CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS TO ENSURE  

SUCCESS OF
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN GREEN
URBANISATION CONTEXT

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 Abstract

Technology is a future focussed energy system that emphasizes on cost-effective, sustainable

energies and constructs buildings accordingly. This system is highlighted to meet the energy
goals of green buildings in making green urbanization in UK. Due to excessive use of natural
resources, it is observed that future generations can suffer a lot due to a lack of natural resources.
UK has been using storm water management since modern urbanization has peaked. However, a
subsequent decrease in storm water management has been observed as maintenance and
installation costs are rising day by day. Municipal bodies do not encourage new or updated storm
water management as labour expense and proper maintenance of storied water is challenging to
meet. This increases the cost of purchase and transportation which in turn increases the total
construction cost. The cost of designing and implementing the idea of green sustainable
construction is high due to high maintenance and installation cost. There is a sense of uncertainty
regarding the longevity of the project. It has been identified there is a lack of acceptance of green
sustainable construction because most people believe that going green does not have any real
impact on the environment, unless in it done everywhere.

For green sustainable construction, eco-friendly materials like bamboo, cork, straw bales, and
plant-based polyurethane insulating foams, sheep’s wool, reclaimed wood and reclaimed or
recycled steel are used. They are most reusable, recyclable materials that sequester CO 2 and have
very low embodied energy. The disadvantage is that obtaining or gathering such materials
become a problem as they are not such widely used and are mostly sold by limited suppliers.

Some of the important and strong success factors are availability of experienced subcontractors,
high awareness and good experience, expansion of stakeholders, coordination in similar projects,
and availability of well-organized information. Others are apparent demand of green project,
efficient leadership, customer satisfaction. Technical compatibility is an important factor with
moderate agreement level. Technical assistance from different vendors is another important
factor with weak agreement level. According to analysis of successful cases of construction
projects, uncertainties and complexities are filled in project process. These are different risks are
unrecognized or even unpredictable compared with traditional housing that are sideline in green
urbanization project. These critical success factors are helping in achieving expected

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sustainability adoption for lowering energy consumption in terms of time, cost, and schedule to
ensure the success of the project

Introduction of Green Urbanization is all over an optimistic approach towards better human lives
and environmentally safe living. Green urbanization has substantial hindrances or challenges to
be faced during sustainable construction of green projects. Some of the main limitations of green
constructions are elaborately discussed. The first is the availability of green construction
materials, the identification of green materials, third and last availability, and proper access to
modern green technologies. High-cost prices of these electrical appliances, lack of localized
servicing sectors, and low production rates due to limited manufacturing countries UK suffer
from critical availability issues of electrical; instruments.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................10

Introduction................................................................................................................................10

Research background.................................................................................................................10

Rationale....................................................................................................................................12

Aims and Objectives..................................................................................................................15

Research questions.....................................................................................................................16

Significance of the research.......................................................................................................16

Summary....................................................................................................................................18

Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................19

Introduction................................................................................................................................19

Impact of social factors in sustainable construction..................................................................19

Possible hindrances in green building construction...................................................................21

Control of Green building project problem................................................................................23

Determine material green or not................................................................................................25

Maintain construction sector is part of green urbanization........................................................26

Literature Gap............................................................................................................................27

Summary....................................................................................................................................28

Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................29

Introduction................................................................................................................................29

Research philosophy, approach and design...............................................................................29

Research strategy.......................................................................................................................31

Research choices........................................................................................................................31

Data collection method..............................................................................................................32

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 Data analysis method.................................................................................................................32

Ethics..........................................................................................................................................33

Timeline.....................................................................................................................................34

Summary....................................................................................................................................34

Chapter 4: Result and Analysis......................................................................................................35

Introduction................................................................................................................................35

Result.........................................................................................................................................35

Availability of Green Materials for Construction..................................................................47

Analysis and Interpretation........................................................................................................58

Theme 1: Social factors in sustainable construction..............................................................58

Theme 2: Critical Success Factors.........................................................................................59

Theme 3: Commonly used materials in sustainable construction..........................................61

Theme 4: Possible hindrances (challenges or obstacles) faced during Green Urbanization..63

Theme 5: Green practices for sustainability...........................................................................66

Theme 6: No. of literature in Green sustainable construction................................................69

Theme 7: Recommendation strategy for overcoming challenges..........................................70

Summary....................................................................................................................................72

Chapter 5: Conclusion...................................................................................................................73

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................73

Linking with Objectives.............................................................................................................75

Limitations of Dissertation.........................................................................................................77

Recommendations......................................................................................................................78

Future Scope..............................................................................................................................79

Appendices....................................................................................................................................93

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6
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Global share of buildings and construction final energy and emissions, 2019..............13
Figure 2: Proportion of people living in an area with problems....................................................14
Figure 3: Change in global drivers of trends in buildings energy and emissions 2010-2019.......15
Figure 4: Research Outline............................................................................................................17
Figure 5: Schematic of Green Building.........................................................................................20
Figure 6: China’s Green Building Program has grown quickly since 2013..................................22
Figure 7: Expected benefit from Green building...........................................................................24
Figure 8: Philosophical context.....................................................................................................30
Figure 9: Approach context...........................................................................................................30
Figure 10: Timeline.......................................................................................................................34

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 List of tables
Table 1: Social factors in sustainable construction........................................................................38
Table 2: Critical Success Factors in Green Construction Project..................................................39
Table 3: Number of papers in Procedural Issues in Sustainable Construction..............................42
Table 4: Green sustainable material..............................................................................................45
Table 5: Costing element in green construction in two construction project................................46
Table 6: Availability of Green Materials for Construction...........................................................49
Table 7: Identification of Green Materials....................................................................................51
Table 8: Availability and proper access to Modern Green Technologies.....................................53
Table 9: Control mechanism of construction process according to green urbanization................56
Table 10:Green practices for sustainability...................................................................................58

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 List of Appendices

Appendix 1: Then & Now: Urban Population Worldwide............................................................93

Appendix 2: Global Share of Buildings and construction final energy and emissions, 2018.......94
Appendix 3: LEED certified projects in countries........................................................................95
Appendix 4: Conceptual drawing of Green building.....................................................................96
Appendix 5: Waste generation per stage of work in construction.................................................97
Appendix 6: Business benefits expected from Green Building Investments................................98
Appendix 7: Number of studies of target project applications on CSF for implementing
Sustainable Construction Projects.................................................................................................99

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 Acknowledgement

I am grateful to my professors who gave me opportunity to work on this project for which I not
only could enhance my own knowledge, however also could prepare a research paper which will
be useful for future researchers. Moreover, I am also thankful to my guides, peers and friends
who guided me in right direction of researching and preparing the research paper.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Introduction

Green sustainable construction, or in other words, green urbanization, is the practice of

developing eco-friendly and sustainable communities. The development of eco-friendly and
sustainable communities reduces the carbon footprint on the earth. The materials used in
developing green buildings usually have very low embodied energy values. This would have a
positive impact on the environment and ecology. The rapid increase of cities has led to the
development of mega-cities. Creating cities through slow and steady sustainable means would
lead to the development of new career and business opportunities, sustainable and affordable
housing and forming a strong society and economy. In this research study, we will evaluate,
analyze, and interpret the critical success factors that would ensure the success of sustainable
construction projects in the green urbanization context in the United Kingdom.

Research background

This research has been conducted to highlight an increasing problem of pollution across the
whole world. Common construction industries in United Kingdom have several negative impacts
on environmental sustainability. According to Polat, Turkoglu, and Gurgun (2017), 70% of
energy is used, 17% of water resources are wasted, 50% of wastes gets deposited in landfills and
all over 35% of co2 emissions as a result of normal construction process. Here this study is
specified to provide information on green urbanization process occurring in United Kingdom.
The data has been used to ensure viewpoints are secondary and in a qualitative form.
Simultaneously, various numerical data has also been presented to prove effectiveness of
different certified organizations to look after green construction projects. This research has been
done to get some possible outcomes to fight against increasing pollution over the world. Going
green is only solution found here to ensure natural resources for future generations.
According to a research done by theguardian.com, (2020), from 2006 to 2012, in UK, 22000
hectares of green lands were occupied with making artificial surfaces. 7000 hectares of land have
gone through deforestation process, 14000 farmland and 1000 hectares of wetland were

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converted to urbanization process that hampers natural balances as well as fosters increased level
of pollution in UK.
While day by day scenarios are getting changed due to awareness of local people in United
Kingdom, in a survey study conducted by pbctoday.co.uk, 2019, out of 2000 British citizen in
UK, almost 56% of residents agreed to consider eco-friendly homes while looking for a new
property. 12% of them are not ready to buy a new home without some extent of eco-friendly
features present in a building they are looking for. 56% of respondents in UK agreed to pay extra
costs also to ensure homes with a good extent of sustainability. They are happy to pay 10%
additional charges to pay for a construction with sustainability characteristics.
These case studies highlight the opinions of UK citizens regarding accepting green construction
to ensure better environmental features, in turns to highlight needs of natural resources for future.
In spite of having such an open-minded conclusion, the green projects are suffering from some
similar problems regarding green construction in UK. As observed by the study of (Polat,
Turkoglu and Gurgun, 2017), LEED certified green buildings need 14000 cubic feet/ square foot
of a total floor area for flush outs that acquire a vast space of usability. Most of HVAC systems
observed in the study are not built to dehumidify outdoor air to cope with such a changing
weather climate. In a building of 100000 square foot, there are 1400 million cubic feet of air is
needed to dehumidify. Almost 240000 gallons of water is needed for flush outs depending on
times of flush outs. This much water adds moisture to natural building materials that ensure risk
of quality of such green buildings. Present study talks about such problems in a brief that are
faced commonly in discussing green construction in UK.
According to a survey study related to green construction process from a global viewpoint,
conducted by statista.com, 2018, it is stated that in 2018, 27% of firms deal with 60% of green
projects. Same study further keeps an expectation of green urbanization that 47% of firms will
have 60% or more projects related to green construction projects in 2021.
Construction industry itself is responsible for direct energy consumption in a vast amount to
interrupt the balance of nature. A high radiation of CO2 is highlighted here as a major issue that
destroys sustainability of nature. Especially in UK, there is a climate added with wet and cold
winters being experienced generally. Infrequent high temperatures are also there, while a loss of
energy occurs through heating and cooling factors that spoil sustainability by a construction.
Stakeholders in modern days are concerned with effective waste management techniques to

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ensure sustainability of nature. By analysing these factors, it can be stated that resources used for
construction are an area of concern in increasing sustainability to a construction. A high rate of
water consumption and waste materials are commonly faced limitations associated with
constructing green buildings. There are some guidelines to avoid shortcomings of green
construction explained by BREEAM and LEED in the vision of green construction in Uk. Eco-
friendly materials are a major concern in the context of constructing green urbanization in United
Kingdom along with its problems such as getting moisture easily to look after such eras.

