EXP.NO.

: 01
DATE: P, PI, PID CONTROLLER

AIM:
To design PID controller and to analyses time response characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.Designing unit

2.Patch cards

3.Resistors

4.Capacitors

THEORY:

(i)P-CONTROLLER

The proportional controller produces an output signal which is proportional to

error signal.The proportional controller amplifies the error signal and increases the loop gain of
the system

PROCEDURE:

1.Patch the input (0-5)v terminal to T2 terminal of the controller.

2.Observe the variation in output voltage corresponding to input variation.

(i)PI-CONTROLLER

Proportional plus integral controller produces an output signal consists of

two items.One proportional to error signal and the other other is proportional to integral
of error signal.From the closed loop transfer function it is observed that PI controller
introduces a zero in the system and increases the order one by one .This increase in the
order results in less stable system than original.
PROCEDURE:

1.Patch the input (0-5)v terminal to the proportional controller.

2.Observe the variation in output voltage corresponding to input voltage.

3.Connect square wave signal to the controller units input through error detection.

4.Patch the output terminal of controller into the input.

5.Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously.

(i)PID-CONTROLLER

A suitable combination of 3 basic models Proportional ,integral and derivative can

improve all aspects of the system.The proportional controller stabilizes the gain but produces a
study state error.The integral controller reduces (or)eliminates the steady state error.The
derivative controller reduces the rate of change of error

PROCEDURE:

1.Patch the input (0-5)v terminal to T2 terminal of the controller.

2.Observe the variation in output voltage corresponding to input variation.

3.Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:

OUTPUT (V)
INPUT (V)
P–
PI – CONTROLLER PID – CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
MODEL CALCULATION:

DISCUSSION QUESTION:

RESULT:

Thus the P,PI,PID controller are designed and the time response characteristics
are drawn
EXP.NO.:02
DATE:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

AIM:
To analyze the stability of linear system using MAT LAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Computer system with MATLAB software.

2. Power supply.

THEORY:
“MATLAB” is a software package for high performance numerical Computerization&
visualization. It provides an interacting environment with hundred of built in function.
“MATLAB” is a matrix based system for mathematical & engineering calculation. Each
variable is treated as a matrix which the only data type handled by it.
“MATLAB” can be used as an application development because of graphical user
interference tools. The typical in the field of mathematics & computation development of
algorithm, modeling simulation & its prototype, data analysis, scientific & engineering problems.
Tool box is a group of MATLAB function which are pre-defined that can be used for
obtaining solution in the different applications (control systems, fuzzy logic,digital signal
processing).

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the main supply.

2. Open the MATLAB command window.
3. Create a new file „M‟ file that is containing MATLAB language carries are called M file.
4. Type the program & check the error.
5. After saving the program, debug & run to see the output.
6. Verify the output waveform obtained through “MATLAB” with theoretical output.
PROGRAM:

DISCUSSION QUESTION:

1. Define stable system.

2. How should be poles in s-plane for a stable system?
3. When will you say the system as marginally stable?

RESULT:

Thus the stability of linear system are analyzed using MAT LAB.
EXP.NO:03
DATE:
DESIGN OF LAG, LEAD AND LAG-LEAD COMPENSATORS

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of lead, lag and lag-lead compensators.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Resistor 10kΩ, 1kΩ 1
2. Capacitor 0.1μf 2
3. AFO - 1
4. CRO - 1
5. Breadboard - 1
6. Connecting wires - few

FORMULA:

Gain = 20 log[ ⁄ ]

Where, = output voltage

= input voltage

THEORY:

The transfer function of the compensator is G1(s) = [ ]= ⁄ = 1. Ensure that poles

is to be right of zero only nearer origin that zero. The component compensator having a transfer
function of the form given in the above equation is called lag compensation. When both transient
and steady state response required improvement lag-lead compensator is required. This basically
a lag and lead compensator connected in series selection of compensator. In general there are
situation in which the compensation is required to stabilize if as well as to achieve a specified
performance. In case the system is un stable, the compensation is required to obtain the desired
performance. In such cases the 3 compensator lag, lead and lag-lead may be obtained by desired
reactance.
TRANSFER FUNCTION:

LAG NETWORK:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LEAD NETWORK:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAG-LEAD NETWORK:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION: Vin =

LAG NETWORK LEAD NETWORK LAG-LEAD NETWORK

F(Hz) Vo(V) Gain F(Hz) Vo(V) Gain F(Hz) Vo(V) Gain

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Vary the frequency of AFO and CRO and amplitude of input in CRO.
4. Calculate the gain from the input and output voltage.
5. Plot the graph between frequency and gain.
CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the lag, lead and lag-lead compensator was designed and their frequency response
was obtained.
Ex. No: 4.a
Date: DIGITAL SIMULATION OF FIRST ORDER SYSTEM

AIM:
To digitally simulate the time response characteristics of linear single input system using
transfer function approach.

