scienza Nuova—on the avant-
garde compositions of Joyce, and especially the titular Work in Progress, viz. Finnegans
Wake.
In Knowledge and Social Structure (1974), Peter Hamilton identified Vico as the
"sleeping partner" of the Age of Enlightenment. Despite having been relatively unknown
in his 18th-century time, and read only in his native Naples, the ideas of Vico are
predecessors to the ideas of the intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Moreover,
recognition of Vico's intellectual influence began in the 19th century, when the French
Romantic historians used his works as methodological models and guides.
In Capital: Critique of Political Economy (1867), Karl Marx's mention of Vico indicates
their parallel perspectives about history, the role of historical actors, and an historical
method of narrative. Marx and Vico saw social-class warfare as the means by which
men achieve the end of equal rights; Vico called that time the "Age of Men". Marx
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concluded that such a state of affairs is the optimal end of social change in a society,
but Vico thought that such complete equality of rights would lead to socio-political
chaos and the consequent collapse of society. In that vein, Vico proposed a social need
for religion, for a supernatural divine providence to keep order in human society.
In Orientalism (1978), Edward Said acknowledged his scholar's debt to Vico, whose
"ideas anticipate and later infiltrate the line of German thinkers I am about to cite. They
belong to the era of Herder and Wolf, later to be followed by Goethe, Humboldt,
Dilthey, Nietzsche, Gadamer, and finally the great twentieth century Romance
philologists Erich Auerbach, Leo Spitzer, and Ernst Robert Curtius." As a humanist and
early philologist, Vico represented "a different, alternative model that has been
extremely important to me in my work", which differed from mainstream Western
prejudice against the Orient and the dominating "standardization" that came with
modernity and culminated in National Socialism. That the interdependence of human
history and culture facilitates the scholars' task to "take seriously Vico's great
observation that men make their own history, that what they can know is what they
have made, and extend it to geography. As geographical and cultural entities—to say
nothing of historical entities—such locales, regions, and geographical sectors as 'Orient'
and 'Occident' are man-made."
Immanuel Kant- he wrote Critique of Pure Reason and his short essay entitled “Idea
of Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View”, he stated that “ if the course
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of human history is to make sense, we must assume the working of some “ secret plan”
or teleological principle according to which the immediate evils of history can be seen as
justified by what they eventually helped to promote: an idea that proved highly
attractive to his students like Hegel. He called this “nature” like anti-social propensities
of men, propensities which on the account of the miseries and wars they produce ,
must eventually drive men into constructing and submitting to a form of society that
will guarantee by law the maximum freedom for its of its members. The following were
notable historians:
Johann Gottfried Herder-Johann Gottfried (after 1802 von) Herder (/ˈ

hɜːrdər/ HUR-
dər, German: [ˈ
joːhan ˈ
ɡɔtfʁiːt ˈ
hɛʁdɐ]; 25 August 1744 – 18 December 1803) was a
German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the
Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism.
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (French: [maʁi ʒɑ ̃
ɑt̃ wan nikɔla də kaʁita maʁki də kɔd