Rationale

The main issue in implementing green urbanization is limited awareness, problems with
clearance and approvals, expensive equipment and materials, and lack of incentive for
motivation. There are inadequate government policies and procedures in the aspect of green
sustainable building. The issue is the lack of urban space that is getting pressures with region
population. [Refer to Appendix 1 for urban population comparison between 1950 and 2020]
According to the United Nations Development Programme or UNDP, presently, 55% of the
world's total population, that is, 4.2 billion people, live in cities. The population in urban areas is
expected to cross 9.8 billion by the year 2050, and there will be a 100% increase in global floor
area. 3% of the earth's land is occupied by urban cities, which accounts for 60-80% of the total
energy consumption, among which 70% is contributed by carbon emissions only. Presently, 828
million people live in slums, and the number is increasing with time. There is a need for
sustainable development for building and managing urban spaces (undp.org, 2021).

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 Figure 1: Global share of buildings and construction final energy and emissions, 2019

(Source: ec.europa.eu, 2021)

A very large sector of people is unaware of the existence of green buildings and their existing
health benefits. Those who are aware of green urbanization consider it as expensive and
unachievable. There are inadequate governmental rules and regulations for enforcing massive
implementation norms of green buildings. There is a tedious process of obtaining clearance and
approvals, which adds to the burden of the problems. There is a lack of incentive to motivate the
adoption of sustainable buildings in the economy. The equipment and materials required for the
development of sustainable buildings are expensive compared to conventional ones. There is a
lack of information, human resources and skilled manpower in this matter. There is a need for
experienced and knowledgeable policymakers, engineers, architects, workers and contractors.
[Refer to appendix 2 to see graph on Global Share of Buildings and construction final energy
and emissions]

This is plaguing the world due to higher population pressure and higher environmental impact;
World Green Building Council (WGBC) has decided to "North Star Goals"- elimination of
global construction sector emissions by 2050 (worldgbc, 2021). The 2050 goal of WGBC is the

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construction of buildings and infrastructures with "net-zero embodied carbon" and "net-zero
operational carbon”. Finance and Policy Blueprint for Emerging markets is one of the biggest
representatives of investors in Green Buildings and estimated that 24.7$ would be invested by
2030. The new investment opportunities in green buildings represent $15.7 trillion, which
represents 60% of the total market (globalabc.org, 2021). The green capital programme of
Europe assesses the aspects of biodiversity, green urban spaces, and how the city handles the
challenges of pollution. It has been seen that the proportion of people living in an area with
problems is higher in cities compared to those that live in rural areas and towns and suburbs
(ec.europe.eu, 2016).

Figure 2: Proportion of people living in an area with problems

(Source: globalabc.org, 2020)

The critical success factors and the hindrances involved in green sustainable construction will be
highlighted and addressed. The understanding of the success factors will provide knowledge that

15
helps in managing and controlling the limitations and hindrances faced in sustainable green
construction.

Figure 3: Change in global drivers of trends in buildings energy and emissions 2010-2019

(Source: ec.europa.eu, 2021)

Aims and Objectives

This research paper aims to investigate, evaluate, analyze and interpret the critical success
factors of the sustainability of construction projects in the context of green urbanization.

The objectives of the research paper are:

● To study the social factors which influence the success of sustainable construction
project,
● To investigate the major possible hindrances that occur in the building of green
construction,
● To evaluate and find the methods for controlling the common construction problems
which will be faced during sustainable construction,

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 ● To examine and determine the materials which could be used in the construction of a
green building,
● To evaluate and develop suggestions for maintaining the sustainability of a construction
in a green building.

Research questions

The research question is a specific query relating to a specific research topic, which the research
findings seek to answer to. The research questions of the given research papers are as follows:

● What are the social factors which influence the success of sustainable construction
projects?
● What are the major possible hindrances that occur in the building of green construction?
● What are the methods for controlling the common construction problems which will be
faced during sustainable construction?
● Which materials could be used in the construction of green buildings?
● What suggestions could be developed for maintaining the sustainability of a construction
in a green building?

Significance of the research

This research study is significant in getting a detailed knowledge of green urbanization in United
Kingdom. Especially from a modern viewpoint, it is necessary to protect environment properly
to help the humanities to survive in a better way for future days. It highlights possible problems
that faced to meet the results of green construction in avoiding environmental pollution to ensure
natural resources for future generations. This study further ensures practices can be used in
maintaining sustainability of environment in UK. Here it is described the ratio of various
certification processes and issues regarding that. 75% of LEED certified buildings in UK are
involved with high cost issues regarding maintaining green construction buildings to continue its
features to protect and sustain nature. [Refer to appendix 3 for LEED certified projects by
countries] 25% of buildings are suffering from high cost issues to certify by such well-known
organizations. In this study, the significance of various success factors is mentioned. Apart from
that, alternative materials regarding green construction and problems faced in transporting such

17
costly goods are mentioned here. Some suggestions and recommendations in dealing with such
issues have been notified in this research study. This study further encloses success factors
related to the constructor's interest, investment concepts, customer's demand and satisfaction
regarding green construction projects. It also includes technical assistance from similar project
backgrounds to ensure a developed and comfortable lifestyle that can be adjusted with changing
climates in UK. This study is enlightening with information on modern technologies to meet
energy demands of the building in relation to deal with consumption amount. A thorough
qualitative evaluation has been done to extract the significance of this study.

Structure of dissertation

Figure 4: Research Outline

(Source: Created by learner)

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Summary

The word sustainability is a broad term that means meeting the present need without
compromising or ignoring the needs of the future. The target of sustainable construction is to
develop housing facilities that would positively impact the environment and the ecology. In this
research paper, the aim, objectives and research questions have been identified accordingly. The
research background and the rationale available on this given topic is thoroughly investigated
and evaluated. The research paper will address the factors that influence green sustainability,
such as social factors, connected hindrances, and methods to control them. It would give
information on the materials which could be used for green sustainable construction. The
benefits of using them in the construction and their overall effect are on the residents of the green
building. It will also provide suggestions and recommendations for improving and maintaining
the sustainability of a green project.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

Introduction

Green urbanization highlights the fact of benefiting humans and the environment while using
natural resources. Literature review part of this project has compressed the idea of what
researchers have found in their research previously. It has discussed some starved facts such as
social factors of sustainable construction and hindrances of building green urbanism. Besides, it
has also focused on understanding building natural factors, determining material and maintaining
green construction successfully in a civilized society. Moreover, this part of study has focused on
explaining various factual knowledge regarding green urbanization and its impact on society.

Impact of social factors in sustainable construction

Over the last few years, green urbanization has become a theory-based research field concerning
urbanism city of future. The construction industry has emerged as one of the critical sectors in
national economy in developing nation. According to reports till 2013, it has added up to 5.7%
value in European country's economy (Oke, Aigbavboa and Semenya, 2017). Construction
industry has added sustainable development in social cooperation areas. Environmental resources
can define resources that contribute to "diminish human rights on the natural resources at the
same time maintaining a standard of human living" (Sfakianaki, 2019). The building industry
often counts as one of the strongest unkind and unfriendly to natural environments. The social
factors of constructing a building can count as one of the vital components of building a good
construction project. Residential housing is a basic meaning of subsistence closely related to
human development and survival.
Change in residence demand increases when residential houses reform for giving better services.
It has been seen that when people's basic needs are satisfied, it goes to a higher level of
expectation. Digging new ideas for construction industry, can be said that new urban
construction depends on exploring trends of future evaluation, people's choices of various
types of construction and promoting the development of residential building (Rostamnezhad et
al., 2020). Social structure and factors affect construction industry for creating new types of
residential sites to influence a country's economic factors significantly. The construction industry

20
highly depends on the social difference of people (Rostamnezhad et al. 2020). Social structure is
different for every person. Thus, family structure is meant to be various. Family structure has
become a major social factor in making sustainable construction. The birth of children and their
independence create significant changes in residential installation of a country. Every country's
family structure is different. Thus, residential-style has also differed from country to country.
[Refer to appendix 4 for the schematic diagram of green building]
It has seen that UK has a long history in construction style, which is evolving from a very early
age. Norman style of construction is called the time after Battle of Hasting when stone buildings
were built in a Romanesque style (Cdn.Southampton.ac.UK, 2017). It can be called a direct
descendant of Roman architecture. After 1973, the era is called Stylistic proliferation when local
authorities of UK turned themselves into low-rise and high-density traditional materials
(Cdn.Southampton.ac.UK, 2017). It has been seen that this new type of construction started
reducing financial expenditure and an inflation rate of budget. However, today's construction
time is more in green urbanization, which safeguards both human resources and the future
environment (Cdn.Southampton.ac.UK, 2017). This new type of housing has enhanced a
country's social factors by improving green in various countries.

