1

APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)

A. Citing References in the Text
Subsequent
First citation in Subsequent First parenthetical parenthetical
Type of Citation
text citations in text citation in text citation in text
One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
Walker and Allen Walker and Allen (Walker & Allen, (Walker & Allen,
Two authors (2004) (2004) 2004) 2004)

Wasserstein et al. Wasserstein et al. (Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et al.,

Three and more authors (2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)

National Institute of (National Institute of

Groups with abbreviation Mental Health NIMH (2003) Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
(NIMH, 2003) [NIMH], 2003)

University of University of (University of (University of

Groups without abbreviation Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg, 2005) Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government European European (European (European

document Commission (2012) Commission (2012) Commission, 2012) Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or European European (European (European

Government document Commission (2004) Commission (2004) Commission, 2004) Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from

other countries treat as Legal Mental Health Mental Health (Mental Health (Mental Health
or Government document) Systems Act (1988) Systems Act (1988) Systems Act, 1988) Systems Act, 1988)

Lessard v. Schmidt Lessard v. Schmidt (Lessard v. Schmidt, (Lessard v. Schmidt,

Cases (1975) (1975) 1975) 1975)

Treaty/Convention/
Pact/Constitution/ Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty of (Treaty of
International Agreement (1997) (1997) Amsterdam, 1997) Amsterdam, 1997)

Commission Commission (Commission (Commission

Official Journal of the Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April
European Union 2002 (2002) 2002 (2002) 2002, 2002) 2002, 2002)

Reference with single page

number/chapter, etc. Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)

de Haan (2005, pp. 36- de Haan (2005, pp. 36- (de Haan, 2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp.
Reference with page range 37) 37) 36-37) 36-37)

Reference with several Dahl (2006, pp. 105, Dahl (2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
discontinuous pages 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114)

In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works from

different years Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)

Same author, two works from Derryberry and Reed Derryberry and Reed (Derryberry & Reed, (Derryberry & Reed,
same year (2005a, 2005b) (2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b)

Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)
 2

Newspaper article/
Newsletter (unknown author) “Prairie farmers “Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers
reap” (2001) reap” (2001) reap,” 2001) reap,” 2001)

Personal Communication/
Interview/Unpublished J. Robbins (personal (J. Robbins, personal
J. Robbins (interview, (J. Robbins, interview,
material (phone calls, communication, communication,
January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
memos, lecture notes, etc.) January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)

Letters from private

collections (not disclosed to Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953)
the public)

Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without author “Psychoanalysis “Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948 institute,” 1948 institute,” 1948) institute,” 1948)

Social Media (Facebook,

Twitter) Gaiman (2012) Gaiman (2012) (Gaiman, 2012) (Gaiman, 2012)

Dictionary Heuristic (n.d.) Heuristic (n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.)

Davidson and Davidson and (Davidson & Davidson, (Davidson &

Movie Davidson (1999) Davidson (1999) 1999) Davidson, 1999)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Issue (2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown “Ennui or Not Ennui” “Ennui or Not Ennui” (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” (“Ennui or Not
editors) (2012) (2012) 2012) Ennui,” 2012)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Section (2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)

The German Federal The German Federal (The German Federal

Constitutional Constitutional (The German Federal Constitutional Court’s
Full Special Section
Court’s PSPP Court’s PSPP Constitutional Court’s PSPP Judgment,
(unknown editors)
Judgment (2020) Judgment (2012) PSPP Judgment, 2020) 2020)

Wright (as cited in Fong’s 2003 study (as (Wright as cited in

Bragdon, 2013, p. cited in Bertram, Bragdon, 2013, p. (Fong, 2003, as cited
Secondary source
223) 2009) 223) in Bertram, 2009)

Title of source (part of a

greater whole): journal article, “The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research”
book chapter, etc.

Journal of European Public Policy

The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991
Title of source (stand-alone):
Exceptions:
journal, book, reports
- Titles of video games
- Titles of surveys (unless this is the title of a book) - Names of
websites

Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes:
 3
1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.
2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they
appear in the reference list:
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…
Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &
Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).
(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]
(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a
semi-colon:
(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of
publication, separated by a comma:
(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless
they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…

Styles can be combined:

(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as necessary
in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski,
Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to
distinguish between references.

