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THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROPERTY STUDIES

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

BUILDING SERVICE B: EACQ 3277. GROUP 1 ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC 2: SOIL AND WASTEWATER APPLIANCES

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19TH JANUARY 2023

MEMBERS REG NO.

1. QUEENTER OCHIENG’...……………………………………...EFCN/03068P/2021

2. JORAM GICHIA……………………………………………...…EFCN/03080P/2021

3. KELVIN MUTHOMI……………………………………………EFCN/04006P/2021

4. JACKLINE MUENI………………………………………...……EFCN/03089P/2021

5. MWANZIA JOEL………………………………………………...EFCN/03096P/2021

6. DUNCAN GICHOHU…………………………………................EFCN/04009P/2021

7. SIMON KAMONYE……………………………………….……. EFCN/03101P/2021

8. KELVIN KIMEMIA………………………….……………...…. EFCN/04011P/2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SOIL AND WASTEWATER APPLIANCES ....................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 3

TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES ...............................................................................3

1. Soil appliances ........................................................................................................... 3

2. Wastewater appliances ...............................................................................................7

MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURING OF APPLIANCES ................................... 13

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................16
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TOPIC 2: SOIL AND WASTEWATER APPLIANCES

INTRODUCTION

Sanitary appliances are fittings used for collection and discharge of soil excrete matter. These
appliances may be grouped under soil appliances and wastewater appliances.

Soil appliances are used for collection and discharge of excreta matter. They are designed to transport
the soiled water(blackwater) from toilets, urinal, bidets etc.

Wastewater appliances are designed to transport wastewater (greywater) from sinks, showers, bath,
dishwashers, washing machine etc.

TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES

These appliances may be grouped under soil appliances and wastewater appliances.
1. Soil appliances
a) Water Closet

It essentially consists of a closet consisting of a bowl to receive excretory matter, trap and a flushing
apparatus. It is recommended to provide ablution tap adjacent to the water closet, preferably on right
hand side wall. The various types/style of water closets include:

i) Squatting Indian type water closet ii)Universal or Anglo-Indian water closet

iii) The Siphon and Washdown Types

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Details of a Water Closet

b) Bidet

Bidet is an ablution appliance for cleansing excretory organs with water for personnel hygiene. It may
be pedestal type or wall hung with a shallow bowl. Hot and cold water supplied through a mixer is
discharged from a spray installed over the rim of the appliance. The bidet outlet should essentially
connect to soil pipe in a system.
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c) Urinal

It is a soil appliance for urination and is connected to soil pipe after a suitable trap. Urinal should have
adequate provision of flushing apparatus. The various types/style of urinal are:

Full
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d) Slop sink

Slop sink is a large sink, generally of square shape.

The appliance is used in hospitals and is installed in the dirty utility room, sluice room and similar
locations for disposal of excreta and other foul waste and for washing bed pans and urine
bottles/pans.

It is provided with a flushing mechanism.

It is also provided in Janitor’s closet where it is used for cleaning the housekeeping mops, etc.

e) Wall Mounted Combination Bedpan & Wash-Up Sink

The unit combines a bedpan sluice sink and wash-up basin saving space within the washing area.
Manufactured from Grade 304 Stainless Steel, the unit is hygienic, easy to clean, and low on
maintenance. The sluice sink offers water efficient and ergonomic cleaning of bedpans within
hospitals, assisted living facilities, clinics and more.
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2. Wastewater appliances

Waste water appliances are primarily used to collect and remove water once it has been used.
Examples of waste water appliances include

a) Wash hand basin (WHB)

Sometimes referred to as a washbasin, handbasin, basin or washbowl, which is typically bowl shaped
and can hold water for washing hands, face, brushing teeth etc. It is generally supplied with water by
hot and cold taps, has a drain at the lowest point and may have an overflow part way up the bowl.
Wash hand basins are a form of sanitaryware that would traditionally have been manufactured from
porcelain (a ceramic material made from clay that might be described as 'vitreous china' when coated
with enamel) and is often white. However, sanitary appliances are now made from a wide range of
materials, including metals, acrylics, glass and so on.

i)Vanity wash hand basin ii) Pedestal Wash hand basin

Parts of a WHB
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b) Wash trough

wash trough is a long, narrow basin designed for communal hand-washing. Unlike normal sinks, which
are filled by the user with a mixture of hot and cold water, wash troughs do not fill up; instead,
premixed water is delivered at hand-washing temperature via mixer taps in conjunction with a
thermostatic mixing valve.

Normally constructed from stainless steel or solid surface resin, wash troughs offer a space-saving and
cost-effective alternative to individual handwashing basin
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c) Sink

There are many different types of sinks, including: bathroom sinks, utility sinks, kitchen sinks,
laboratory sinks, commercial/industrial sinks, medical/surgical sinks, wash troughs and so on.