̃ ɔʁsɛ]; 17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794),
known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher and mathematician. His
ideas, including support for a liberal economy, free and equal public instruction,
constitutional government, and equal rights for women and people of all races, have
been said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, of which he has been
called the "last witness of," and Enlightenment rationalism. He died in prison after a
period of flight from French Revolutionary authorities.
G.W.F. Hegel-Hegel's philosophy of history is perhaps the most fully developed
philosophical theory of history that attempts to discover meaning or direction in history
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(1824a, 1824b, 1857). Hegel regards history as an intelligible process moving towards a
specific condition-the realization of human freedom.
Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (French: [o'ɡyst kɔt̃ ] (About this
soundlisten); 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher and
writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. He is often regarded as the first
philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Comte's ideas were also
fundamental to the development of sociology; indeed, he invented the term and treated
that discipline as the crowning achievement of the sciences.
Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon,Comte developed positive
philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social disorder caused by the French
Revolution, which he believed indicated imminent transition to a new form of society.
He sought to establish a new social doctrine based on science, which he labelled
'positivism'. He had a major impact on 19th-century thought, influencing the work of
social thinkers such as John Stuart Mill and George Eliot. His concept of Sociologie and
social evolutionism set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists such as
Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer, evolving into modern academic sociology
presented by Émile Durkheim as practical and objective social research.
Comte's social theories culminated in his "Religion of Humanity", which presaged the
development of non-theistic religious humanist and secular humanist organisations in
the 19th century. He may also have coined the word altruisme (altruism).
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John Stuart Mill- (born May 20, 1806, London, England—died May 8, 1873, Avignon,
France), English philosopher, economist, and exponent of utilitarianism. He was
prominent as a publicist in the reforming age of the 19th century, and remains of
lasting interest as a logician and an ethical theorist.
Henry Thomas Buckle- (24 November 1821 – 29 May 1862) was an English
historian, the author of an unfinished History of Civilization, and a strong amateur chess
player.He is sometimes called "the Father of Scientific History".
Karl Marx-Marx is important to the historian in three different aspects – as an
historian himself, as a philosopher of history, and as an historical figure. Here I propose
to confine myself largely to the second heading, though I shall also have to say
something about the other two. First, what do we mean by a 'philosophy of history'? I
take it to be a branch not of history but of philosophy. The philosopher tries to study
the various forms of human experience sub specie aternitatis, relating them as best he
can to experience as a whole.
Post Activity
Essay. Explain what to do when your planning to write the history of Pototan. Focus on
your materials and methods in doing historical research. Write your answer on the
space provided inside the box.
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Reference
Funtecha, Henry F. and Padilla, Melanie J. A Study Guide in Philippine History for
Teachers and Students, 2000, page 1-4
Gardiner, Patrick, Theories of History, The Free Press Glencoe, Illinois, 1959 pages
9,22,34,49,58,73,82,105,124,138, and 166
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/karl-marx-and-philosophy-history retrieved
August 23, 2021
Lesson 11. Introduction to Linguistics
Pre-activity
Linguistics- is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of
morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics. Specific branches of linguistics include
sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, historical-
comparative linguistics, and applied linguistics.
Activity Proper
Linguistics- is a synonym of language, language science, language are systems of
arbitrary vocal symbols by which members of the social group cooperate and interact.
Morphology- the study of the forms of things
Syntax-the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a
language
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Phonetics-the study and classification of speech sounds.
Semantics –the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
Meaning is sometimes hidden in people, places, and events. Referring to any of
them is called allusion. When an allusion is used, the meaning of the sentence is in the
details surrounding those that were referred to four kinds of allusions.
1. Literary allusion is a reference to famous storybook character
2. Mythical allusion is a reference to a character, place or event from a myth of
any country. Example- Greek mythology
3. Historical allusion is a reference to a person, place, or event in local, national
and world history.
4. Biblical allusion is a reference to a character, place or event from the Holy
Bible.
Most Common Figurative Languages
1. Simile-is a stated comparison between two things that are actually unlike,
but have something in common.
2. Metaphor-is an implied comparison between two unlike things that have
something in common.
3. Personification-gives human qualities to non-human objects.
4. Symbolism- is a way of explaining something unfamiliar by using another
object that is commonly understandable.
5. Hyperbole- exaggerates an idea so vividly that the reader develops an
instant picture of it.
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Branches of semantics
a. Formal semantics- study the logical aspects of meaning , such as sense,
reference, implication, and logical form
b. Lexical semantics- studies word meanings and word relations
c. Conceptual semantics- studies the cognitive structure of meaning.
Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) is the major dialect, although English and Tagalog are also widely
spoken and understood, especially in urban areas. Hiligaynon (or "Ilonggo") is an
Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Hiligaynon is
concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros Occidental. It is also spoken in the
other provinces of the Panay Island group, such as Capiz, Antique, Aklan, Guimaras,
and many parts of Mindanao like Koronadal City, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat.
The language used in educational institutions can be liberally construed. A teacher can
liberally explain their lessons in English, Filipino and even Hiligaynon. When you go to
the public markets, or any public conversations, any language can be use in your
conversations.
Post Activity
Instruction: Describe the study of Linguistics in your own words.
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Reference
Misajon, Marie Melanie J., Illenberger and Haguisan, On Wings of Literature Tools and
Texts for the Appreciation of the Literature of the World, Central Philippine University,
2007
Strurtevant, Edgar H. An Introduction to Linguistic Science, New Haven, Yale University
Press, 1960
The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language
Lesson 12. Introduction to Political Science
Pre-activity
Politics came from the Greek word “politeia” or polis which means city or from the
Latin term implying government or citizenship. Hence, in its entirety, it means people
with government as a society or community and the management of public affairs. It is
a power game, or struggle for power, and because man is a social animal, we need to
regulate this struggle, to preserve peace and order.
Activity Proper
Governance-refers to such activities of the government as an institution relative to its
management of the public affairs.
Kinds of government:
1. as to number of people exercising governmental authority, we have:
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a. monarchial or monarchy- either absolute or limited
b. aristocracy- is one whereby the Governmental power is held by few elite
members of the society.
c. Democracy- is one where the people themselves govern thru the majority
rule. Either direct or representative.
2. as to the sharing of governmental power between the national and local
governments. Either unitary or federal
3. as to relationship between the executive and the Legislative Departments. Either
presidential or parliamentary
The Evolution of Philippine Government
1521- the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan
1565- the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
1896- Philippine Revolution against Spain
1898- establishment of First Philippine Republic
- Treaty of Paris- transferred control of the Philippines to the United
States
1935- partial self-government under the US supervision but interrupted by the
Japanese occupation
July 4, 1946- granted full independence
1972- Marcos declared Martial Law
1986- peaceful EDSA people power revolution, the return to democracy.
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Bureaucracy according to Ramsay Muir has become, during the last century, and
especially during the last generation, a far more potent and vital element in our system
of government than the textbooks realize. It has indeed, become the effective and
operative part of our system. The power of this bureaucracy, the permanent civil
service is to be found not only in administration, but also in legislation and finance: it
not only administers the laws, it largely shapes them; it not only spends the proceeds
of taxation, it largely decides how much is to be raised and how it is to be raised.
According to Arnold Bennett “The first duty of government is to live. It has no
right to be government at all unless it is convinced that it fell the country would go to
everlasting smash”.
Albert Einstein was once ask “ Why is it that when mind of man has stretched so
far as to discover the structure of the atom we have been unable to devise a political
means to keep the atom from destroying us?” Einstein reputedly responded, “that is
simple, my friend, because politics is more difficult than physics.” Contrary to Marx, the
Philosophy of Einstein on the superiority of Government over the Economy, can be
adduced in this part of my discussion. Scientists maybe puzzled by Science, but that
politics is more puzzling than science. From the liberal point of view, the liberal political
scenario in the Philippines is not yet on its maturity. Still, there killings, cheating,
sabotage before, during and after the election. From the realists, perspective, that is
the real thing, there will always a conflict among politicians. and Where are the women
during elections? Sometimes, women can be seen in the like of the victims of
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Mangudadatu massacre or widowed because of lost paternal leadership due to violence
during election. Women teachers sacrificing in the securing of ballot boxes, running
against men in the elective position. This fact, according to Hofstadler, 1948, can be
related further way back during the time of American politicians, like James Madison
and John Adams. Wherever the real power in a government lies, there is the danger of
oppression. In our Government the real power lies in the majority of the community
James Madison. Power naturally grows because human passions are insatiable. But that
power alone can grow which already is too great; that which is unchecked; that which
has no equal power to control it. or another important American President Thomas
Jefferson, said the sheep are happier of themselves, than under the care of wolves .
Can be parallel with what President Manuel L. Quezon when he said that it is better that
a country run like a hell that heaven run by foreigners.
The Philippine presidency must be viewed in light with what, Abraham Lincoln,
and I quote “ I happen, temporary, to occupy this White House, I am a living witness
that any one of your children may look to come here as my father’s child has”. Can be
a good advice, from the former President Lincoln of America, and this is good lesson I
believe to the people in the Malacaňang, whoever the President maybe, otherwise,
positions such as the Presidency down to the local positions in the local government
units such as Provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, in that there position is
but temporary, this is in conflict with the present ruling families in the Philippines.
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Post Activity
Instruction: Write an Essay about the Duterte Administration, explains its strengths
and weaknesses.
Reference
Penaflor, Lito and Penaflor, Karly, Politics and Governance with Philippine Constitution
for Senior High School Students-Grade 12, 2017 first edition, pages1-12
Tuzon-Caday, Maria Aurora, The Philippine Government and Constitution, Mindshapres
Co. Inc., 2016, pages 1-3
Lesson 13. Introduction to Psychology
Pre-activity
Psychology- the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those
affecting behavior in a given context. Science of behavior and mental processes.
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Activity Proper
Structuralism- an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the
structural elements of the human mind.
Functionalism-a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral
processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive , and flourish.
Behaviorism-the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies
behavior without reference to mental processes.
Humanistic psychology- historically significant perspective that emphasized the
growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth.
Cognitive neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with
cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and languages.
Nature-nurture issue- the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions
that genes and experiences make to the development of psychological traits and
behaviors.
Natural selection- the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations,
those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to
succeeding generations.
Biopsychosocial approach- an integrated approach that incorporates biological,
psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Basic research- pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Applied research- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Counseling psychology- a branch of psychology that assists people with problems
in living often related to school, work, marriage and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical psychology-a branch of psychology which studies , assesses, and treats
people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry- a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practice by
physicians who sometimes provide medical or drug treatment as well as psychological
therapy.
Social Psychology- The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a
social context.
Interactionist perspective- an emphasis on how both an individual’s personality
and environmental characteristics influence behavior.
Social cognition- the study of how people perceive , remember and interpret
information about themselves and others.
Social neuroscience- the study of the relationship between neural and social
processes.
Behavior genetics- a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors
in behavior.
Evolutionary psychology- a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution
to understand human social behavior.
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Culture- a system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and
practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the
next.
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the area of study in the field of Psychology
Reference
Aquino, Gaudencio and Razon, Perpetua , Educational Psychology, Rex Book Store,
1993
Donalson, Wayne, Study Guide to Accompany General Psychology, 1969
Kassin, Saul el.al. Social Psychology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008