6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the
publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:
In-text citation:
(World Health Organization, 2000–2006) Entry
in references list:
World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations,
regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993)

(Y. G. Chen, 2001)
 4
(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)
Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written normally.
Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text
citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(Laura Green, 2009)
(Lorenzo Green, 2003)
(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized
according to the final list of references.

9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include
an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website
(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the content
of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.

10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999,
p. 85).
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so
that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or
not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original
research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.

13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.

 structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).

✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g.,
newspaper articles ).

As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…

(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)

15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical
citations

Harris and colleagues (1989)…

B. The Reference List

Type of Reference Format Examples


Journal Article (1 author)
Journal Article (2-7 authors) Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year).
Journal Article (more than
20 authors)
Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in
sentence case. Journal in Title Case,
Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Attention:
Comma between the journal and the
volume should never be italics. No space
between volume and issue.
The issue number is not compulsory.
If the journal article has an article number
instead of a page range, include the word Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of
“Article” and then the article number
instead of the page range.
Journal articles (but also other types of
Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French
references, such as books) can have a doi
universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &
or url at the end, but that is not
Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.
compulsory.
Title of the article in sentence case.
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname,
C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E.,
Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname,
H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname,
K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M.,
Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname,
P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R.,
Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).
Title of the article in sentence case.
5
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.
Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of
“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,
Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.
http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1,
257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.
Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes
as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article
e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049
Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises
and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and
where do we go from here? Media and Communication,
9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the
United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8, 207–
217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,
R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.
L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,
Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green,
G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect
mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),
96–100.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Attention:
Write only the names of the first 19
authors and the last author. Use
space dot space dot space dot-space
instead of the usual ellipsis.
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Book Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book
in sentence case (edition, Volume).
Publisher. doi
Attention:
The edition, volume, and DOI are not
compulsory. Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on trauma
care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma and its
The volume number is not
consequences. American Psychological Association.
compulsory.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000
When a book has more than one
publisher separate them with
semicolons.
In book publishers delete surplus
information like Inc., Co., Lda.
If the publisher is the same as the
author, then omit the publisher
name.
Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the
chapter in sentence case. In B.
Lastname, C. Lastname, & D.
Lastname (Eds.), Title of the book in
sentence case (Volume, pp. firstpage-
lastpage). Publisher. doi
The notes under Attention in ‘Book’
also apply
6
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den
Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I.,
Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez,
L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .
Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots,
Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable
Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.
https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide
to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.) Macmillan.
von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for academic
administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.
Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special education
(2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A.
Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative
guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3, pp. 53–76).
Greenwood.
Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P. Wake (Eds.),
The Routledge companion to critical theory (pp. 51–61). Routledge.
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic
elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp.
517-552). American Psychiatric Press.
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.),
Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Retrieved from
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/bookhome/117909832
 7

Newspaper Article / Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social
Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title
Newsletter (known status. The Washington Post, 1–4.
of the article in sentence case. Title of
author, in paper)
the Newspaper/Newsletter in Title
Case, Firstpage-Lastpage.

Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to offer but provisions are
Attention: necessary to ensure the young truly benefit. The Australian, 29.

Printed newspapers are Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at home. The Australian
sometimes divided into Financial Review, 5.
sections, which are
identified by a letter
before the page number
(e.g. A1, B4)

Newspaper Lastname, A. (year, month Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times.
Article / day). Title of the article in https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memoryforgetting-psychology.html
Newsletter sentence case. Title of the
(known author, Newspaper/Newsletter in
online) Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of heart attacks, strokes and
Title Case.
even death. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com
www.website.com

Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester General to provide sports

Lastname, A. (year, month
day). Title of the article in
sentence case. Title of the
Newspaper in Title Case,
FirstpageLastpage.
medicine support to RIT.
Physician Connection Newsletter.
http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcareprofessionals/physican-connection
.