Generally, sinks consist of a bowl or basin (to hold the water), taps (to control the flow of water), a
drain connected to the plumbing systems (to remove the used water) and some sort of support
component (possibly in the form of a cabinet, a pedestal, a countertop and so on). There are also
freestanding sinks that are supported by legs. Wastewater appliances are primarily used to collect and
remove water once it has been used.
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d) Showers

A shower is considered a type of wastewater appliance under this definition. Showers are typically
cubicles with a drain at the bottom, and a fixed shower head, or a shower head attached to a flexible
hose, that produces a spray of water that allows users to clean themselves. They might be connected to
a hot and cold water supply wth a mixer valve to control the temperature, or they may have an electric
heater that allows cold water to be heated instantaneously.

Shower appliances might also be installed in wet rooms, or attached to the taps of a bath.
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e) Bathtub.

A bath (sometimes referred to as a bathtub or tub) is a large container for water that can be used for
immersing or washing a person's body (or sometimes other objects). NB A bath can also be a type of
appliance that is used to collect and remove water (by way of an overflow or waste drain) once it has
been used. Modern baths are made from a wide range of materials, including coated metals, cast iron,
steel, acrylics, fiberglass and so on. They can be produced in a variety of shapes

and colours, although they are typically rectilinear and long enough to accommodate a person who is
in a reclined position.

There are several different types of installed or standalone baths. These can include:

Bath tab Whirlpool baths

Details of a Bath tab

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f) Drinking fountains.

The earliest fountains, in Ancient Rome, were functional and used for providing water for drinking and
washing. For a water flow to be consistent it required a source (e.g. reservoir or aqueduct) that was
higher than the fountain and so was reliant on gravity.

By the end of the 19th century, fountains had been replaced as the main source of drinking water by
domestic plumbing and so became primarily decorative. At around this time, gravity was replaced by
mechanical pumps which enabled fountains to recycle water and project it into the air. At the start of
the 20th century, fountains began to adopt steam pumps and then later on electric pumps to receive
water from the source.
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MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURING OF APPLIANCES

The material from which appliances are manufactured are depend upon the type of fitment
and the use of building into which it is to be installed.

In general terms the material must be non – corroding, non-absorbent and easily cleaned.
They are made of non- corroding materials such as ceramic, China, porcelain, enameled cast
iron or pressed steel, stainless steel, glass wear or specially treated plastic. These products
were traditionally manufactured using porcelain, which is a ceramic material. The ceramic
sanitary wares are mostly preferred because they are:

 cost-effective,
 have excellent resistance to chemical attacks, and
 can withstand heavy load

Materials Description

Popular material for such appliances as WCs,

wash basins, urinals, sinks, and shower trays.
The term ceramic means a substance made by
Ceramics firing clay. The strength and degree of
impermeability of the materials depends upon
the composition of the clay mixture and
temperature at which they are fired.

This produces appliances of good colour,

lends itself well to formation of complicated
Glaze earthenware
shapes and relatively cheap. It is used mainly
for sinks and W.C. pans

This produces a tough appliance which is

resistant to knocks and hard ware. Fireclay
Glazed fireclay
appliances such as urinals, sinks and W.C.
pans are often used in schools and factories
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This produces a tough appliance which is

resistant to knocks and hard ware, but, unlike
earthenware and fire-clay, the material is non-
Glazed stoneware
absorbent even when it is unglazed. It is
mainly used for channels, sinks and urinal
stalls.

This lends itself to fine detail and good finish,

but is not as strong as fire-clay and is therefore
unsuitable for buildings where hard ware is
expected, such as schools and factories. It is,
Vitreous China however used extensively in houses and
hotels. The material does not absorb water
even when the glaze is broken, can be used to
manufacture almost all types of appliances, in
various colors

This is produced in many colors, it is light in

weight and relatively cheap. It takes a hard
gloss finish and has an excellent appearance.
Acrylic plastic (Perspex)
Hot water, however, tends to soften the
material and baths made from it must be
supported with metal cradles

This material is more expensive than acrylic

plastic but is much stronger. A good gel coat
Glass-Reinforced Polyester
finish is essential to protect therein forcing
fibers and various colors may be obtained

Mild steel is cheap but corrosive. So, it needs

Mild steel
to be galvanized. This is used for sinks etc.
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Even though it is expensive stainless steel

gives a very good appearance. It is also very
Stainless steel
hard. This is used for sinks, urinals, water
closets etc.

Cast iron is used for larger appliances. It is

Cast iron
hard and heavy

Terrazzo is used to make larger appliances.

Terrazzo With this, your sanitary appliance could be
cast in-situ.
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REFERENCES

Bristow, G., McClure, J. D., & Fisher, D. (2006). Waterless urinals: Features, benefits, and
applications. Journal of Green Building, 1(1), 55-62.

Inazarina Ady Follow. “Topik 1 Sanitary Appliances.” Share and Discover Knowledge on
SlideShare, https://www.slideshare.net/inazi_05/topik-1-sanitary-appliances.

Macdonald, A. (1957). Sanitary Installations and Appliances: Their Place in Good Building
Design. Journal (Royal Society of Health), 77(4), 150-160.

“Visual Dictionary Online.” HOUSE :: PLUMBING :: TOILET Image - Visual Dictionary

Online, http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/house/plumbing/toilet.php.

Wise, A. F. E., & Swaffield, J. A. (2012). Water, sanitary and waste services for buildings.
Routledge.

World Health Organization. (2006). Overview of greywater management health

considerations (No. WHO-EM/CEH/125/E).