Myers, David G. Psychology ninth edition, Worth Publishers, 2010
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Lesson 14. Introduction to Sociology and Demography
Pre-activity
Sociology- study of human society, and human social behavior.
Demography-the statistical study of population (birth rate, death rate, structure by
age and sex etc.) through census returns and records of births, marriages, deaths etc.
from the Greek word demos meaning people and graphos- meaning written.
Activity Proper
Sociology
Sociology is a study of human social relationship, it also studies social problems like
race relations, crime, divorce etc.
Sociology started or coined the term Sociology in 1838, by Auguste Comte, who
called it social physics.
Theory- is a system of generalized statements or propositions about a phenomena.
Social forces- refers to social factors which may influence the behavior of individual
or groups
Scientific Method- a process of collecting, collating, analyzing, interpreting and
reporting information.
Fathers of Sociology
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Karl Marx- stress the ways material and economic factors were changing society. He
viewed society as composed of two classes of people: the capitalist or bourgeoisie and
the workingman or proletariat. He was considered as the intellectual father of
communism ( a kind of society where there is no rich, or poor, no exploiter and
exploited, no leader or follower, because all are equal ), he believes that changes in
economy changes the society as well.
The more progressive the place, the more level of alienation or economic gap between
rich and poor. Marx argued that as the economic condition of the working class
deteriorates that of the capitalists improves and political revolution is needed to restore
economic and social stability. Revolution is the synthesis between the thesis and anti-
thesis and it will create a new social order, soon it will go on and on until communism
or classless society is reached.
Emile Durkheim- his work- suicide- which he considered as a social fact. He believe
that as the society develops, the rate of suicide also increases.
Max Weber- father of an ideal bureaucracy.
Society cannot only be changed through bloody revolution and values imparted to
people can be used to change society.
Sociological Theories
1. Functional model or theory- views society as a field of cooperation, where
different societal parts are closely interrelated. It views society as a field of
cooperation, where social class enables people to work cooperatively; values
evolve by social consensus and government rules for the common good.
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2. Conflict model or theory-views society as a field of conflict. Where one class
exploits another; where values is an illusion perpetuated by the socially powerful
group for its own interest and the government enforces rules to guard the
privileges of the dominant class.
3. Symbolic interactionism model or theory- this theory claims that the
individual is capable of creating solution to life’s problems, it also emphasize the
role of language in socialization and its focuses on individual’s self concept
arising from his interaction with others.
Demography
Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of
population, changes therein, and the components of such changes , which may be
identified as natality, mortality, territorial movement (migration), and social mobility.
Population size- the most fundamental demographic parameter is the number of
individuals within a population. (Lebreton, et. al. 1992). It is the number of individuals
present in a subjectively designated geographic range
Four methods of determining population size
1. Direct observation
2. indirect observation
3. Sampling
4. Mark-recapture studies
Characteristics of population
1. Population size and density
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2. Population dispersion or spatial distribution
3. Age structure
4. Natality (birth rate)
5. Mortality (death rate)
Population education- deals with the study of pertinent factors affecting human
population
Population education contains four core areas:
1. Family life and responsible parenthood
2. Gender and development
3. Population and reproductive health
4. Population, resources, environment, and sustainable development
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the meaning of Sociology and Demography.
Reference
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Appelrouth, Scott and Edles, Laura Desfor, Sociological Theory in the Contemporary
Era, 2014
Bilton, Tony and Bonnett, Kevin et.al., Introductory Sociology second edition,
Macmillian, 1989
Espirtu and Hunt, Sociology in the Philippine Setting
Ferrante, Joan Sociology A Global Perspective Eight Edition, Wadsworth Cengage, 2013
Lesson 15. Functionalism theory
Pre-activity
Functionalists focus on how the “parts” of society contribute in expected and
unexpected ways to maintaining and disrupting an existing social order.
Activity Proper
Functionalist coined the terms- role, norm, and social system, they emphasize
“systems within systems”
a. Economic system- provide goods and services to members of that society
b. Government or political system-to determine the rules for that society and
distribution of power
c. Religious system- the system that provides individuals with core values and a
sense of meaning
Structural functionalism- believes that just as the body is a system with specific
parts like limbs, brain, liver etc., that ensure its overall functioning , so too, is a
social system with specific parts like family, government, economy, religion etc.
necessary for its very survival (Talcott Parsons).
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Functions of a Family
1. Sexual regulation
2. Biological reproduction
3. Organizing production and consumption
4. Socializing children
5. Providing emotional intimacy
6. Providing care and attention
7. Providing social status
8. Providing mechanism for social control
Emile Durkheim
Durkheim defined social facts as ideas, feelings and ways of behaving “that
possess a remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual”,
they too have coercive power, includes current opinion, the state of affairs with regard
to some way of being.
Examples: marriage, suicide or birth rates
Durkheim studied the division of labor and solidarity.
Other works of Durkheim
Education
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Deviance
Division of labor
Suicide- according to Durkheim is not simply the act of intentionally killing oneself but
he examined the social ties that bind or fail to bind social categories to others.
Durkheim identified four types of social ties, each of which describes a different
kind of relationship to the group:
1. Egoistic
2. Altruistic
3. Anomic
4. Fatalistic
Egoistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to others
in the society are weak
Altruistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group are such that he or she has no life beyond the group.
Anomic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group are disrupted due to dramatic changes in economic circumstances.
Fatalistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group involve discipline so oppressive it offers no chance of release.
Other Notable Functionalists Theorists
1. Max Weber
2. Robert K. Merton- introduced the concepts of manifest and latent
functions as well as dysfunctions.
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Post Activity
Explain the Functionalism Theory
Reference
Era, 2014 page 21,
Macmillian, 1989
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Lesson 16. Marxism theory
Pre-activity
Marxism is founded by Karl Marx, his theory is also called conflict theory and he
believes that modern industrial societies is oppressive and dehumanizing social order.
His “historical materialism” describe history as a conflict of struggles of two opposing
classes both products of distribution of private property.
Activity Proper
Marxism
Other name of Marxism were: Critical approach or Conflict theory
Ideas
Modes of production- the manner goods and services are produced. Economic forces
that shape IR or International Relation. It challenged the mainstream-critical of realism
and liberalism. It emphasize economic and political inequality. This results to both
violent and non-violent conflict
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Major Assumptions
First: capitalism is the mode of production is the defining feature of IR
Capitalists- seek maximum profit in International Relations
In this competition- there are winners and losers- that is what determines their position
in International Relations
The effects of capitalists wealth accumulation is usually not always positive
Four attributes of Capitalism:
Private property; Profit motive; Wage labor; Free market
Second: the economic class is the primary unit of analysis
Class- is defined by Marxists as a person’s relationship with the means of
production.
Two Classes in capitalists society : Bourgeoisie- owners of the means of production
and Proletariat-salaried and waged earning workers. There are groups of Classes: 1.
Core states-advanced industrialized countries, a. Provide capital and finance, 2.
Periphery states-third world countries-a. Provide raw materials and
unskilled labor and 3. Semi-periphery states-newly industrialized counties, a.
Provide offshore sourcing and inexpensive skilled labor interaction of these three
classes results in the production of goods and services for global market
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Capitalism is based on exploitation. Capitalists seeks to exploit resources, markets, and
labor, to maximize profits. It breeds inequality in Social, Political and Economics. One
player (class or class of states)-wins while someone else losses, violence and poverty
Economic factors are the most important factors in international relations.
Governments-are reflections of dominant economic class. Wars and violence are
rooted in class exploitation. Economics must be addressed in IR. Contemporary IO
reflect and legitimize and promote capitalists domination. They pry open markets,
forced privatization, and encourage foreign investment. MNCs-entangle societies.
Malignant web of dependencies. WB and IMF are mechanism of capitalists domination.
They cause underdevelopment. Gross mal-distribution of goods and services. IO and
law further the interest of capitalists
Critical theorists
Karl Marx (1818-83)
*He synthesized philosophy, history and economics
*consummate academician
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*focused on real-life women and men, society as it is experienced and not on mere
abstractions
*a genuine activists
* a lecturer (University of Bonn), doctor, editor (Rheinische Zeitung or the Rhineland
Gazette), author
1847- Marx attended the Second Congress of the League of Communism in London and
was commissioned to draft The Communists Manifesto- with the assistance of his friend
and sponsor-Friedrich Engels whom he met in Paris.
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848)
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
Karl Marx, Das Kapital (1867
The monopoly of capital becomes a fetter upon the mode of production, which has
sprung up and flourished along with, and under it. Centralization of the means of
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production and socialization of labour at last reach a point where they become
incompatible with their capitalist integument. This integument is burst asunder. The
knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated
Inquiry Approach
Critical theory is an examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from
knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different
meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other
in literary criticism. This has led to the very literal use of 'critical theory' as an umbrella
term to describe any theory founded upon critique.
In the sociological context, critical theory refers to a style of Marxist theory with a
tendency to engage with non-Marxist influences (for instance the work of Friedrich
Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud).Modern critical theory arose from a trajectory extending
from the anti positivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theory of
Georg Lukács and Antonio Gramsci, toward the milieu associated with Frankfurt
Institute of Social Research.
Marx’s view of history
Dialectic materialism
Or historical materialism
Ancient society; feudal society ; capitalists society is seen as at war with itself
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Class struggle
Free person vs slaves
Aristocracy and landed gentry vs enserfed peasants
Bourgeoisie vs proletariat conflict will lead to socialist then communist world, a classless
society offering true freedom to all
Other effects of Marx’s ideas
1. 1917- Bolshevik revolution- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924)- according to
Kautsky-a dictatorship over the proletariat not a dictatorship of proleratiat
2. Gyorgy (Georg) Lukacs- his Marxism is about proletariat, object as it is of
capitalist exploitation (Vienna)
3. Antonio Gramsci- his Marxism moved away from historical determinism and
materialism (Rome)
4. Karl Korsch- made praxis the center-piece of his approach as he sought to unmask
the fetishistic objectification of social relations (Leipzig)
5. Karl Mannheim-his Marxism became the matrix for his development of sociology of
knowledge (Frankfurt).
6. Louis Althusser-differentiate humanistic Marx vs Scientific Marx
Other Notable critical theorists
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1.Nietzsche
2. Sigmund Freud
3.Socrates
4. Mao Zedong
5. Julien Brenda
6.Randolph Bourne
7.Martin Buber
8.Antonio Gramsci
9. Ignazio Silone
10. George Orwell
11. Albert Camus
12.Simone de Beauvoir
13.Herbert Marcuse
14, Michele Foucault
15. Hegel
16. Engels
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Post Activity
Instruction: Read carefully and critic this Marxists Perspective by Dr. Romeo F.
Detaro, write your answer on the box below.
The Marxist view the presence of ukay-ukay, or relief, or surplus of all powerful
countries as a means through the multi-national corporations to continue their
exploitation of the proletariat. The haves or countries like America are expanding in the
third world countries like the Philippines not to harmonize the first world countries with
the third world countries but to further aggravate the situation, the oil and resources of
the third world were exploited by the First World Countries, and if the poor countries’
natural resources were already depleted will create only alienation and more conflict,
making the powerless countries more of a victim rather beneficiaries. Why put up
business outsourcing in Iloilo? It is because of the cheap labor for Call Center agents
here, which is cheaper twice than putting Call Centers there in America. With its
lucrative offer and with the massive unemployment in Iloilo or nationwide, these Call
Centers employs a lot of employees but if you really analyze the macroscopic view of
this relation to cost-benefit analysis, it is more favorable to the Multi-National
Corporations than the local development. Thus for conflict or Marxist perspective this
issue can only be settled if the intention of the richer countries is not grounded on
capitalistic attitude. The commune or the equality or lessening the rich-poor gap is the
main target of Marxist perspective, in a capitalist world, they should not only think of
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their personal profit or gain, but that they should also serve the people with the
highest number.
Reference
Era, 2014, pages 81-89
Macmillian, 1989
Espiritu and Hunt, Sociology in the Philippine Setting
Lesson 17. Symbolic Interactionism theory
Pre-activity
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Symbolic interactionism- view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or
gestural communication and its subjective understanding , especially the role of
language in the formation of the child as a social being. This theory was coined by
Herbert Blumer. The process depends on self-awareness, shared symbols, and
negotiated order.
Activity Proper
Symbol- any kind of physical phenomenon to which people assign a name, meaning,
or value.
Negotiated order- the sum of existing expectations and newly negotiated ones.
Focus of symbolic interactionism