Figure 5: Schematic of Green Building

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 (Source: Khodadadzadeh, 2016)
Other social factors impact on sustainable construction industry. Community development and
well-being is another social factor for changing construction and it changes household lives
(Maria, Ramos and Armengou, 2020). People's idea of market economy, competition concept,
concept of talented person and information concept gradually formed for living their lives.
Food, water and air are adequate needs of people, which count as fundamental needs of people.
However, residential requirements and making it more comfortable for living lives comes after
satisfying basic needs. At this point, the changes can be divided into two new forms. These are
changing work style, which affects lifestyle and secondly, a family function which is
weakening for appearing new factors (Maria, Ramos and Armengou, 2020). Along with cultural
evaluation, the construction industry is also changing its work pattern for economical growth of a
country.

Possible hindrances in green building construction

Despite spur growth in green building industries in Asian countries, it has faced some hindrances
due to some critical challenges. Green urbanization is becoming a trendsetter to create a more
valuable society for both environment and human lives. India is a leading country when it comes
to developing green building construction. However, the United States is considered the first
country to adopt green urbanization in their country. According to Tafazzoli (2018), US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has described that construction of green buildings is a
practice of using technologies and processes, which are energy efficient for the lifestyle of
building. This process includes construction, operations, design, renovation, deconstruction and
maintenance.
There are some significant benefits of green building, and these are described below. It helps
society to enhance environmental work balance for giving a better experience of green culture
into a country. The following things can be described as healthy air quality, which increases
environmental values, providing more extraordinary natural things and daylight. It also includes
various things like optimum use of electricity and water into a country's development. Improving
health and inhabitants well can also be considered one of the benefits of including green building
construction. In today's time, an ecosystem is needed to protect to safeguard a healthy
environment and human lives. An initial investment in constructing green buildings is higher

22
than conventional process of constructing buildings. Even though green building practice has
become a new era of constructing business, it is going through some significant hindering to
generate a mass overview. This point is described below projections.

Figure 6: China’s Green Building Program has grown quickly since 2013

(Source: Paulsoninstitute.org, 2019)

Limited Awareness is one of the substantial hindrances to create green building construction for
environment (Zhou, 2020). Many people are not aware of green buildings and their benefits. As
many countries do not know about how it works, it is hectic to make them understand advantages
of green building. Besides, people who may know the benefits may not include green building in
their construction as it is expensive to have it and financially unsolvable for many people.
Secondly, governmental policies and procedures may create a hazard situation for including a
green building system in country's construction sector (Meshcheryakova, 2017). It has been seen
that many country's governments have included a green building plan to reduce carbon emission
in air. However, there are no proper governmental rules, which include green agenda policies in
their construction business. There is an inadequacy of adequate government regulation and laws

23
which enforce large-scale implementation in green building norms. This process needs clearance
and approvals for its tedious process regarding approval of building projects (Arthana, 2019). It
creates a burden for construction industry to get support for this system, which takes lots more
time than expected.
Deficient incentive to encourage adoption is another big hinders problem of this system. There
are only a few plans that promote green building adoption. However, exit of this system is not
uniform as it comes from different countries. Most of the time, it has an additional FAR, which
follows rebates and various building incentives for property tax and similar schemes. Moreover,
it has been seen that this scheme often fails to adopt extensive scale adoption with green building
practices. Expensive equipment and products is another main reason for creating green building
practice into a system (Aryaningrumet al., 2018). It has been identified that raw materials used
for constructing green buildings are another main reason for not accepting this system properly
in any country. All buildings will have a high level of cost, which may not be permitted by
people of a nation. Less skill and manpower is another big reason for not adopting green
building in a country (Campos and Cardona, 2020). A construction company may not know the
procedure of adopting this system into their construction services. This process may create other
difficulties as workers may create additional problems while adopting this system.

Control of Green building project problem

Green building practice faces three significant problems, which does not vary from country to
country. Green building and green design enter into a mainstream business of every nation. This
was a novelty and innovation for architecture in the last time. However, in today's time, it has
become a staple in construction industry. This green building reduces air pollution, which is a
vital component of including this new construction business system. Green building is a process
with associated structure and implementation of strategies which are environmentally responsible
for resource efficiency of building life-cycle to construct a sustainable environment for everyone.
This green building has focused on giving practice of classical building design associated with
economy, durability, comfort and utility (Ilham et al. 2018). It also helps in waste reduction and
generates toxic reduction, smart growth, sustainable development and indoor air quality. [Refer
to appendix 5 to see graph on Waste generation per stage of work in construction]

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There are many different construction problems that can be reduced by implementing a green
building system into a construction company of a country. This can help in energy loss through
heating and cooling systems (Ilham et al, 2018). Architecture and com structure generate a
considerable amount of wasted energy which can be reduced through building a green building.
On the other hand, it also has ability to optimize energy use of a construction company.
Architecture and contractors create wasted energy which may maximize energy use. It mainly
happens when heating and cooling are incredibly open for outside air. This energy loss system
crates cracks or gaps in a constriction building. It has a different double door system to reduce its
gap and create more space for a construction building. This control has another door to create a
systematic method for preventing air from rushing from door when it is open.

Figure 7: Expected benefit from Green building

(Source: Statista.com, 2020)

Another example of green energy building construction benefits is it reduces high consumption
of restroom facilities. Water consumption's first concern is creating new buildings with
operational costs. Bathroom and notoriety create another high volume of water consumption.
Utilizing green building energy consumption reduces water consumption and helps to reduce

25
water uses. Another example of creating more facilities by building green buildings is to
decrease waste energy and unoccupied space. There is a large amount of energy and lighting
unoccupied area, which creates many facilities. Getting a more straightforward solution out of a
common construction problem, that installs motion-activated lighting, timers with automatic
lights replace traditional switches. In 2010, 32% of final global energy was guided in a
construction industry among that, 19% of life is GHG emission related (Smirnova and Larionov,
2020).
It has been seen neither that problems that occur while including green energy in building
construction cannot be addressed here as it has nor any solution yet. However, it has been seen
that China is world's most enormous consumption and CO2 emitter, which has been entering
prosperity for construction. There are about 1.6 to 2.0 billion building constructs each year which
count as 40% of world's total new buildings (Sharipovna, 2021). This greenhouse building
reduces carbon emission into air and manufacturer phase of building material and sustainable
structural design has been introduced. The differences in CO2, which emitted data for
concentrate and steel found to be 267 and 863%, respectively (Marrero et al., 2017).

Determine material green or not

Sustainable building uses a large number of strategic design, construction and operation of
building projects. The primary benefit of making a green building is it reduces carbon emission
and generates a healthy environment for human body. The material, of green building owner and
occupants, includes reducing maintenance costs, energy consumption, improving occupant health
and productivity, lower cost changing space configuration and greater design flexibility. This
green building construction has consumed around 3 billion tons of raw materials, which is 40%
of total global use of green buildings raw materials (Mojumder and Singh, 2021). This promotes
environmental impact of dwindling non-renewable resources, which are secured with ecological
impacts.
Green building material has environmental responsibilities of product consider the selection of
green building materials for creating a sustainable development in construction. Resource
efficiency can accompanist from recycling content and renewable products and materials (Belay
et al. 2021). It has a different manufacturing process along with a resource efficient process.
Every salvaged and recyclable product is considering main ingredients of this green building

26
construction. This packing lasts longer and creates many facilities for saving energy resources in
constructing new buildings with green energy. Energy efficiency is another green building
material for maximize the use of components, materials and system that helps in consumption of
energy (Belay et al. 2021).
Indoor air quality is another raw material for enhancing green building business into many
countries. This system creates facilities through mitigating following ideas of few or no
carcinogens; minimize chemical emissions, installation with VOC-producing compounds and
moisture resisting products. It has non-toxic chemical products, which are healthy for identifying
IAQ pollutants and enhancing quality of air. Affordability is another key factor of selecting raw
material for this system (Li, Ning and Chen, 2018). Good materials at low cost create more uses
of this product in business market of green energy. Water conservation is another key factor of
choosing raw material of green building construction. This material helps to reduce water
consumption and conserve water, which is used for production.
There are three methods, which are used as an environment assessment and help for choosing
right product. These are research, evaluation, and selection, through which raw material and
create more opportunities for this system. Research involves technical information; evaluate n
porter to identify all available information. Evaluating steps includes clarification of products
from manufacturer. Construction of green buildings becomes more difficult when comparing
different products of same function. Selection step involves an evaluating matrix for scoring
projects in specific environment criteria. The new Danpal Light architecture solution has
building envelopes harmony with environment (Holden, 2020). A global leader has
manufactured this daylight system, for thermal insulation properties and mechanical resistance.
Danpal system can involve variable climate conditions for sensible management of available
light. They have adopted HOE approach, which defines building certification. Danpal product
manufacturing is ISO 9001 (Wang et al. 2018) and ISO 14001 according to their product list.
Danpal's panel and waste are 100% recyclable and 100% of our products are 100% off-cuts and
regulated by extrusion (Wang et al. 2018).

Maintain construction sector is part of green urbanization

Maintaining construction of green buildings is needed to give tremendous effort on investigating

green building. Concerning the world's problems and maintaining the environment in recent

27
years becomes a difficult job. Every country has different measures to take drastic estimates for
their negative consequences. With increase of world's population it has created many problems in
environmental system. Thus, including green building construction can help to develop many
facilities into building sector of this country. Maintenance of green buildings is needed to count a
part of mainstream construction business. It has a different management plan, which involves
surrounding environment, water use and efficiency, energy uses and efficiency.
Surrounding environment has a different structure of creating this system as it controls a
comprehensive landscape and plan strives to decrease maintenance watering for sustainable
practice (Reports.aashe.org, 2020). Its integrated pest management system promotes healthy
growth into this construction business. Besides, composting and mulching program growth is
another factor of reducing water and decreasing irrigation needs of this system. Water use and
efficacy is another key factor for monitoring water usages (Reports.aashe.org, 2020). It involves
maintenance, up-gradation and retrofit activities for low flow fixtures to utilize water reduction
measures taken. Efficient use of water is another key factor for unpinned any problems like
league and broken figures. Energy use and efficiency is another key factor for maintenance of
green building construction (Reports.aashe.org, 2020). It monitors energy use of buildings,
which is associated with shutdown of overnight consumption of energy.
In United States, Leadership in Energy and environmental design (LEED) green building
rating system uses the national standard for sustainable building design. This task is time
consuming and tedious as it is a complicated process. Green building process is highly
technology based, thus, maintenance of this system will be through computer most of the time.
Project management of this system is associated with technology and engineering of this system.
It has different kinds of projects to adopt green building construction, which is associated with
process and practices. The advantages, which are associated with green building such as higher
service life, less consumption of energy and water and others, are one of the strong components
for increasing use of this system.