Newspaper Title of the article in Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August
Article / sentence case. (year, 27). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
Newsletter month day). Title of the
(unknown author) Newspaper in Title Case.
Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).
www.website.com
APA Writing Newsletter. http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf

Title of the article in

sentence case.
(year, month day). Title of
the Newspaper in Title
Case, FirstpageLastpage.
Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December 28). The Country
Today, 1–2.
Economics nudging people away from war. (2017, December 16). The Age, 33.

Report or Author. (year). Title of the
Working Paper report in sentence case
(Number of the Report or
Working Paper if available).
Publisher if different to
author. www.website.com
if available
Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report (Working Paper No. 3).
Wiley.
Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism Industry Development. (2016).
Advancing tourism 2016.
https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancingtourism/resource/df997cf7-
14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967
 8

Petition Lastname, A. (year). Title of LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call for the EU to withdraw
the petition its GATS water requests [Petition].
[Petition]. https://www.citizen.org/wpcontent/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf
www.website.com

Press Release Lastname, A. (year, month American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31). Dishonest individuals
day). Title of the press perceived as less capable [Press release].
release in sentence case http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonestindividuals.aspx
[Press
Release].
www.website.com
Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on communication. Social Media
the website article in Today.
sentence case. Name of the http://socialmediatoday.com
Website in Title Case.
www.website.com
Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling knowing? [Review of the
of the book review in book Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
sentence case [Review of Psychology, 114, 126–133.
the book Title of the book
in sentence case, by A.
Author]. Journal,
Volume(Issue), Firstpage-
Lastpage.
Published Thesis Lastname, A. A. (year). Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral thesis, The University of
or Title of thesis in sentence Waikato]. The University of Waikato Research Commons.
Dissertation case [Doctoral or Master’s https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11614.
thesis or dissertation,
Name of the Institution].
Repository.
www.website.com
Unpublished Lastname, A. A. (year). Title Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection
Thesis or of thesis in sentence case [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Monash University.
Dissertation [Unpublished doctoral or
Master’s thesis or
dissertation].
University.
Conference Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a moderator of stress on
Lastname, A. (Year, Month
paper, keynote
Day-Day). Title of paper in anxiety [Paper presentation]. Southeastern Psychological Association 64th
address, poster Annual Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.
sentence case [Type of
presentation,
material]. Name of
etc.
Conference, City, Country.
(unpublished)
Conference Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in engineering. In P. Dondon &
paper in of paper. In O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.
Proceedings A. Lastname (Ed.; if
(published as a applicable),
book) Proceedings book title in
sentence case (pp.
firstpage-lastpage).
Publisher.
Conference Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade and labor market
paper in of paper. Journal in Title imperfections in developing countries. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics
Proceedings Case, Volume(Issue), and Economic Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-
(published as a Firstpage-Lastpage. com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid= 16285
journal issue)
 9

Legal or Author. (year). Title of the National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
Government legal/government (DHHS Publication No. ADM 901679). US Government.
document document (Number/Code
of the document). Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from the mental health
Publisher. supplement of the Ontario Health Survey.

Attention: If the publisher

is the same as the author,
then omit the publisher
name.
Unpublished Legal Author. (year). Title of the European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,
or legal/government Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on 1 and 3 December 2004
Government document (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished document.
document (Number/Code of the
document). Unpublished
document
Acts (only in USA, Name of Act, Volume Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
Acts from other Source § section number
countries treat as (year).
Legal or
Government
document)
Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year). Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

Treaty/Convention/
Pact/Constitution/
International Agreement
Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if
Applicable (e.g., volume number volume
name page number).
Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.
Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European
Union, the Treaties Establishing the European
Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.

Official Journal of the Title of document. (Year). Official Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002
European Union Journal of the European Union, Series fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official
Issue number. Journal of the European Union, L 094.

Republished Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case. Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete
Publisher. (Original work published year) psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).
Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

Unpublished Manuscript
(not submitted for
publication)
Manuscript in Preparation
Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social
Title of the manuscript in sentence case. media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.
Unpublished manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.
Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial
Title of the manuscript in sentence case. resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.
Manuscript in preparation.