The focus of symbolic interactionism is social interaction.
Vision of society
The vision of society of symbolic interactionism theory is the web of social interactions.
The central question of Symbolic interactionism
How do involved parties experiences, interpret, influence, and respond to what they
and others are doing in the course of interacting?
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the concept of symbolic interactionism theory.
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Reference
Era, 2014
Macmillian, 1989
Lesson 18. Psychoanalysis
Pre-activity
Psychoanalysis theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Freudian theory is
that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect.
Indeed the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.
Activity Proper
Freud believes childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behavior.
He describes development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages, conflicts occur
during these stages have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior.
Psychosexual Development
Personality is mostly established by the age of five.
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During this stage the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain
erogenous areas.
This psychosexual energy or libido was described as the driving force behind behavior.
1.Stages of psychosexual development
Oral Stage
During the oral stage, the infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the
mouth.
The infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort throughout his oral simulation
The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process-the child must become less
dependent upon caretakers.
Anal Stage
During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on
controlling bladder and bowel movements.
The child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs.
developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
according to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents
approach toilet training.
Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for people
to become competent, productive, and creative adults.
If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an anal -expulsive
personality could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive
personality.
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If the parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that an
anal-retentive personality develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid,
and obsessive.
Phallic Stage
During the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.
children also discover the differences between males and females.
Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s
affections.
The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and
the desire to replace the father.
However, the child also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings, a
fear Freud termed castration anxiety
Freud however believed that girls instead experience penis envy
For girls however Freud believed that penis envy has never fully resolved and that all
women remain somewhat fixated on this stage.
Karen Horney proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot
give birth to children.
Latent Stage
During the latent period, the libido interests are suppressed.
The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm.
The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but
it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This
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stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-
confidence.
Genital Period
During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong
sexual interest in the opposite sex This stage establish a balance between the various
life areas.
Stages
Oral- birth to 12-18 months
Anal- 12-18 months to 3 years
Phallic- 3 to 5-6 years
Latency-5-6 years to adolescence
Genital-adolescence to adulthood
Three systems of the mind
1. Id- represents the biological aspect
2. Ego-represent the psychological aspect
3. Superego-represent the societal aspect
Three different levels of awareness
1. Preconscious
2. Conscious
3. unconscious
Post Activity
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Instruction: Explain the Psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud.
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org retrieved July 20, 2020
https://www.simplypsychology.org retrieved July 20, 2020
https://www.verywellmind.com retrieved July 20, 2020
Lesson 19. Freewill, Determinism, Compatibilist and Incompatibilist
Pre-activity
Free Will
The ability and power to think, choose and act voluntarily.
Human beings can be the authors of their own actions and to freely reject the idea that
human actions are determined by external conditions or fate.
Determinism
In ethics, the view that human actions are entirely controlled by previous conditions,
operating under laws of nature.
All events are inevitable consequences of precursory causes; often understood as
denying the possibility of free will
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Activity Proper
Voltaire-“Pear trees cannot bear bananas. The instincts of a spaniel cannot be the
instincts of an ostrich. Everything is planned, connected, limited.”
Different Types of Determinism:
Philosophical Determinism – cause/ effect
Scientific Determinism- gravity
Genetic Determinism – programmed in genes
Biological Determinism - brains
Psychological Determinism – background e.g. Freud, Skinner (Behaviourism)
Social Determinism – social norms determine actions
Theological Determinism/ Pre Destination – God predestines all actions
Philosophical Determinism
Theory of Universal Causation: Everything has a cause that precedes it.
Spinoza, “Men believe themselves to be free, simply because they are conscious of their
actions and unconscious of the causes.”
Aristotle believed that there are four causes: material, formal, efficient and final.
Everything is in a chain of cause and effect determining that the ultimate Telos (final
purpose) is achieved.
Scientific
Everything is made of matter and matter obeys physical laws e.g. gravity
Science relies on the predictability of the natural world –sun will rise and set
Stephen Hawkings “Quantum theories are deterministic.”
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David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding “ We always transfer the
known to the unknown.”
This means that there are no such things as accidents (event without an apparent
cause).
Everything has a cause it is just a matter of science to find what that cause is. (e.g.
science knew that seasons changed and found the cause was the earth’s spinning axis)
This means that everything is determined.
Genetic Determinism
Determined by genes = parents
The Genome Project – map out all possible human genes – what each gene does.
Idea that all aspects of human health, personality, ability etc. will be explained by our
genes e.g. Artistic temperament, criminal tendencies
Eugenics – an attempt to improve the genetic makeup of the species (e.g. Nazis)
Positive eugenics – sperm donation for intellect and moral fibre
Biological Determinism
Delgardo: stimulating various regions of the brain, he could cause all sorts of bodily
motions
Tried first on animals then humans
However not only did they do the movements they produced reason for them
Showing we can be determined but still think we have free will
German scientist Kornhuber
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When you move your finger, the brain activity begins 1 ½ seconds before the
movement
So they know you are going to move your finger before you actually do
If a small section of the hypothalamus is removed then animals and human can turn
savage/ uncontrollable rage
Showing we are determined to act a certain way due to our brain waves.
Theological Determinism
Predestination
God has already chosen (pre elected) who will be eternally saved.
“In love He predestined us...” Ephesians 1:5
Predestination = before creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all
of time and space.
John Calvin (1509-1564).
Calvinism is the Protestant theological system
“For he does not create everyone in the same condition, but ordains eternal life for
some and eternal damnation for others.” Calvin.
Calvinist theology is translated into the following basic doctrines, expressed by the word
TULIP:
T: Total Depravity (Inability) human sin has affected every aspect of the human
character.
U: Unconditional Election God chooses some to be saved and some to be damned.
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L: Limited Atonement Christ died for the sins of some (those predestined to heaven),
but not for others (those predestined to hell).
I: Irresistible Grace: person is predestined for heaven. No matter what they do they are
saved.
P: Perseverance of the Saints (i.e., those whom God has saved) will always remain
under God's protection until they are brought to heaven.
Jacob Arminius (1560—1609)
Jacob Arminius, a Calvinist, argued that sinful humans do indeed have an ability to
choose between doing good and doing evil,
Human response determines salvation.
God has provided salvation for everyone, but its only effective for those who, through
free will ‘choose’ to cooperate and have faith.
Each sinner (we are all sinners epistemic distance/fall) possess free will and his destiny
depends on how he uses it.
Incompatibilism/ Compatibilism
Does what it says on the tin.....
Incompatibilism believes that free will and determinism are not compatible and need to
remain completely separate.
Compatibilism, on the other hand, believes that a bridge can be made between free will
and determinism – a mid way point can be met.
Thomas Aquinas
Believed that God knows everything knowable – omniscience. But what about free will?
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Metaphor ala Aquinas: God stands on top of a hill and sees simultaneously all the
travellers on the path around the hillside.
This means that God can see the path you have taken, the path you are on now and
where this path will lead but that does not mean you are not free
Free Will – Libertarianism
Explore in an essay: what is meant by freedom? Is it freedom in all actions or just
ethical choices?
Past events have no direct impact on current moral decision making.
Moral choices are made in the light of personal characteristics and values.
“I am free in performing an action if I could have done otherwise if I had chosen to do
so.” G. E. Moore
Irenaeus
We have been put on earth with freewill so we can become perfect, have to earn
perfection – make us all ready for heaven.
Ultimate reason why there is evil and suffering is because humans are autonomous (self
governed) our actions are freely chosen.
Augustine
God is not responsible for evil: we bring it on ourselves when we reject God using our
free will.
Problem of evil is due to our free will to turn towards or away from God.
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Post Activity
Instruction: Essay, explain the ideas of Freewill, Determinism, Compatibilism and
Incompatibilism
Reference
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https://www.independent.co.uk retrieved July 27, 2020
www.theatlantic.com retrieved July 27, 2020
Lesson 20. Feminists Theory, Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Human
Environment Systems
Pre-activity
Feminist theory- is the extension of Feminism theory into theoretical, fictional, or
philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology- is a research method used in qualitative research in
the fields of education and other human sciences, for example nursing science. It was
founded by Edmund Husserl and Martin Hiedegger
Human Environment System- combine both human and natural components to
show complex interactions, and feedback between them. The most internationally
accepted framework for studying such system are the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact
and Response or DPSIR.
Activity Proper
Feminism
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Feminism- the policy, practice or advocacy of political, economic and social equality
for women (TNWD, 2004).
One time I have heard this in a Bombo Radyo program entitled “ Dear Tita Regine”.
Euthanasia is not so much in Iloilo, that is maybe because of the Roman Catholic
tradition of respecting life. Sexual harassment, though I have not read in the
newspaper, any big or celebrated case of sexual harassment, I have heard from the
news of teacher molesting his student in Pavia. Prostitution in Iloilo, though illegal, it
exists. Dr. Nancy Surmeida, said that yes prostitution will continue because of poor
implementation of programs of government.
Deprivation of health care, nutrition, education, means of livelihood, trafficking in
women and girls, forced marriage, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, corporal
punishment, discriminatory laws, women commit violence, gender-based violence and
rape is never absent in Iloilo.
But it also noticeable that Ilongga women has played and distinguished themselves in
many aspects of Political, social, economic life. Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago,
Senator of the Republic of the Philippines, presently appointed as an International
Judge in the United Nation International Court. Bright, eloquent, beauty and brains,
that is how Ilongga women can be describe. every year, there beauty contests in
schools, fiestas, religious activities, fiestas that showcase Ilongga beauty, talent and
wit.
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I believe feminism is very much alive in the First District, Congresswoman Janet Garin,
a medical doctor turned politician, is becoming a celebrity because she is one of the
major co-sponsor of RH Bill, the controversial bill, that is predicted as a law in the near
future. The mother of Janet, Mayor Nilfa Garin of San Joaquin can also proved that men
and women can be the same if not surpassed the men in terms political administration.
Also Mayor Christine Garin of Guimbal, with their wit and abilities, people voted the
Garins, although the patriarch lost to Governor Arthur Defensor, every now and then,
that is maybe because of their good projects and programs in the District. Women here
is really a celebration.
The girl power or the role of feminist power can also be observed in the fourth and fifth
District before. Matet Debuque for example of Anilao, the of former wife of Governor
Niel Tupaz Sr., Mryna Tupaz, can be looked as a dynasty on its own right comparable
as that of the Ninfa Garins in the First District. Among her sons in the political orbit
were Kagawad Nielex Tupaz, City Council of Iloilo City, Congressman of the Fifth
District, Congressman Niel Tupaz Jr., Raul Boboy Tupaz was the mayor of Barotac Viejo
before his incumbency as Provincial Board Member of the Province of Iloilo. Although
they were politically opponent, the current Trixie Fernandez-Tupaz, was once a part of
Tupaz clan, prior to her marriage annulment, can be seen how women in the fourth and
fifth Districts show the typical leadership of Fililipina in General and Ilongga in
particular. In the national scene we got former Presidents Corazon C. Aquino and
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. We also have a lot of senators, and congresswomen, cabinet
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secretaries, and other high ranking government officials past and presents proving once
again how we regard our women in our society.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology
Hermeneutic Phenomenology- is concerned with the life world or human
experience as it is lived. While Husserl focused on understanding beings or
phenomena, Heidegger focused on “Dasien”, that is translated as the mode of being
human or the situated meaning of a human in the world.
The purpose of hermeneutic phenomenological research is to bring to light and
reflect upon the lived meaning of his basic experience.
Hermeneutics- is the theory and methodology of interpretation , especially the
interpretation of biblical text, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
Phenomenology versus Hermeneutics
Phenomenology-describes how one orients to lived experience,
Hermeneutics describes how one interprets the texts of lived experience and
semiotics is used to develop a practical writing or linguistic approach to the
methodologies of phenomenology and hermeneutics.
Human-Environment Systems
Human environment interaction categories