Literature Gap

In this study, it has been investigated that the problems of constructing a green building has not
mitigated yet. There are no such evidence for the solution for limited awareness of people and
how to encourage people to enhance use of green resources to their construction. Through

28
heating and cooling system, energy loss can happen which create common construction problem.
This study was expecting to find if there are any legislative rules to implement green house
building to enhance this eco-friendly architecture system to a country. However, no such
information is found which discusses about some laws or legislative rules for green building
system. Lifespan of green building is very critical to identify. The literature review part focused
on longevity of green building. However, in this literature review part any information
regarding lifespan of green building has not been found as expected. Solution of limited
awareness among people has not been found in collected literatures for this study. These can be
found as primary research gap in literature review.

Summary

Green house building is a process of influencing a healthy environment along with construction.
This creates sustainability in construction industry as well as it helps to increase economic
outcome. This new ecological sector has some advantages, which help to improve environmental
structure of a country. As well as it enhances financial benefit this depicted in annual income.
However, some disadvantages like limited awareness, governmental policies, huge monetary
involvement is slowing down the process of green building construction. Thus, removing all
these problems can maximize benefit of this system to make a better society for future.

29
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Introduction

Research methodology is based not only on the environmental, social and economic sections; it
also provides a wide range of variety for sustainable development in a positive manner. This
conducted research has been based on the discussions on the factors, methods and needful things
required for the sustainable construction project. Various methods, rules, ethics and approach
had been under consideration. Critical analysis and research of information is crucial to find out
the future outcome of the project during the initial stages.

Research philosophy, approach and design

Research philosophy is based on the belief system which indicates about the gathering or
collection of data and information, which will be used to make a particular approach so that
desired level of methodology had been, matched (Giordano et al. 2021). The figure below shows
various philosophical approaches which are used by researchers in different research contexts.
The performance, approach and design of the sustainable project depend upon the two types of
initial methods. At last, design will lead to the performance of the approach. Design basically
comes after the plantings and approaches where critical thinking ability is required to overcome
any difficult scenario (Lu, 2019). Positivism originated from a philosophical theory that says any
genuine knowledge is derived from personal experience and during real life interactions and
relations (Park et al. 2020). Therefore any source which provides factual knowledge acquired
through interaction or observation can only be deemed as trustworthy.

30
 Figure 8: Philosophical stances for conducting a research

(Source: generated by researcher)

m
ic
tD
lC
e
v
s
E
O
P
n
I
a
R
p
r
y
g
o
x
A
m
This method used for this project, focuses more on science and logic than common sense, this is
done mostly to negate any human error while data collection and submission. Such a research
philosophy is important to maintain a sustainable project. An inductive approach is vital for a
research project as it can help us take important decisions which would benefit the project.
Inductive approach starts with a thorough and detailed observation of the entire project and then
moves on to implementation of radical ideas and any form of generalization. Each observation is
followed by reasoning and explanations.

Figure 9: Various Approaches of conducting a research

31
 (Source: generated by researcher)
The figure above shows various research approaches used by researchers as per applicability.
The basis of this approach is simply to look out for any patterns while analyzing the data
collected and then to develop a generalized theory accordingly while entering valuable inputs
from the researcher’s end. Exploratory research is also an important aspect which deals with
investigation and exploration of any problem that has come up. This is done to get familiar with
the problems and come up with a solution after getting fresh insights. It is a highly open minded
and interactive methodology of problem tackling and has no predefined structure. Simple
questions like how and why can often lead to big problems being solved.

Research strategy

Research strategy is an essential element which is like a backbone for the entire project. It is the
overall structure required to conduct a study and gives the researcher a chance to explore the
planning, look after the daily work being executed and also monitor the daily targets given to
each individual. There are broadly six methods or strategies which a researcher can employ.
These are experiments, surveys, case studies, grounded theory, ethnographic research and action
research (Zaidi et al. 2018). The strategy selected for this project is case study. A case study is a
well documented and researched enquiry about the various aspects of a huge project. The case
study includes questioning of the existing methods and proposal of newer and more efficient
techniques. It also integrates the explanation of the questions being asked and how their analysis
will help bring change in the current way of working. Practical improvements can be easily done
by this method and the adequate research involved in a case study is also enough to persuade the
other person into improving his already existing methodologies.

Research choices

Research choices are an important parameter which is to be kept in mind before continuing with
the project. Three methods can be employed while considering research choices, namely Mono
method, mixed method and Multi method. A research choice is deemed important because this is
the part where data is collected by some trusted online research organization and in turn used for
the benefit of the consumers. The data collected is supplied to the higher authorities were
justified actions are taken to improve the product and make necessary changes according to the

32
specifications of the consumers. Due to the limitation of the physical aspect of the research
choices, we approach this problem in a theoretical sense and hence the mono method is the most
suitable choice. Mono method allows us to get a deeper insight into the problems and also come
up with the solution since the approach deals with one issue at a time.

Data collection method

Data collection methods deal with various types of questions and an analysis where it is checked
for assurance. Some important points are to give the answer of a particular question in a proper
manner, findings of data had been based on the requirement of the desired thing, it is important
to investigate the impact on humans and also on the environmental basis, validation of a
particular type of study is also an important thing to be considered (Yusuf and Busalim, 2018).
Quality assurance had been based on the protocol needed to be developed and the prevention of
undesired things is most likely to be considered. There are two broad categories of data
collection methods, one being the primary method and the other being the secondary method.
Primary sources can include surveys, experiments, focus groups, interviews, and public
experiments. The secondary data collection method on the other hand does not include the
interaction between the subject and the researcher. The data collected is from other sources
where the subject has visited in the past and the information collected back then is valuable for
the research being conducted now. There are advantages of this data collection method used
during this project. The most important aspect is the time being saved due to the previously
collected data. The questions raised during the project have already been addressed and thus one
can easily find out the data with some detailed research. Along with time, a lot of valuable
money and resources can also be saved by employing the secondary data collection method.

Data analysis method

Data analysis methods can be done by following certain steps. All steps are important to be
considered and have to be followed properly. Qualitative analysis is one of them, which includes
questionnaires like why, how and what. The main aim of this technique is to analyze the attitude
(Yeo et al. 2017). Here data had been collected on the requirement basis and also on the basis of
measurement so that it became easier to provide the necessary requirements for the sustainable
project. Reviewing methods will be taken for further steps to overview the considerations that

33
have to be taken to meet step by step procedures (Gao et al. 2019). The reviewing method being
used for this project is a very efficient method which addresses most of the issue one faces
between the start and completion of a project. This method can help rectify any pertaining
problems and also help in reducing any difficulties which may hamper the project in the future
(Linares-Espinós et al. 2018). A systematic scrutiny is essential for the project to go forward;
catering to the previous problems is where reviewing method works the best. Any unaddressed
problems may become a thing of worry for the researcher and thus a thorough review is the best
route for a smooth planned and structured way to completion of the project.

Ethics

Ethics is one of the most important things that have been considered as a priority. Different types
of considerations have been taken under this section (Suhonen et al. 2018). The aim and also the
objective of a research should be cleared and any type of misleading information or deception
will be avoided. The affiliation or the needful fundinghad been declared if the parameters are
matched with the requirement. Transparency is maintained for the progression of the research,
where honesty is also included in it and it helped to move in a positive way (Pratt, M.G., Kaplan
and Whittington 2020). Biased nature has been strictly avoided for research purposes. Proper
formatting is to be maintained during the formation of questions asked in the interviews or focus
groups. Usage of offensive language, discriminatory or racist remarks should be strictly kept at
check. One should follow the objectives throughout the research work performed and adhere to
the given guidelines. While performing these case studies and different research work, the Data
Protection Act (1998) is also to be kept in mind because public data is very crucial and must be
kept confidential at all times.

34
Timeline

Figure 10: Timeline

(Source: created by author)

Summary

The above information indicates that different types of steps have been followed for this
research. All of the above mentioned methods of reviewing, analysis and also the design
procedure are needed to be followed. The honesty, punctuality and motivation and also a clear
perspective are the main key to be followed and important to follow the ethics also. A lot of
elements need to work in a callused fashion for the project to be a success. The methodologies
employed for this project are the blueprint for this project’s rapid growth. There are a number of
variables which would not work the same way every day; leaving them aside the parameters
chosen for this project are sufficient for the successful completion of a sustainable construction
project for green urbanisation.

35
Chapter 4: Result and Analysis

Introduction

Green urbanization can be denoted by information and practices of making communities that are
helpful to all human beings as well as the environment. Green urbanization has a vast scope on
this planet with rapid growth that would be analyzed used to draw put result regarding research
questions. So in the present study, affective, social factors are clearly described along with major
hindrances that can be faced in green urbanization in UK. The solution, by that problems
occurring in green building projects, can be managed are recommended through this study. It
also mentions that alternative materials can be used to avoid pollution to grow the sustainability
of the environment. All the possible suggestions regarding maintaining sustainability in
constructing green buildings are to ensure green urbanization in UK. It is being analyzed and
interpreted to present data to provide the research outcomes. This research has been done on a
qualitative basis, and all data used are secondary.

Result

Social factors in sustainable construction

Drivers Rotation sums of squared

Social Factors
loadings

Economic Challenge (EC) Lower rate of adjustivity of 0.826

substitutes

Differentiated prices of 0.785

sustainable construction

36
 materials

Lack of motivation due to 0.729

high investment cost and risk
of unforeseen expenses
increase.