Manuscript Submitted for Lastname, A. (year the draft was written). Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis
Publication (not accepted Title of the manuscript in sentence case. management: Implications for policymaking and research.
yet) Manuscript submitted for publication. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they
Publication (Article) manuscript in sentence case. Journal in see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the
Title Case. global financial crisis. Political Studies.

Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the
Publication (Working manuscript in sentence case (Number of
Paper/Report) the Report). Publisher.
Lastname, A. (year). Title of the
Manuscript available online
manuscript in sentence case. Journal in
first
Title Case. Advance online publication. doi
Advance online publication
Attention: If there is no doi number
available, use the url instead
Preprint article (e.g., in
ArXiv)
Archival source with author Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the
material. [Description of material].
Name of collection (call number,
identifier or box/folder/item number).
Name and City of repository.
Archival source without Title of the material. (year, month day).
author [Description of material]. Name of
collection (call number, identifier or
box/folder/item number). Name and city
and country of repository.
Letters from private Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the
collections (not disclosed to Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name.
the public)
Facebook Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month
day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as the
title in sentence case [Facebook status
update]. www.website.com
Comment on Facebook Author of the comment, A. (Year). First
Post sentence of the comment [Facebook
comment on the Month Day, Year, post
by Author of the Post].
www.website.com
10
Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,
M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working
Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.
Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.
(2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting skills,
and mathematical ability across the first school year.
Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240
Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,
S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview
study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs
Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from
Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.
Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).
Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada.
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M.
Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller
Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified
newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,
Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of
Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette
University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948,
September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH
newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author.
Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in
possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate
Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer
out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had
a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks
or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741
85041016
Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax
connections were suspended almost for more than three
months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post
by N Rigzin].
https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe
rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007
43547

Twitter Author, A. [Twitter handle]. (year, month
day). Tweet (up to the first 20 words) as
the title [Tweet]. Twitter.
www.website.com
Brochure, Pamphlet, or Author. (Year). Title of document [Type of Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007). Diabetes
Painting document]. Publisher.
Data set Author. (Year). Title of document [Data
set]. Website. www.website.com
Attention: You can also have a doi
number instead of the website
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter
Encyclopedia (online with in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of
author) the book in sentence case.
www.website.com
Dictionary or Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in
Encyclopedia (online sentence case. www.website.com
without author)
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter in American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood
Encyclopedia (print) sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of
the book in sentence case (pp.
firstpagelastpage). City: Publisher.
PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document
[Powerpoint presentation].
www.website.com
Attention: If the presenter is the only
source for the Powerpoint presentation,
cite as a personal communication
(meaning that there will only be An intext
citation, and it is not included in the
reference list
Television broadcast or Author, A. (Producer). (Date of
Television series Broadcast). Program [Program type].
Production Company.
11
Gates, B. [BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99%
eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish
the job and #EndPolio. VIDEO: http://b-gat.es/X75Lvy
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566579
2
and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian Opthalmological
Association.
Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving water in
Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the Environment.
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum of
Modern Art.
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I.,
Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset
v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19
O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate
psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].
ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1
Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E.
Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.
667). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint
presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams
Smith, K. G. (Producer). (1999, September 19). Every day
News [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting.
Engel, R. (Producer). (2004). Oliver [TV series episode]. KLC.
 12

Single episode from Script Writer, A. (Writer), Director, A. Egan, D. (Writer), Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to
television series (Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode]. In
the episode in sentence case (Season D. Shore (Executive producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.
Number, Episode Number) [TV series
episode]. In A. Producer (Executive
producer), Title of the television series in
sentence case. Production Company.

Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).
(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. USA:
picture [Motion picture]. Production Davidson Films.
Company.

Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (year). Title Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout and
of the article in sentence case. Journal in patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.
Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X),
FirstpageLastpage.

Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). (year). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan
Title of the special issue in sentence case Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).
[Special issue]. Journal in Title Case.
Volume(Issue).

Attention: in case of issues published by

Cogitatio, use Thematic issue instead of
Special issue

Full Special Issue Title of the special issue in sentence case
(unknown editors) [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case.
Volume(Issue).
Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.).
(year). Title of the special section in
sentence case [Special section]. Journal
in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage–
Lastpage.
Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special
issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3).
Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:
Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International
Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.