1. Location
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2. Place
3. Human environment interaction
4. Movement
5. Region
Three types of human environment interaction
1. The way people depend on the environment for food, water, timber,
natural gas etc.
2. The way people adapt to the environment to fulfill their own needs
3. The way people modify the environment positively or negatively like
drilling holes.
Human Impacts on Environment
1. Overpopulation
2. Pollution
3. Burning fossil fuels
4. Deforestation
Changes like these triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality and
undrinkable water.
Four Components of Environment
1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
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3. Biosphere
4. Atmosphere
Post Activity
Instruction: Read carefully and critic this article written by Dr. Romeo F. Detaro, write
your answer inside the box below.
Although, this theory is quite new, it is true that we already produced two Presidents
and several lady-senators, it does not mean, women is already comfortable in our
political arena. This theory argues that a lot of Filipino women are still vulnerable like
children, many are still victimized and harassed like in the enjoyment of their freedom.
Thus the struggle for empowering women should not be stopped in the Philippines
even if as of this time how many of them are battered , not just physical, but also
financial and emotional deprivation is killing them. There are lots of women that were
unrecognized even if they had proven their honesty, integrity, but they remained
unrecognized or maybe because they were not exposed to media. In regular
transactions in the Philippines, women are generally trusted than men, based on my
observation, showing how we value, the role of women such as in school were most of
our mentors were women. Women are very good in mentoring and many other field of
endeavors, and they must be given high regard and respect, but the they usually got
the highest number of a victim role compared to men, they are still more victimized in
their working place by their bosses, or sometimes they attacked as a feminists even if
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they are not, must never be acceptable because some associate feminists as anti-
government though, feminism as a concept has a lot of implication like lifting women’s
rights and privileges in a statusquo.
In hospitals, women usually comprises the doctors, the nurses, and even in the
utility . The water source in the rural areas were far from their residence, when the
male members of the family are working, sometimes women female members of the
family carry the heavy load of carrying the water. Women in the rural areas,
traditionally, wash the clothing, and do household chores, that usually involves water,
like watering the plants. Climate change, further brings women into vulnerability, if
there were floods, assuming that they need faster escape or transportation to the
evacuation centers, male are physically stronger than female, making women more
vulnerable than male. That is why, this movement must be supported until such time
that true equality and justice could be enjoyed by both sexes in our society which tilted
against women in general.
Reference
https://arrow.tudublin.ie retrieved July 24 , 2020
https://www.geogspace. edu.au retrieved July 24 , 2020
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Lesson 21 Filipino Social Thinkers
Pre-activity
There are Filipino Social Thinkers the first is Isabelo de los Reyes , then Dr. Jose
P. Rizal and others like Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Activity Proper
Isabelo de los Reyes
1864-1938
Filipino politician, writer, labor activists, founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente and
independent Philippine National Church, also known as the Father of Philippine
Folklore”, Father of Philippine Labor Movement, and Father of Filipino Socialists.
Jose P. Rizal
1861-1896
Novelists, he toured France, Belgium, England, Germany and Italy, at age 8 , he wrote
a poem Sa Aking Kabata, at age 18, he wrote A La Juventud Filipina, is against
injustice of the Spanish authorities. He also exposed the Spanish abuses in his novel
Noli Me Tangere, and his second novel El Filibusterismo.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
1850-1896
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He called the “political analysts”, of the propaganda movement, and the greatest
propagandists produced by the Filipino race. His article Caiingat Cayo was denounced
by Jose Rodriquez in 1888, along with Dasalan at Toksohan, and the Ten
Commandments of the Friars. He skipped to Spain and became the second editor in
chief of La Solidaridad.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
1856-1896
Considered as the “great orator” of the propagandists, who came from Jaro, Iloilo City.
His pamphlet Fray Botod infuriated the Spaniards. He exposed the Spaniards’ ignorance,
abuses and immorality. His speeches and orations in Spain were focused on the
conditions of the Philippines, and denounces abuses of both civil and ecclesiastical
authorities. He was the first editor of la Solidaridad.
Other Notable Filipino Thinkers
Eduardo de Lete
Jose Ma. Panganiban
Pedro Serrano Laktaw
Dominador Gomez
Antonio Luna
Juan Luna
Mariano Ponce
Pedro A. Paterno
Felix Ressureccion Hidalgo
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Post Activity
Instruction: Chose one Filipino Thinker and explain his ideas in not more
than 200 words.
Reference
Ongsotto, Rebecca R. and Ongsotto, Reena H. Philippine History Module-based Learning
Rex Book Store Page 122-125
Lesson 22. Filipino Culture
Pre-activity
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Culture according to E.B. Tylor is “that complex whole which knowledge , belief art,
morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.
Activity Proper
Filipino Cultural traits
1. Hospitality- giving all the best to the visitors in order to please them. Trying to
offer everything that is best for the guest even to the extent of depriving own
comfort, a Filipino value that is for the purpose of maintaining smooth
relationship.
2. Close family ties- closely knit and extended family
3. Respect for elders-children are obedient to their parents.
4. Loyalty- implying trust and confidence, constant and faithful.
5. Pakikisama- it is the willingness of the individual to be one with the group.
Giving in or following the lead.
6. Sensitivity- highly impressionistic and easily affected.
Hiya- effect if person failed to discharge to repay in forms of gifts and services.
7. Fatalistic- strong belief and following the customary patterns of life and
superstitions.
8. Regionalistic- emphasis on the local rather than national.
Other value systems
Filipino time- always late/delayed in any appointments
Colonial mentality- “national amnesia”
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Filipinos have a strong preference for imported goods and adapt easily to foreign
ideas
Manana habit- waiting for tomorrow what can be done today, or keep on
postponing the time
Crab mentality- pulling others down, caused by envy or jealousy
Damayan/bayanihan system- showing mutual concern and cooperation with
one another.
Ningas Cogon- start something/ being enthusiastic at first but not able to
finish, only to impress at start then decline.
Palakasan-use of connection with those in power to obtain favor
Compadre system-setting matters in a close door interaction, pakiusap, areglo
through Ninong, inaanak etc.
Patient-suffering- woman’s role/place is in the house, doing all the household
chores
Individualism-Filipinos are self-centered people
Authoritarianism- patriarchal in nature, fathers as an authoritative figure who
makes major decisions.
Gaya-gaya- imitative, giving emphasis on façade, palabras, pakitang-tao,
pagyayabang
Bahala na- common expression among Filipinos who have strong dependence
on “gods” and “spirits” who will take care of everything.
Post Activity
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Instruction: Based on your own observation, enumerate the positive and negative
cultural traits of the people of Pototan and explain why do say so. Write your answers on the
space provided.
Pototanon Cultural Traits
Positive Negative
Reference
Aberia, Humar D. Student Manual and Quizbook in Sociology page 16
Ongsotto, Rebecca R. and Ongsotto, Reena R. Philippine History Module-based
Learning, Rex Bookstore, 2002 pages 20-22
Tredente-Baliguat, Bernadine, Course Syllabus Society and Culture with Population
Education page 42, 47-50
Lesson 23. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Pre-activity
Virgilio G. Enriquez is the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
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Activity Proper
Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino in Tagalog is a scientific study of
psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
Enriquez considered this as a formal indigenous psychology.
1. Kamalayan- or consciousness- includes both emotive,and cognitive
experience
2. Ulirat- awareness of one’s immediate surroundings
3. Isip- refers to knowledge and understanding
4. Kalooban- or emotions or feelings
5. Kaluluwa- or psyche, which translates to soul of a people
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Themes
1. Identity and national consciousness
2. Social awareness and involvement
3. National and ethnic cultures and languages , including the study of traditional
psychology
4. Bases and application of indigenous psychology in health practices,
agriculture, art, mass media and religion but also including the psychology of
behavior and human abilities as originated in Western Psychology but
applicable to the local setting
Three Primary Areas of Protest
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1. Sikolohiya ng pagbabagong-isip- psychology od re-awakening, a
psychology that is against the psychology that perpetuates colonial
mentality and promotes the decolonization of Filipino mind.
2. Sikolohiyang Malaya- liberated psychology-it is against the importation
and imposition of psychology that has been developed in, and more
appropriate to industrialized countries.
3. Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya- liberating psychology- the movement is
against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses.
The Psycho-logical Knowledge of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
1. Arose from within the culture
2. Reflects local behaviors
3. Can be interpreted within a local frame of reference
4. Yields results that are locally relevant ( Sinha, 1997 as quoted by Jay
Yacat, 2013)
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the Sikolohiyang Pilipino brand of Dr. Enriquez.
Reference
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Yacat, Jay, University of the Philippines
https:// researchgate.com retrieved July 20, 2020
Lesson 24. Pantayong Pananaw
Pre-activity
Ang pantayong pananaw ay isang konsepto at hinua ng historyador na si Dr. Zeus A.
Salazar na nag-aadhika ng isang nagsasariling diskurso ng mga Pilipino sa wikang
pambansa para sa kasaysayan at agham panlipunan.
Activity Proper
Tunghayan ang artikulong na e post sa facebook ni Dr. Vicente C. Villian noong July 15,
2020.
Ang paggamit ng organikong konsepto, sa loob o labas man nagmula ay isang
katangian at pundamental na lapit sa kasaysayan na pinalaganap ni Dr. Zues A. Salazar.
Mula pa lang sa disiplina mismo ng kasaysayan, inuunawa ito ni Salazar, inunawa ito ni
Salazar gamit ang diksyunaryo upang matukoy ang salitang ugat ng “saysay” na
tumutukoy sa kung ano ang may kahulugan, katuturan, at kabuluhan.
Pinatingkad din nina Atoy Navarro, Mary Jane Rodriguez-Tatel at Dr. Vicente C.
Villian ang paggamit ng diksyunaryo upang dalumatin ang kalikasan ng kalikasan ng
kasaysayan sa lipunang Pilipino ( Pantayong Pananaw: Ugat at Kabuluhan, 1997).
Ganito rin pinahalagahan ni Mary Jane Rodriguez-Tatel ang pagtalakay sa Bayan
Ili To Amianan). Pinatingkad din ni Nancy Kimuell-Gabriel ang paggamit ng diksyunaryo
upang bigyang kahulugan ang penomenong “Timawa” upang sa pamamagitanng
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diakroniko at sinkronikong lapit ay mauunawaan ang kasalukuyang idea ng timawa sa
kasaysayang Pilipino.
Nang inaral ko rin ang panghimagsikang tradisyon sa Panay, ginamit ko ang
diksyunaryo upang unawain din ang idea ng Hangaway na malaganap na ginagamit sa
Isla ng Panay. Sa pamamagitan ng wika mula sa diksyunaryo, nagging nalinaw kung
bakit paladigma ang mga mamamayan ng Panay sa agos ng panahon na pinatutunayan
ng penomenan ng Batuk, Pintados, at Hangaway.
Sa wika ng Himagsikan Lenggwahe ng Rebolusyon (1998), matingkad na
ginamit ni Salazar ang diksyunaryo upang unawain mula sa loob na perspektiba ang
idea ng “katwiran”, upang pag ibahin ito sa “reason” (from Latin word “ratio”).
Napalitaw ni Salazar gamit ang diksyunaryo ang konsepto ng “bagsik” na iugnay niya sa
katwiran at siyang nagbigay liwanag sa pinag-ugatan ng Himagsikan (sama-samang
pagbulalas ng kinuyum nag alit) na lubhang iba sa “ Revolucion” ng mga kastila.
Sa Ilihan bilang Teknikang Militar (1997), iniaakda ni Salazar, napakatingkad ang
paggamit ng diksyunaryo bilang batis at upang gamitin ang wika sa pagsusuring
pangkasaysayan. Inisaisa ni Salazar ang idea ng Ilihan mula hilagang Luzon tungong
timugan ng Pilipinas gamit ang diksyunaryo bilang napakamahalagang batis sa pang-
unawang pangkasaysayan.
Ilan lamang ito kung tutuusin sa mga pinili kung basagin ang idea ng mga
walang alam sa historiograpiyang Pilipino. Kung bakit mahalaga ang wika bilang batis
pangkasaysayan, sapagkat tinitindigan na walang kalakarang panlipunan at kaganapang
pangkasaysayan na hindi ipinapahayag sa pamamagitan ng wika. Ang wika kasi
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primarily ang best evidence sa pangkasayasayan ng mga kalakaran at kaganapan sa
alin mang lipunan ng mga tao.
Kung hindi ito nakikita ng isang guro ng kasaysayan at kinukutya ang ganitong
kaparaanang pangkasaysayan, isa lamang ang ibig sabihin nito, baka hindi ito naituro
sa kanya sa historiograpiya, kung hindi man . natutulog siya sa harapan ng kanyang
guro. Ipinapayo ko rin na basahin dahan-dahan ang binabansagang “dictionary
lecture”ng mga binanggit kung dumaan sa rigor na mga autor ng pag-aaral sa
historiograpiya. ( exceprts from Dr. Vicente C. Villian post from FB July 15, 2020).
Post Activity
Reference
https://tl.m.wikipedia.org retrieved July 15, 2020
https://kyotoreview.org retrieved July 15, 2020
https://harvard-yenching.org retrieved July 15, 2020
Final Examination in Foundation of Social Science
Test I. True or False. Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False.Write your answer
on the space provided before each item. (10 pts)
City.
_________1. Since this theory of Freud is psychosexual development, it is understood that human
beings grew and as we grow, we undergo several stages.
_________ 2. For Freud, the center of psycho analysis is the conscious mind, so in order to address, the
problems solutions of hatred, neurosis etc. You need to study the conscious mind.
_________3. Freud said that the most of the problems that we are facing right now, could be traced
back back in our unsatisfied psycho sexual developmental stages.
_________4. These Psycho sexual development were called by Freud as the oral stage, the anal
stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage and the genital stage.
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_________5.The Phallic stage predominates during the first two years of life when the center for the
pleasure is the mouth.
_________6. Here we can say that Freud is bias focusing only on the sexual feelings or emotions.
_________7. Freud believes that he could diagnose his patients by asking the patient to transfer the
unconscious to the conscious portion of the patients.
_________8.The oral stage predominates during the first two years of life when the center for the
pleasure is the mouth, infants derive much pleasure in sucking activities such as sucking of fingers, toes
or nipples.
_________9.we can argued therefore that what about the social, political or economic consideration,
nevertheless, w the anal stage predominates during the first two years of life when the center for the
pleasure is the mouth.
_________10. We can say that in Freud’s understanding, he could support this theory of pschosexual
development by presenting the description of these stages.
Test 2. Matching Type. Instruction. Match Column A to Column B.