Lack of access to relevant 0.680

information

Profitability worries 0.671

The cost of integration level 0.652

Negative information about 0.587

inadequacy of material
quality

Awareness Challenge (EC) Insufficient knowledge of 0.841

sustainability concept

Lack of code building and 0.536

sustainability regulation
knowledge

37
 Choices of the client 0.654

Top management’s share of 0.718

interest, direction and
commitment

Resisting new turnovers 0.475

Lack of proper government 0.831

policies

Inadequate historical data and 0.654

information

Information Challenge (EC) Insufficient explanation of 0.831

project demonstration

Irresponsible supply rate 0.540

Lack of development in 0.517

employee training

Sustainability Measurement Lack of expert opinions 0.707

38
 Insufficient quantity of 0.607
sustainable materials

Lack of numbers in a count of 0.712

tools Challenge (SMTC)
sustainability tools

Less demand for sustainable 0.657

products

Table 1: Social factors in sustainable construction

(Source: Kissiet al., 2018.)

Ranking Success Factors Significance Agreement level

1 Experienced subcontractors Important Very Strong

numbers

2 High awareness and good Very Important Strong

experience in a firm

3 Expansion of Stakeholders Very Important Strong

involvement

4 Apparent demand for green Very Important Strong

39
 project

5 Coordination in similar projects Very Important Strong

6 Well organized information about Very Important Strong

same types of projects

8 Efficient leadership Very Important Strong

9 Customer satisfaction Very Important Strong

10 Technical compatibility Very Important Moderate

11 Technical assistance from Very Important Weak

different vendors

Table 2: Critical Success Factors in Green Construction Project

(Source: Olawumi and Chan, 2019)

Literature Study based on Procedural Issues in Green sustainable technology adoption

Description Literature Identified Required NSA tool

Issues
(out of 117)

40
 Improved walkability, 13 BREEAM
quality of life, energy Communities, LEED
Improving overall
efficiency, and ND, GBI Township,
performance
resident satisfaction One-planet
Communities

Helping the local 3 LEED ND, BREEAM

authorities with Communities
limited resources to

Promoting planning work on sustainable

and decision making development process

Encourages evidence-
based decision
making

Facilitates technically 9 Green Star

sound assessment Communities,
Encouraging
projects EnviroDevelopment,
stakeholder
Living Community
engagement and formative approaches
Challenge, WINS,
transparency to promote
EcoDistricts
sustainability

Facilitating Identified formative 53 Generic

sustainable design approach for
promotion of
sustainable practices
in construction and

41
 Promotes innovation
in planning ideas

Improving procedural 6 SITES, AQUA B&L,

simplicity, CASBEE UD, Green
Encouraging market Star Communities,
awareness to enable DGNB for Districts,
Relative Success for sustainable GREENTRIP
adoption development
methods, and
Recognition of
sustainable
development designs

Encouraging infill 9 REEAM

and brownfield Communities, LEED
Prioritizing development, ND, CASBEE UD
development Promoting green
locations that need urban growth, and
improvement Decreasing gross
environmental
impacts

Informing Decision Improved integration 6 Generic

Making of sustainability
procedures and
Create Opportunities
to enhance initial

42
 development plans

Table 3: Number of papers in Procedural Issues in Sustainable Construction

(Source: Sharifiet al, 2021)

Commonly used materials in sustainable construction

Materials Specifications Costs Sourcing Usage

Bamboo Tensile strength- £8,500- £17,000 UK Bamboo, Flooring,

28,000 lb/sq
Bamboo Import Walls, cabinetry,
inch,
Europe,
Roofs
Rigidity,
Somerset
Durability, Willow Growers
Ltd.
High strength to
weight ratio

(apn-gcr.org,
2021)

Precast concrete Water-cement £17- £26 per UK Concrete, Walls,

slabs ratio- 0.36- 0.38, square foot
Spanwright UK, building facades
Durability
Milbank

43
Cork High elasticity, £17.79 m2 A.B. Cork, Insulation sheets,

Near (for Prefinished Acrylicork, Excellent noise

impermeability, with hard wax absorption,
Siesta
Cork floor tiles
Low density- (siestacorktiles.c Excellent shock
of
0.12- 0.20, o.uk, 2021), absorption
305x305x4.7mm
qualities
Hypoallergenic ) HD88,
properties Subflooring
Harlequin,
Good thermal
Ambiente,
insulator

Magicork

Straw Bales Low-cost £96- £104 Colehay-Patco Soundproof

product, (/tonne) Trading Ltd, material,

Insulation Hay and Shaw Good insulator,

values- R-30- R- (ahdb.org.uk,
Fill material in
35, 2021),
between beams,
Durable, Follynook Hay columns,
and Straw
100% Fire resistance
Suppliers,
biodegradable, properties
South Hants Hay
Fire resistance,

Recycled Plastic Excellent filling £ 0.08- £ 1.52 (1 ICL Tech Insulation,

pound of

44
 materials recycled plastic) Plastics, Floors,

C. L. Rye Roofs
Trading Ltd

Reclaimed Moisture £30.38- £33.75 Nagle Flooring Structural

Wood content- 5- 18% UK, framing,
(for 50m2-
5 LEED Credit- 100m2 Community Cabinetry,
MR 4.1- MR 4.2 respectively) Wood recycling
Flooring
UK,

Reclaimed/ ISO 14021 £230- £240 James Dunkerley Framing process

Recycled Steel Steels Ltd UK,

Steel Express
Ltd

Plant-based Thermal £1,011- £3371 Eco Spray Foam Insulation,

Polyurethane conductivity- (for 10 minutes) Insulations Ltd
Good thermal
Rigid Foam 0.015- 0.017 UK,
protection,
Kcal,
Trident Foam
Protection
Temperature Insulations Ltd
against mould
range- -120oC to UK
and pests,
+150oC

Sound insulation

Sheep’s wool Embodied 32 p/kg Black Sheep Insulation,

45
 energy value- wools ltd,
100 MJ
The Grey Sheep Protection
Sequesters CO2, Co. against insects
and fungi
Hygroscopic

Rammed Earth Low embodied £1,854- £2,500 Earth Structure Foundations,

energy, (for m2) Ltd.,
Floors,
Airtight Rammed earth
Walls
construction, Consulting

High thermal
mass

Table 4: Green sustainable material

(Source: ahdb.org.uk, 2021)

Different costing involved in construction of green sustainable construction

Case Study 1 (Forge) Case study 2 (Crystal, London)

Amount (£) Amount (£)

Different
Costings
Total Floor Total Project Total Floor area Total Project
area (m2) Cost (m2) Cost

Cost of 102,913 121,573,764 41,122.67 59,788,761

46
material

Maintena 1,757 3,680,583 255 251,443

nce Cost

Transport 27,144.27 40,050,192 1,818 2,870,841

ation Cost

Cost of 19,045.83 29,928,528 6,714.42 9,638,677

Manufact
uring

Total 150,860.1 195,233,067 4,910.09 72,549,722

Green 2.5 million metric tonnes 30000 tonnes

house gas
emission
reduction

General ＄353 million to ＄16.9 million in just $4.5 million per annum
Savings one year

Table 5: Costing element in green construction in two construction project

(Source: Sun et al. 2019)

47
Availability of Green Materials for Construction

Green materials Availability Production Acceptance

issue country rate in UK

(%)

Machinery Lack of trained UAE, Ireland, 60%

engineers to Canada
manufacture
Heavy, energy efficient automobiles
High
Highly sophisticated labelling and transportation
measuring devices cost

Automatic construction equipment

Thermal and moisture protection Fragile Spain, UAE 85%

Roof railings High

transportation
Reclaimed
costs

/Recycled steel

Insulation boards
Unavailability

Straw bales of other

manufacturing
countries

48
Furnishing Government China, India 60%
interventions

Bamboos and Bamboo products

required for furnishing Decreasing
natural
Recycled wood
availability

Increase in tariff

Electrical Unaffordable Australia, 75%

cost of Norway, South
equipment Africa, UAE,
HVAC system Vietnam

Lack of product
Lighting system servicing
sectors

Unavailability
of other
manufacturing

countries

Table 6: Availability of Green Materials for Construction

49
 (Source: NBM&CW, 2021)

Identification of Green Materials

Criteria of green Materials Specifications Percentage in UK

materials (%)

Local availability of Wood Locally available 65%

materials materials
Stone

Earthen materials
Reduces
Strawbale
transportation costs

Cement and energy

Metals (aluminium
iron)

Steel

Recycled or waste Wood Can be reused 55%

materials used
Strawbale

Earthen materials Materials made of

recycled materials

Contribution in Natural polyurethane Low energy 85%

energy efficiency consumption
processes and

50
 Solar power panels materials

Reduces energy
consumption than
regular processes of
same work

Requires less energy

or workforce in
application

Rapidly renewable Wood Materials can be 60%

materials reused
Metals (aluminium,
iron)

Strawbale Scratch or leftover

materials can be
Natural fibres
reused.

Bamboo

Solar power panels Renewable using

availability

Durability Metals (aluminium Materials are robust, 85%

iron) rigid, and flexible

51
 Wood

Stone Materials can be used

for frames and
Bamboo
structures in

Steel buildings.

Structural insulated
panels (SIP) Materials are long-
lasting

Table 7: Identification of Green Materials

(Source: NBM&CW, 2021)

Availability and proper access to Modern Green Technologies

Green technologies Availability Percentage (%) Accessibility problems

Solar Power 85% High cost

Requires skilled personnel to

install and operate

Requires a lot of
accommodation space

52
 Unpredictable energy
production

Expensive storage facility

Geothermal Heating 45% Highly expensive

Extreme high-temperature
risks

Emission of harmful gases

like mercury boron

High electricity consumption

Often triggers earthquake

resulted from surface
instability.