Full Special Section Title of the special section in sentence The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment
(unknown editors) case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. [Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–
Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. 1127.

Speech You do not reference the speech itself, Example: Martin Luther King’s speech
but rather the source you found the
Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation
speech in (for example, a book, video will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”
recording, orwww.website). (Smith, 2009).
The in-text citation includes the surname
Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in
of the author (or editor) of the source
American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.
document and the year of publication
(not the speaker’s name or the year of
the speech). The reference list includes
all information appropriate for the
source.
 13

Software or Video Game Author. (Year). Title of Software Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator
[Computer software]. Location: Company. [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.
Title of Video Game [Video game].
(Year). Location: Company.
Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).
Bethesda: Bethesda Softworks.
Attention: if the Software or Video Game
does not have an author, use the second
version.

YouTube Video Author. (year, month day). Title of video
[Video]. http://xxxxx
Attention: if the user’s real name is not
available, include only the screen name.
Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on
Video Tape 14 [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance
camera [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature
=related

Personal Communication/ Do not include in the reference list

Interview/Bible passages/
Unpublished material
(phone calls, memos,
lecture notes, etc.)

Important Notes:

Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

During, J. (2005).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013). Scott,
A. J. (2012).

If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial. Johnson,
A. (2004).
Johnson, I. (2002).

If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first. Escalas,
J. (n.d.).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Escalas, J. (2014).
Escalas, J. (in press).

If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the
title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…

Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing…

Johnson, I. (in press-b). United…
 14
If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than
one author.
Johnson, I. (2004).
Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).

If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use the
third, and so forth.
Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001). Berndt,
T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).

Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in
square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:
Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)
Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1

Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).
Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R. Erdal,
I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.

After colon (:) and em-dash (—) always use uppercase.

Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15. Conducting
research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. London: Sage.

Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of the
name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a full
stop at the end of the name of the organization.
European Association for International Education. (2014). International
Organization for Migration. (2018).

The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name (usually,
Dutch names with lower case, Belgian/Flemish names with upper case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional page.

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015).

De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015).
von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008).

When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:
newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases,…) use the letters a,b,c,… to distinguish the different works. In the in-text citation
use only the year, do not add the month and day.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kroměříž.
V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.

As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)…

Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so the title needs to be transliterated:

 Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers]. 廣
東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.

✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers
and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.
 15

An English translation for all references that are not in English must be provided within square brackets after the original and
without any italics (exception: do not translate journal and newspaper names).

Le Heuzey, M.-F. (2012). Les réseaux sociaux, les enfants et le pédiatre [Social media, children and pediatricians]. Archives de
Pédiatrie, 19, 92-95.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken
[Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Tokyo: Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html
Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.
C. Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning Position in a reference Example

ca. Circa Before the year, both in the Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]
(approximately) in-text and in the reference, (Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])
and always inside squared
brackets Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire
safety [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate (with Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying
sentence case) emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict
(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).

doi Digital object At the end of the reference. Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our
identifier understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks
Always use the format
play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.
“https://doi.org/…”
https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets after the Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital
name of the editor. publishing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

ed. Edition Between brackets after the
title of the book. The
brackets can include other
kind of information,
separated by a comma.
Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley &
D. W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings
in cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon.

f./ff. Following pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of pages
pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e., firstpagelastpage)
instead.
n.d. No date Instead of the year.
Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London:
Tower Publishing.

No. Number After the title, between Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy and
brackets. the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.), Expertise
and democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 1335). Oslo:
University of Oslo.

p./pp. page After the title, between Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The
brackets. REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),
The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law
In in-text citations, after the and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
year, separated by a comma.

Always include the full range

of page numbers.
 16

para. Paragraph Same as pages (see above). Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new
“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature
and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).

Jr., Sr., II For author, always after Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in
initials, separated by Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.
commas.
Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr.
For Editors, at the end of the (Ed.), Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Paris:
name Gaxotte Publishing.

Jr., III, or other suffixes are not

included with in-text citations,
only in the references list.