10pts.
Column A Column B
_______1. Metaphysics A. Science of what is right and wrong
_______2. Axiology B. Study of the universe
______3.Ethics C. Study of the universe
______4. Political philosophy D. Social contract theory
______5.Social philosophy E. Studies the group of people or society
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______6. Cosmology F. It studies “beyond Physics”
______7. Epistemology G. Study of the past
______8.Logic H. Tabula rasa
______9. Jean Jacques Rousseau I. Study of values
______10. John Locke J. Study the art of power
K. Science of correct thinking
Test 3. Fill in the Blanks.

Instruction, write legibly on the space provided your answer. If the space given is not enough,
please use the back portion of your test paper or you may use an extra sheet of paper.
Give one profession in social science that you like and explain why you choose it.
_____________________________________________________________________
(21-22.)
Explain the relationship of history and culture.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
(23-27.)
Explain the life, achievement and ideas of Isabelo de los Reyes.
(27-37.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
Explain the life, achievements and philosophy of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________ .
Explain the concept of feminism.
(49-59)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
Test 4. Briefly explain the following terms.
________________60. HISTORY
________________61. POLITICAL SCIENCE
________________62. ECONOMICS
________________63. SOCIOLOGY
________________64. ANTHROPOLOGY
________________65. PHILOSOPHY
________________66. ETHICS
________________67. PSYCHOLOGY
________________68. GEOGRAPHY
________________69. LITERATURE
________________70. HUMANITIES
________________71. NATIONALISM
________________72. GOMBURZA MARTYRDOM
________________73. SUEZ CANAL
________________74. CARLOS MARIA DE LA TORRE
________________75. LA MADRID
_______________ 76. SECULARIZATION
________________77. SPANISH ABUSES
________________78. NOLI ME TANGERE
________________79.EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Test 5. Enumeration
1. The two boys in The Rizal Family