High distributional costs

53
Stormwater Management 60% High costing in management

(Zuniga-Teranet al. 2020)

Labour expensive

Maintaining water runoff

from conservation sites.

Municipality challenges like

building more infrastructures
and continuous supervision

Maintaining water quality for

use and prevention of
contamination of different
pests and diseases.

Table 8: Availability and proper access to Modern Green Technologies

(Source: NBM&CW, 2021)

Control mechanism of construction process according to green urbanization

54
Project stage Goal Strategies

Site selection Targets on environmental Waste recycling

with program performances
Landscape maintenance
planning

Use of clean and renewable Energies

Maintenance of indoor environmental quality

Use of existing buildings or structure for

constructional assist

Reduction of rates of expenses of

Reuse of old or existing site construction of new structures

buildings

Site should be accessible with public transits,

pedestrian routes

Site should be located in an already

urbanized or semi-urbanized region

Avoid flood lands

Site should not be located near any wildlife-

Selection of appropriate land
protected area.
or sites

Selection of Experienced design team in Ensuring knowledge and proof of green

design team green construction construction experience of team members

55
 Facilitation of experienced member who will
coordinate and help team with facilities and
Expanded design team
direction
professionals

Inclusion of a financially experienced

Costs analyst
member will provide expenditure and cost of
various processes in construction.

Site Design Protection of site integrity Perseverance of site’s local ecology and
and ecology habitats

Minimization of cluster buildings, parking

lots, and roads

Installation of separate water source for

constructional needs
Reduction in water body
Perseverance and proper maintenance of
disturbances
natural water source present in a site area

Installation of appropriate drainage and

sanitary systems which will not lead to
pollution or contamination of local water
body

Table 9: Control mechanism of construction process according to green urbanization

56
 (Source: NBM&CW, 2021)

Green practices for sustainability

Green Specific Project cost Construction Effectiveness

practices description project

Net-Zero Two buildings: $56.39 million The Forge, first 'Excellent' rating by
Buildings green office in UK, BREEAM
One, 90,000 sq
Southwark, south
ft and another, 44% CO2 reduction
London.
c.40,000 sq ft,
Embodied carbon
reduction rate 22%

Renewable
electricity 100%

Green Star 10% energies to Almost 600 Proper planning

Certificati alternative construction
Energy renewal
on building projects in Europe
materials Water recycling

40% waste Green Material

management Resource efficiency

Eco friendly

LEED 0.31% of all $48.7million, The Crystal, Sustainable sites

Certificati buildings in LEED projects London, UK
on United certification takes

57
 Kingdom 0.27% of total, (Gorgol, 2017) Water efficiency
making charges
Energy and
atmosphere

Material and
resources

Indoor environment
quality

Innovation in
design

BREEM 8.71% of all £67.4 Million The Student Centre, Health and
Certificati buildings in UCL, wellbeing
on United (LondonZych,
Energy
Kingdom 2020)

transport

Water

Materials

Waste management

Land use

Ecology

Table 10: Green practices for sustainability

(Source: Landsec, 2020)

58
Analysis and Interpretation

Theme 1: Social factors in sustainable construction

Studying the table as mentioned above, it can be inferred that four component factors were
discussed to represent all twenty-one challenges that have been listed, which puts an effect on
cost pricing of sustainable construction materials. Every single component represents similar
variables. First component is responsible for 19.315%; the second component equals 165.140%,
up to the fourth component, which can also be made accountable for 12.2227% of variety, and
upon compiling them all together, the data sums up to 61.449% of variance making the entire
collection of data to be seen in Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings (Kissiet al., 2018). Inferring
on this, it is found that four new constructs have come out of the compiled data. The primary
source of it is out of factor analysis that can be named as Economic Challenge (EC), Awareness
Challenge (EC), Information Challenge (EC), and Sustainability Measurement tools Challenge
(SMTC) ( Zujo et al. 2017). [Refer to table 1]

Economic Challenge (EC) - The first component is comprised of seven variables that are
responsible for 19.315% of variance in total, which are a lower rate of adjustivity of substitutes
(0.826), Differentiated prices of sustainable construction materials (0.785), Lack of motivation
due to high investment cost and risk of unforeseen expenses increase (0.729), Lack of access to
relevant information (0.680), Profitability worries (0.671), Negative information about
inadequacy of material quality(0.587). This is named Economic Challenge and is believed to
contain high significance components and hence need to be given utmost importance. [Refer to
table 2]

Awareness Challenge is marked as the second component and accounts for about 16.14% of
total variance, which is not explained in the first component (Santos et al. 2019). It is comprised
of around five drivers, likely, Insufficient knowledge on sustainability concept (0.841), Lack of
code building and sustainability regulation knowledge (0.536), Choices of the client (0.654), Top
management's share of interest, direction and commitment(0.718), and Resisting new turnovers
(0.475). [Refer to Table 1]

Information challenge

59
The elements that accounted for 13.77% total variables are not described properly by mentioned
components. It is included with four variables such as lack of government supports (0.831),
improper examples of constructing projects (0.709), inappropriate technology (0.654) and lack of
reliable suppliers (0.517). Information challenge further recommends to improper knowledge
structure based on previous data base, example constructions of such innovative projects,
government rules while costing sustainable construction equipment. It is an important component
in green urbanization. Information challenges lay impacts on the pricing of sustainable green
urbanization materials (Oyebanji, Liyanage, and Akintoye, 2017). [Refer to Table 1]

Sustainability Measurement Tools Challenge

The main element was known as Sustainability Measurement Tools Challenge (SMTC). It was
responsible for 12.33% variables with three more variables included: improper sustainability
measure equipment (0.712), improper opinions (0.707) and lack of sustainable materials for
construction (0.607). Here it is agreed that there is a major issue in costing construction
equipment (Antwi-Afari et al. 2018). [Refer to Table 1]

Theme 2: Critical Success Factors

It is identified from Table no. 2 that the critical success factors for green urbanization
constructional projects are

 Number of experienced subcontractors,

 High awareness and good experience in firm,
 Expansion of Stakeholders involvement,
 Apparent demand for Green project,
 Coordination in similar projects,
 Well organised information about same type of projects,
 Efficient leadership,
 Customer satisfaction,
 Technical compatibility,
 Technical assistance from different vendors

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In the context of green urbanization, several subcontractors with previous experience of working
in contracting sustainable buildings are essential and ranked as most influencing factor in green
urbanization process. According to a conducted survey (Olawumi and Chan, 2019), participants
very strongly agree to this matter. The critical success factors that are identified in this report are
experienced subcontractors, Awareness, Stakeholders involvement, apparent demand for green
project, Coordination, organized information, efficient leadership, Customer satisfaction and
Technical compatibility. Technical assistance from different vendor’s High awareness and good
firm experience are initial critical success factors to meet goals of green urbanization
construction. The critical success factors though factorial analysis are identified that is further
detailed in Table 2.These are that provide greater details for implementation of green sustainable
construction in context of green urbanisation though housing project. Success Factors are project
management factors, teamwork-oriented factors, personnel ability factors, financial and
constraint factors and human resource factors. Local stakeholders are showing high interest to
get involved with such innovative construction. So they are investing a high amount of money in
these green urbanization processes. [Refer to Table 2]

It is important to develop such innovative projects for monetary help, and it is strongly agreed by
the survey. As people are getting awareness regarding green urbanization, people are demanding
green projects. Until strong coordination from local and regional citizens and governments
respectively does not occur properly, this project cannot run in a mature way. So this critical
success factor of coordinating with green constructional projects has a significant influence in
this context. Local people help and coordination in similar projects can come with a better result
in green urbanization (Sang et al. 2018). [Refer to Table 2]

Critical Success factors for effective sustainable construction are adequate financial resources
with effective government policy and regularity clarity in implementation to ensure construction
industry proceeds with holistic nature in urban development. An efficient leader is needed to
organize such a project and handle workforces and all available resources accordingly. Customer
satisfaction is a valid point that should be emphasised by the constructors in making green
buildings. Homes are one-time investment things that last for whole life (Olawumi and Chan,
2019). So it is important factor to look after customers' needs, demands and expectations to be
reached in the time of constructing green buildings to ensure green urbanization and it is strongly

61
agreed by the survey study. Some other success factors that are identified in this research study
are Owner’s active participation and commitment, Senior management support, Project
manager’s ability, Technology specification and Worker’s experience and skill level. [Refer to
Appendix 6 for the predicted information on business benefits from green building] Technical
compatibility of the sustainable construction project application of different pieces of equipment
and practices in BIM in urban construction is very important but moderately believed by the
local people according to mentioned survey study. [Refer to Table 2]

Constructing green buildings as per customer's demand and expectation requires technological
assistance from various vendors dealing with facilities and accommodations for green urban
constructional projects. It is important to build technical as well as luxurious accommodations
maintaining green urban protocols for a person to lead a wealthy lifestyle. That is not possible
without technical assistance from various vendors. But it is not agreed by the people entirely in
the mentioned survey (Li et al. 2018). [Refer to Table 2]

Theme 3: Commonly used materials in sustainable construction

Different types of green materials can be used for sustainable green construction- Bamboo,
Precast concrete slabs, Cork, Straw Bales, Recycled Plastic, Reclaimed Wood, Reclaimed/
Recycled Steel, Plant-based Polyurethane Rigid Foam, Sheep's wool, Rammed Earth,
HempCrete, Ferrock, Timbercrete. Bamboo has an excellent tensile strength (which is the same
as mild steel), durability, rigidity, and high strength to ratio, making bamboo a perfect material
for green construction. It is most multipurpose and resistant to climate (apn-gcr.org, 2021). It can
be used for structure, furniture, cabinetry, frames, supports and roofs. [Refer to Table 4]

As identified in critical success factors effective material usage and technology synergy in
material usage are primary face success factors different material are assessed for its usage in
sustainable construction. Precast concrete slabs are made of concrete, sometimes having hollow
spaces. They can be used for building facades, walls, floors and walls. They are resistant to
weather change, affordable, control heat and very durable in nature (concrete.co.uk, 2021). Cork
is a very flexible, resilient and lightweight material that can be used to make floor tiles. They are
great thermal, acoustic and fire-resistant. It can be used for subflooring as they are impermeable,
and they repel water (siestacorktiles.co.uk, 2021). [Refer to Table 4]