EQUIPMENT:
System with matlab software.

DESIGN:
Transfer function of the first order system is T = =

PROCEDURE:
1. Double click the MATLAB software.
2. Click „file‟ and open „new‟ m-file.
3. Type the program in the work window and debug (or) Run to get the output waveform.
4. The transfer function of the first order system
T= =
If the input is unit step then r(t)=1 and R(s) =
⁄
C(s) = R(s) = ⁄
By partial fraction function,
C(s) = - ⁄

The response in time domain is given by c(t) = A - A = A(1 - )

ANALYSIS:

Obtain the time response of given first order transfer function with unit step input

G(S) = = and also find c(t) when the input is unit impulse.
SOLUTION:
FOR STEP INPUT:

PROGRAM:

MODEL OUTPUT:
FOR IMPULSE INPUT:

PROGRAM:

MODEL OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the time response characteristics of linear single input system using transfer
function approach was digitally simulated.
Ex. No:4.b
Date: DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

AIM:

To obtain the response of second order system for unit step input for the following cases

i. Un damped system
ii. Critically damped system
iii. Under damped system
iv. Over damped system

EQUIPMENT:

System with MATLAB software

DESIGN:

The standard form of closed loop transfer function of second order system is given by

Where,

= un damped natural frequency

s= damping ratio

(i) un damped system:

for un damped system s=0

for example,

(ii) critically damped system:

for an critically damped system s=1

For example,
 (iii) under damped system
for under damped system 0<s<1

For example,

(iv) over damped system:

for over damped system

For example

ANALYSIS:

Using feedback control system has an open loop transfer function G(S) = . Find the rise
time response, peak overshoot, peak time, settling time for step input of 12 unit.

Solution:
PROGRAM:

OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus using digital simulation the time response characteristics of linear input single
output system using transfer function was verified.
Ex. No: 5
Date:

PROCESS SIMULATION

AIM:

To design PID controller for first order system using MATLAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Controller and system.

2. Computer with MATLAB software.

THEORY:

1. The proportional controller is a device that produces the control system u(t) which is
proportional to the input error signal e(t)
2. The proportional gain (or) constant plus integral controller PI controller produces
output signal. X the order proportional to the integral at error.
3. The PID controller produces an output consisting of three term. One on proportional
to error signal and the other proportional to the integral of error signal and the third
one is proportional to the integral of the error signal. PID controlled
u(t) = e(t) + ⁄ e(t) dt + ⁄ e(t)

where proportional gain (or) constant

= integral time
= derivative time

PROCEDURE:

TYPE 0 FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH P CONTROLLER:

i. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Set the proportional band = 80, integral time = 64.000 and k derivative time 0
iii. Measure the performance specification

TYPE 0 FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH PI CONTROLLER:

i. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

ii. Set proportional band = 80, time = 30 and derivation 0.
iii. Measure the performance specification transfer function of PID controller.
PID controller = Kp[ ]
PROGRAM:

MODEL OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the design of PID controller was done successfully.

EX.NO:6
DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER USING SINGLE PHASE
ENERGY METER

AIM:

To calibrate the given single phase energy meter by direct loading and to draw the graph
between Load current and percentage error.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SNO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
3 Wattmeter UPF 300V/10A 1
4 Energy meter - - 1
5 Stopwatch - - 1

FORMULA USED:
Energy meter specification = 900 rev / kWh
900 Revolutions = 1KWhr
900 Revolutions = 1x1000x3600 W-Sec
1Revolution = (1x1000x3600)/900 W-Sec
1Revolution = 4000 W-Sec

For n Revolution:
Indicated Energy Ei =n x 4000 W-Sec
Actual Energy Ea = Wattmeter Reading (Actual) x Time
%Error = (Ei~Ea)/Ea*100

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the variac in minimum position & switch on the supply
3. Adjust the variac to get different reading in ammeter.
4. Note the times taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc & obtain the
voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter reading.
5. The readings are tabulated and required graphs are drawn.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Load Supply Current Wattmeter Power Time Ei Ea %Error

Voltage (A) Reading P (W) Factor t (sec) (Watt- (Watt- =
(V) Observed Actual sec) sec) (Ei~Ea)/
Ea*100

MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the given single phase energy meter by direct loading was calibrated and the
graph between Load current and percentage error was drawn.