80.____________________________
81.____________________________
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2.Girls in the life of Dr. Jose P. Rizal

82.__________________________________________
83.__________________________________________
84. _________________________________________
85.__________________________________________
3. Novels written by Rizal.

86. _________________________________________
87. _________________________________________
4. Schools were Rizal Studied
88. __________________________________________
89. __________________________________________
90.__________________________________________
5. Sisters of Rizal
91.__________________________________________
92.__________________________________________
6. Factors that led to the development of Filipino Nationalism
93.__________________________________________
94.__________________________________________
95.__________________________________________
96.__________________________________________
97.__________________________________________
98.__________________________________________
99.__________________________________________
100. ________________________________________
Other Suggested Readings
Abreact, Joel D. and Walker, Jack, L. Race in the City, Political Trust and Public Policy in
the New Urban System, Little, Brown and Company, 1973
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Calhoun, Craig, and Light, Donald et. al. Sociology Seventh edition, McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. 1993
Cosby, Bill and Poussant, Alvin F. Come On, People On the Path from Victims to
Victors, Thomas Nelson, 2007
Del Rosario, Rosario and Bonga, Melinda A. Child Labor In the Philippines, A Review of
Selected Studies and Policy Papers, 2000
Education, A Biannual Collection of Recent German Contributions to the Field of
Educational Research, Volume 54, 1996
Education, A Biannual Collection of Recent German Contributions to the Field of
Educational Research, Volume 47, 1993
Eisenstadt, S. N. Comparative Perspective on Social Change, Little, Brown and
Company, 1968
Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities (ERPAT) Trainer’s Manual On
Effective Parenting For Fathers Developed by Programs and Special Welfare and
Development, 1999
Espiritu, Socorro C. and Hunt, Chester L. Sociology In The New Philippine Setting,
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1976
Finney, Ross L. and Zeleny, Leslie D. An Introduction to Educational Sociology, D. C.
Heath and Company, 1934
Franek, Robert, et. al. The Princeton Review The Best Mid-Atlantic Colleges, 98 Great
Schools to Consider
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Friedman, Leon, Violent Aspects Of Protest and Confrontation, The Confucian Press,
Inc. 1981
Gerberg, Bob, The ITS Professional Job Changing System, 2007
Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C. Wright, From Max Weber, A Galaxy Book, 1958
Gist, Noel and Halbert, L.A. Urban Society Second edition Thomas Y. Cromwell
Company, 1947 pages 412-427
Gist, Noel P. and Fava, Sylvia, Urban Society, Fifth Edition, Thomas Y. Crowell,
Company, 1933
Hernandez, Butch When Reform Leads to Revolution In La Paz Agusan del Sur.
Howard, Joseph T., Ortigas, Irene L. et. al. Society and Culture in Rural Philippines,
Central Philippine University, 1965
Hunt, Chester L. Sociology in the Philippine Setting, 1963:25, 58- 71
Johnson, Stephen, D. and Tamney, Joseph B. The Political Role of Religion In The
United States, Westview Press, 1986
Mac Iver, R.M. Society A textbook of Sociology, Farrar and Rinehart, Inc., 1937
Making Human Rights A Reality Working For Impact, Mobilizing Change, Amnesty
International
Marx, Karl, edited by McLellan, David, The Grundisse, Harper Torchbooks, London, 1971
Morgan, David, R. Managing Urban America Second Edition, Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, 1984
Nosenas, Virginia, A. Street Education: A Cooperative Partnership for the Inter-City
Committee On Street Education Metro Manila, 1996
160
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Nyrop, Richard F. and Benderly, Beryl Lieff et. al. Area Handbook for Syria, Second
Edition, 1971
Participatory Project Cycle Management (PPCM) A Planning Method for Community
Development Asian Productivity (APO) October 2002
Rodney, Walter, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Howard University Press, 1974
Rossi, Peter H. Ghetto Revolts, Aldine Publishing Company,1970
Sadker, Myra and Sadker, David Failing at Fairness, How America’s Schools Cheat Girls,
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994
Schneider, Robert E. Methods and Materials of Health Education, W. B. Saunders
Company, 1958
Schnore, Leo F. Social Science and the City, Preager Publishers, 1965
Silverman, David, The Theory of Organisations, Heinman, 1972
Sorensen, Austin L. Is America Committing Suicide, Sword of the Lord Publishers, 1994
Suarez, Ray, The Old Neighborhood What We Lost In The Great Suburban Migration:
1966-1999, The Free Press, 1999
The Situation and Problems In Internal and Foreign Policy, the SFR of Yugoslavia
Assembly Series, Belgrade, 1976
Tyler, Poyntz, Social Welfare in the United States, The H. W. Wilson Company, New
York, 1955
Wertheim, W. F. Indonesian Society, A Study of Social Change, Second Edition, W. van
Hoeve Publishers Ltd- the Hague, 1969
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Crotty, Micheal,The Foundations of Social Research Meaning and Perspectives the
Research Process Sage Publication 1998 pages 112-157
de Marrais, Kathleen and Lapan, Stephen D. Foundations for Research Methods of
Inquiry In Education and the Social Sciences Lawrence Erlbraum Associates Publishers,
2004 pages 203-234
Esterberg, Kristin G. Qualitative Research Mc Graw Hill 2002
Pease, Kelly-Kate S. International Organizations Perspectives on Governance In the
Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall pages 74-88
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urR52DPGPWK
Avci, Omer; Stribling, Colleen;Leonard, Lisa; and Ty, Rey
Marx, Karl The Grundisse, edited and translated by David McLellan Harper Torchbooks,
Harper and Row, Publishers, New York
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Critical_theory&oldid=462139625
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About the Author
Dr. Romeo Felarca Detaro is an Instructor 1 and Chairman of the Social Science
Department, Program Head of the BSED Program and College of Education Research
Coordinator, of West Visayas State University, Pototan Campus. A former Master
Teacher 1, Faculty Association President and Board of Director of the Parent Teacher
Association (PTA) and as Chairman of the Gender and Development Committee and
Debate and Chess Coach of Jaro National High School. He is also the President of
Newhomes Phase III Residents Association and founder of Saint Martin of Tours Soup
Kitchen Project, former President of Philippine Association of Teachers in Humanities
and Social Sciences (PATH-HUMSS Inc. ) and member of Alliance of Concerned
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Teachers (ACT) and Ugnayang pang-Agham Tao (UGAT) or Anthropological
Associations of the Philippines. He was also a former Field Scout Executive of the BSP
Iloilo Council, and taught at Central Philippine University.
A product of Quinangyana, Elementary School, Bingawan, Iloilo, and Capiz National
High School, Roxas City. A graduate of Bachelor of Science Major in Social Studies and
Master of Arts in Sociology of Central Philippine University and finished his Doctor of
Philosophy in Social Science at West Visayas State University.
He is the president of Asosasyon ng Mga Dalubhasa May Hilig at Interes sa Kasaysayan
ng Pilipinas Incorporated ( ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. Iloilo Balangay). He had
presented his research paper in 24th National Conference of ADHIKA,“ History of the
Relocation Sites in Iloilo City” in the 7th Regional Conference on Culture and the Arts, “
Ang Bombo Radyo at ang Kanyang Corporate Social Responsibility”, another paper
during the 29th Pambansang Kumperensya sa Kasaysayan at Kultura, and “ Ang Mga
Ordinaryong Mangangayaw mula sa Quinangyana, Bingawan, Iloilo, was presented to
the ADHIKA National last November 28-30, 2019 at Romblon State University,
Odiongan, Romblon. He had presented also his research entitled “The Out-of-School
Youth Phenomenon” was presented in the 40th UGAT International Conference held at
Palawan State University (November 5-7, 2018), and his paper entitled “ A Study of
Filipino Chinese Associations in Iloilo City” last October 3-5, 2019 during the 17th
Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day Conference held at University of the Philippines
NISMED, University of Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
164
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Among the books he published were as follows: Ang Mga Bulubundukin ng Antique sa
Paghubog ng Kasaysayan ng Antique- Isang Batayang Aklat sa Pagsusulat at
Pananaliksik sa Practical Research 1 para sa Senior High (2017); Changed Lives in
Relocation Sites (2017); Mga Paranan-awan kag Panghuna-huna ni Romeo Felarca
Detaro Una nga Edisyon (2017). Mga Panumduman kag Paranan-awan Ikaduwa ng
Edisyon (2018), The Out of School Youth Phenomenon (2018), Tips in Doing
Anthropological Studies (2018). Ang Pundasyon (2018); Ang Bombo Radyo at Ang
Kanyang Corporate Social Responsibilities (2018); Ang Pundasyon Book of Abstracts
(2018); 7th Regional Conference for Culture and the Arts (2018). Ang Mga Kabundukan
ng Aklan at Antique sa Pagbabalangkas ng Programang Panturismo Shuntug: Mga
Kabundukan sa Kasaysayan at Kalinangang Pilipino Lars Raymund C. Ubaldo Patnugot,
ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts , (2015); Mga
Panumduman kag Paranan-awan ni Dr. Romeo Felarca Detaro, Ika-tatlo nga Edisyon,
Central Philippine University Printing Press, (2020); Filipino-Chinese Associations In
Iloilo City, (2020);Ang Feminismo sa Simbahang Katoliko sa ng Iloilo, (2020); Iloilo City:
A Model Approach for Combatting Covid-19, (2020); Mga Mangangayaw Mula
Quinangyana, Bingawan, Iloilo, (2020). Tambayayong:Ang Bayanihan sa Kasaysayan at
Kalinangang Pilipino, sa patnugot nina Vicente C. Villian at Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang,
ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts ,(2020);
Pangangayaw: Ang Pangingibang –bayan at Paghahanap ng Ginhawa sa Kasaysayan at
Kalinangang Pilipino sa Patnugot nina Vicente Villian at Kristoffer Esquejo, ADHIKA ng
Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts , (2021).
165
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
166