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Straw bales are highly eco friendly and affordable in nature. They are excellent insulators;
possess excellent sound and thermal resistant properties (ahdb.org.uk, 2021). They can be used
as fillers for columns and beams and can be used in walls, ceilings and attics. Reclaimed woods
mainly refers to second-hand products which were reclaimed from retired barns, home
contractors, companies, excavation companies, salvage yards and crates and pallets. These are
excellent for flooring, furniture, cabinetry, doors and windows. [Refer to Table 4]

Reclaimed steel can be used for the framing process of the house, along with wood. They are
highly durable against natural calamity and can give excellent framing support, and are 100%
recyclable. Recycled steel is highly water-resistant and pest resistant in nature. Plant-based
Polyurethane Rigid Foam is used as insulators because they are great against mould, pests, sound
and heat. The plant-based polyurethane rigid foam is generally made from eco-friendly materials
like kelp, bamboo and hemp. [Refer to Table 4]

Sheep's wool is an alternative conventional insulator. They are highly energy-efficient and
soundproof. However, it is not as affordable as other materials and has to be treated to protect
against insects and fungi. Rammed Earth can be used to make steadfast foundations, structures,
walls and floors, along with bamboo as a frame. They are mainly made of earth, chalk, gravel,
grass and lime. They can act as thermal storage as they absorb heat during the day and release
heat at night. [Refer to Table 4]

Availability of Green Materials for Construction

Green machinery like heavy and energy efficient automobiles, highly sophisticated labelling, and
measuring devices for UK are imported from United Arab Emirates (UAE), Ireland, and Canada
to support country’s green urbanization constructions. However, issues like unavailability of
manufacturing engineers and high transportation costs are significant challenges towards green
urbanization. UK imports thermal and moisture protection products from countries like UAE and
Spain, which has availability issues like high transportation cost. These are fragile products that
do not meet required criteria on delivery to construction sites as most of them are broken or not
fit for use. [Refer to Figure 6]

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 China and India import large amounts of bamboo and recycled wooden materials to UK for
furnishing in Green construction sites. Reduction of natural sources of bamboo and wood
increased rates of unavailability of such products. Severe international issues resulting from
government interventions and rise in tariff on products coming from certain countries has been a
consequential effect on green urbanization of UK. Countries like Australia, Norway, UAE, and
South Africa export green electrical appliances like energy-conserving lighting systems used in
construction sites and HVAC systems used for heating procedures to the UK to facilitate
successful green construction of buildings. [Refer to Figure 6]

Theme 4: Possible hindrances (challenges or obstacles) faced during Green Urbanization

Identification of Green Materials

The above table 7 shows percentages of identification of specific mandatory categories of green
materials for green construction. In UK, locally identified materials like straw bale, woods,
stones, cement, etc., are not rare but not readily available as per the percentage of identification.
Recycling waste materials and production is of different green construction facilitating products
from recycling are very much less in the UK. Energy-efficient materials and processes like
natural polyurethane and solar power use in construction are widely used around the UK. [Refer
to Figure 7]

Materials like wood, stone, bamboo, solar panels, which can be renewed and reused as per
requirement, are comparatively less identified in UK. Durable materials used for building frames
and structures are widely available throughout UK. As per data, specific quality of mentioned
products necessary for green constructions is inevitably imported from different countries
outside the UK. [Refer to Figure 7]

Availability and proper access to Modern Green Technologies

UK has developed eco-friendly energy usage procedures such as solar power. Availability of
solar power in UK is abundant. According to the above table, the installation operation and
maintenance of solar energy are costly and require different skilled personnel for definite
processes. [Refer to Figure 8]

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Geothermal heating as green technology is not popular in the UK as geothermal heating has
negatively affected people and their economy. Emission of harmful gases like mercury and boron
are common in geothermal heating. Again, country-wide distribution of geothermal heating is
nearly impossible because of its high installation and maintenance costs. Ground instability
because of geothermal heating is typical, which gives rise to local earthquakes resulting in
dangerous outcomes. [Refer to Figure 8]

Intelligent Energy Reduction

Intelligent energy reduction is a process caused by overuse of electric energy in a particular area.
The energy management programme was introduced in 1975 to reduce energy usage to save the
environment in a more innovative way to ensure sustainability on our planet. It is a leading
programme in Energy reduction process since 1975. It helps in reducing greenhouse gas coming
out from pollution by 2.5 million metric tonnes. It further engaged with generating savings from
$353 million to $16.9 million in just one year of a time period (Muhammad, and Johar, 2019).

This initiative was approved by the government in June, 2011 with huge appraisal. The EMP was
developed to its next generation with a programme ensuring the agenda of acquiring new
technological assistance and movements that helps in sustainable construction in modern days.
Having a focus on future, it was introduced as the most intelligent energy reduction process for
coming generations. While investing $35 million within years of 2012-2019 can have the
reduction of greenhouse gas by 30000 tonnes that saves almost $4.5 million per annum
(Oyebanji, Liyanage, and Akintoye, 2017).

Different costing involved in maintenance of green sustainable construction

Costing is important element that is based on critical success factors of Effective cost
management and advanced machinery and innovative technology. The cost of green building is
1.58% higher than normal residential construction. In the UK, it is believed that energy-efficient
and eco-friendly buildings bear an extra cost of about 5- 15% (Sun et al. 2019). According to
obtained studies, the total construction of a sustainable green building is relatively higher
compared to normal residential buildings. On comparing construction costs of green building of
the given case studies, the green building certification received silver-grade and qualified-grade

65
is lower than average value. The results show that the average construction cost with silver-grade
green building certification is lower compared to residential building. The results show that the
high-grade green building certification requires high construction cost when compared to other
grade green building certification. The phenomenon derived from the certification of green
building is impossible for architects and building designers for avoiding added construction costs
for enhancing the quality and the appearance of the green building. [Refer to Table 5]

Case study 1- It has been seen that the total cost of green material for the green construction has
amounted to £102,913 in terms of total floor area (m2) and £121,573,764 in terms of the total
project cost. The total maintenance cost for the green construction has amounted to £1,757 in
terms of total floor area (m 2) and £3,680,583 in terms of total project cost. The total
transportation cost for the green construction has amounted to £27,144.27 in terms of total floor
area (m2) and £40,050,192 in terms of total project cost. The total cost of manufacturing for the
green construction has amounted to £19,045.83 in terms of total floor area (m 2) and £29,928,528
in terms of total project cost. Hence, the overall cost in terms of total floor area (m 2) is
£150,860.1, and in terms of total project cost is £195,223,067. [Refer to Table 5]

Case study 2- It has been seen that the total cost of green material for the green construction has
amounted to £41,122.67 in terms of total floor area (m 2) and £59,788,761 in terms of total
project cost. The total maintenance cost for the green construction has amounted to £255 in terms
of total floor area (m2) and £251,443 in terms of total project cost. The total transportation cost
for the green construction has amounted to £1,818 in terms of total floor area (m 2) and
£2,870,841 in terms of total project cost. The total cost of manufacturing for the green
construction has amounted to £6,714.42 in terms of total floor area (m 2) and £9,638,677 in terms
of total project cost. Hence, the overall cost in terms of total floor area (m2) is £4,910.09 and in
terms of total project cost is £72,549,722. [Refer to Table 6]

Theme 5: Green practices for sustainability

Green practices involve highlighting knowledge and practices that lead to a world of more eco-
friendly and environmentally responsible opinions, lifestyles that can help in protecting
environment and natural resources that sustain for coming generations. Accepting green
constructions saves up to 30% of energy. Green buildings use less water and energy, 30 to 50%

66
in relation to normal buildings present in UK. Green buildings involve a replacement in water
and energy up to 60% in United Kingdom. But the market values of green buildings are 10%
higher than other buildings. Rental ranges also vary from 5 -10% of increment in case of green
urbanization in UK. Green buildings reduce energy consumption by 30% and develop
productivity of workforces by 25%. Green buildings provide many offers in developing countries
as well as the developed countries. External drivers are managed by Organizations that are
working to green urbanization process. There are so many governments in the world involved
with green construction. They also accepted all rules and regulations that benefit from getting to
know the technologies and energy efficiency process. Europe was firstly accepted rules and
regulations to promote green urbanization (Miroshnychenko, Barontini, and Testa, 2017).

Net-Zero Buildings

According to Mavrigiannaki et al. (2021), net-zero buildings are designed to produce almost
equal amounts of renewable energies that the people of that building consume on an annual
basis. It ensures cutting down carbon usage, water consumption, and waste management to make
an eco-friendly environment. It helps in energy and fuel management in such an expensive
world, leading to sustainable development. There is a building in UK named The Forge that is
known as the first Net-zero building. [Refer to Table 10]

Climate Resiliency

Green buildings are getting prepared to face new climate challenges to ever-changing weather
patterns and natural disasters to cut down insurance costs. The climate in UK is decreasing at a
level that it is assumed that in 2050, the summers will be dry and hot, and the winters will be
terrifically cold and wet. They are coping with such situations its necessary to promote green
urbanization to protect nature (Harkouss, Fardoun, and Biwole, 2018).