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WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:

FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:

FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

First Issue: July 31, 2020; Second August 23, 2021

Dr. Romeo F. Detaro

Notes to the Students

theoretical perspective in Social Studies/Science as a body of knowledge. It also deals

Romeo Felarca Detaro PhD.

Santa Rosa, Mandurriao, Iloilo City

Notes to the Students ------------------------ 10

Unit 1. Introduction to Social Science ------------------------ 10

Lesson 1. Meaning of Social Science ------------------------ 10

Lesson proper ------------------------ 11

Post activity ------------------------ 16

Lesson 2. Nature of Social Science ------------------------ 18

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 19

Post activity ------------------------ 22

Lesson 3. History of Social Science ------------------------ 24

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 24

Post Activity ------------------------ 27

Unit II. Philosophy of Social Science ------------------------ 29

Lesson 4. Meaning of Philosophy of Social Science ------------------------ 29

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 29

Post Activity ------------------------ 31

Lesson 5. Theoretical Perspectives in Social Science ------------------------ 32

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 32

Post Activity ------------------------ 38

Lesson 6. Comparative Analysis of Various Social Science disciplines ------------------------ 40

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 40

Post Activity ------------------------ 43

Lesson 7. Anthropology ------------------------ 45

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 45

Post Activity ------------------------ 48

Lesson 8. Economics ------------------------ 49

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 49

Post Activity ------------------------ 49

Unit 3. Geography ------------------------ 52

Lesson 9. What is Geography ------------------------ 52

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 52

Post Activity ------------------------ 55

Lesson 10. History ------------------------ 56

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 56

Post Activity ------------------------ 59

Unit 4. Linguistics ------------------------ 60

Lesson 11. Introduction to Linguistics ------------------------ 60

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 60

Post Activity ------------------------ 62

Lesson 12. Political Science ------------------------ 63

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 63

Post Activity ------------------------ 67

Lesson 13. Introduction to Psychology ------------------------ 67

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 68

Post Activity ------------------------ 68

Lesson 14. Sociology and Demography ------------------------ 71

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 71

Post Activity ------------------------ 74

MIDTERM PERIOD ------------------------

Unit 5. Ideas in Social Sciences ------------------------

Lesson 15. Functionalism ------------------------ 75

Lesson Proper ------------------------ 75