Green Star Certification

Green star is a certification process in making eco-friendly buildings to ensure green

urbanization in UK. This process ensures an effective reduction of Carbon Di Oxide gas, renewal
of electrical power along with waste management service, and water recycling to maintain a
good environmental structure involve. It emphasizes a future vision of sustainable natural

67
resources for coming generations. Almost 600 construction projects are running under green star
certification in Europe to ensure sustainable development in making green urbanization
(Mavrigiannaki et al., 2021). [Refer to Table 10]

LEED Certification

LEED has introduced in UK as a green building certifying agency in 1998. Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design or LEED is there to ensure energy savings quality in a certain
building. It is related to producing electrical energy in a certain building to cut down electricity
expenses in the building. It is a vastly used rating system for green urbanization in UK. The
Crystal, London, is an example of a LEED-certified green construction project in United
Kingdom that is known for its water efficiency, indoor environment quality, alternative material
resources, innovation in design, etc. 0.31% of all the building is LEED-certified in United
Kingdom. [Refer to Table 10]

BREEAM Certification

In UK, BREEAM was introduced as a green building certifying agency in 1990. BREEAM is an
environmental evaluation tool that is used to assess the green building plans accordingly to save
the environment nowadays in UK. Almost 8.71% of all the buildings made in UK are BREEAM
certified buildings, as per observation. It ensures all aspects of environmental sustainability in
the context of discussing green urbanization in UK. The assessment process is done here by
trained assessors to certify the green buildings rated as per facilities provided without
interrupting Mother Nature. The schemes available for BREEAM certification for every era of
constructing green buildings include offices, schools, houses, etc. (Raouf and Al-Ghamdi, 2019).
[Refer to Table 10]

Alternative Building Materials

Chemical materials such as cement, plaster of Paris, etc., used to make a building hamper
sustainability of environment. It has very slow but bad impacts on the environment that can make
a serious issue in future (Feldmeyer et al. 2019). Here alternative building materials can be used
to get a better result, such as Straw Bale, Grasscrete, HempCrete, Bamboo, Recycled Plastic,
Wood, Rammed Earth, Mycelium, etc.

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Green Building Programme

United Kingdom (UK) has transformed 22,000 hectares of green space into urbanized structures.
Twenty-two million homes in UK are old buildings without sustainable safety and emergency
measures. According to PBC Today (2019), 56% of Ukrainian residents prefer environmental
impact searching for new homes, and 12% of them believe in environmentally safe residences.
UK citizens of about 56% stated that they would pay different prices for high economically and
environmentally sustainable homes and 10% of them prefer more sustainable measures ensured
with their property. 62% of UK citizens believe that private organizations should invest in the
country's green urbanization projects and the country's government. [Refer to Table 10]

Approximately 8.8 million London dwellers reside on high rises and corporate buildings, which
could change with the city's eco-friendly transformation. Government of UK has adopted several
plans for green urbanization projects, such as building 800 new homes, boulevards and 34,500
sq. ft of green commercial space (UK Centre of Ecology & Hydrology, 2019). According to a
report by PBC Today (2019), central London is declared the greenest city in the UK. Out of 60,
Richmond in London scores highest with 48.4 as the greenest city in UK. Sheffield in London
scores the most elevated, 26.1 out of 60 in pollution rating claiming itself as the least polluted
city followed by Central London, which has a score of 27.19 out of 60. UK successfully
managed to increase total protection and open green spaces throughout country, which is a
positive outcome towards green urbanization planning of UK (UK Centre of Ecology &
Hydrology 2019). [Refer to Table 10]

Green Construction protocols initiated by UK's Government contain several eco-friendly

construction materials and processes. Use unfired clay bricks can be reused and recycled and
also provides strong sustainability in construction needs (Greenspec, 2021). Introduction of
breathing sheathing board as roof lining induces low heat consumption providing cooler room
temperature. [Refer to Table 10]

Theme 6: No. of literature in Green sustainable construction

To implement successful Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the construction and building
industry, we need to study the Critical Success Factor (CSF) for different projects. In the

69
mentioned tables, we can insight the variation of all types of projects that implemented BIM
successfully in their course of work. Almost 71.11% of all target application projects are from
construction industry as this industry keeps an account of all valuable data and reports during the
lifecycle of the project. All participant members of these projects coordinate, collaborate, analyse
and plan to take concrete decisions for the projects (Oyebanji et al. 2017). These projects have
proper documentation in the form of drawings, charts, graphs and bills of materials used for all
project activities. BIM enables the construction partners to visualize projects in a 3D graphical
format and ensures clash detection in all project phases. BIM integrates the design of a project
with other projects of different disciplines to improve its efficiency. In accordance with studies
of BIM implementation, a total number of target project applications are 36 in construction
domain which includes critical civil engineering projects and nuclear power projects (Antwi-
Afariet al, 2018). Only three target project applications were found from other disciplines except
building construction that successfully applied BIM projects. [Refer to Appendix 1]

Many methods can be used to explore the CSF for BIM implementation, like a case study,
literature review, surveys, interviews and mixed methods. Techniques like surveys( 9 articles)
and mixed methods( 7 methods) were ranked as second and third respectively among all methods
for studying CSFs. Surveys( 18 methods) are a prominently used method in construction
engineering and research projects. These are comparatively easy and detailed ways to collect and
interpret data from experts and practitioners worldwide (Weng et al. 2019). CSFs are sensitive
and cannot be misinterpreted, so surveys offer an excellent means to store these data helpfully to
implement BIM. An article review is used less frequently among all the methods to find CSF
information. Each method has its disadvantages and advantages when in use which can be
analysed in a detailed manner. The use of a specific method is dependent on factors like time,
scope, project applications and peculiar research background of data. [Refer to appendix 1]

Theme 7: Recommendation strategy for overcoming challenges

Facilitating sustainable design

This is the most implemented and practiced success factor in literature and is discussed chiefly
(53 out of 117 papers) among 117 detailed review papers (Sharifi et al. 2021). It is the factor that
focuses on promoting sustainable development principles in green urbanization. The NSA tools

70
used to improve this factor are generic (as mentioned in table 4), which have improved this
success factor considerably. These tools have created consumer awareness among developers
about various pros and cons of sustainability procedures that have led builders to push their
competitive edge (Watkins et al, 2020). In return, developers worked more on these procedures
by collaboration and experience sharing, which encouraged them to achieve excellence in
performance. In such a way, this success has contributed to the sustainability agenda, which
forwarded the urban planning and design to its highest limits.

Improving overall performance

It has been established by various research papers that overall sustainable development has been
certified by NSA tools like LEED ND, BREEAM Communities, which has successfully removed
all glitches regarding parameters like quality of life, walkability, energy efficiency, and resident
satisfaction. Such tools helped to reach the success factor by formulating ideas to promote all
attributes together like central urban location, walkability improvement area, and quality of life
to achieve resident satisfaction. Improved walkability of a location encourages children to be
more active in physical activities like playing outdoor games than neighbourhood areas (Wibowo
et al. 2018). This also lets the adults of that location be physically fit due to their healthy
lifestyle. Thus, this success factor highly enhances urban sustainability practices by substantial
energy efficiency improvement for residents. [Refer to Table 4]

Prioritizing development locations that need improvement

Improving sustainability performance can be identified by prioritising developing locations

capable of minimising factors that significantly affect the environment. A few NSA tools like
that of LEED-ND and BREEAM communities have successfully been able to perfectly identify
significant sites and areas which can be accountable for developing soon. In addition to this, the
NSA tools are also proven useful to identify locations on larger scales (Sharifi et al.
2021).BREEAM communities have recorded designs of a higher standard capable of facilitating
different parts of cities having other developmental demands. Like improving green coverage
and energy efficiency, all at once, that prioritises actions right at the historical core and areas
requiring additional public transportation investments. [Refer to Table 4]

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Encouraging stakeholder engagement and transparency

NAS tools are capable of facilitating the participation of stakeholders in decision making and
process of improving transparency if this section is implemented in the design. It is seen in
literature that process-based tools like HQE2R, EcoDistricts and Living Community Challenge
inculcated a constructive approach at assessment have recorded success in this context.
Formative strategies contribute to spreading awareness infused benefits to improve citizen buy-
in, therefore, enhancing the prospects of implementations (Sharifi et al. 2021). This process
allows keeping up to sustainability assessment components that range beyond a lifetime. Thus,
concentrating on improving these simplified versions of NSA tools can help promote self-
assessment of the sustainability agenda healthily. [Refer to Table 4]

Informing decision making

NSA tools, in general, have resulted in showing potential in making plans of information and
decision - making processes. Planning process does triggers stakeholders, developers and
authorities into negotiation. Discussions regarding BREEAM Communities stirrup opportunities
do enable the local authorities to minutely observe every consequence resulting from the
implementation of these plans (Ding et al., 2018). Thus, decision-makers are informed about
favourable modifications required through such assessment and complement these plans' basic
expectations. [Refer to Table 4]

Relative success for adoption

All these tools discussed above have been put to use by 47 countries to ignite their sustainability
performance. However, imbalances concerning locating development tools have been taken up
for assessment. Countries such as Australia, Canada, France and soon have a relatively higher
development certification rate. An overall success rate these tools associated with various factors
like significance towards enhancing market awareness and identifying exact sustainable designs,
gathering government support, mainly recognised for low-carbon and sustainable urban
development (Raouf et al. 2019). [Refer to Table 4]

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Summary

In the present research study, the era of green urbanization in United Kingdom was in main
focus. It can be mentioned that green urbanization occurs to make sustainable places on this
planet to avoid pollution and such lifestyles to ensure the benefits for future generations. In this
research study, several case study ideas have been mentioned and analyzed to prove viewpoints
according to the research. This research has identified different Success factors which includes
Designer’s ability, End user’s participation, Effective collaboration and communication and
different Sustainable construction methodology usage such as BREEM, LEEDS and others for
green urbanization.Thematic analysis has been done to find out the problems in doing such green
urbanization projects in United Kingdom, and some suggestions or recommendations are also
stated here to get common solutions in dealing with such problems. On the basis of the case
studies, it is also mentioned the ways that can be helpful in maintaining sustainability to
environment and further ensure natural resources for future generations. The alternative materials
in the place of using chemical materials to make green buildings have been shown in this
research study. [Refer to appendix 7 for Number of studies of target project applications on
CSF for implementing Sustainable Construction Projects]

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Chapter 5: Conclusion

Conclusion

Green urbanization has been a positive constructional procedure that has been identified to be
towards better living and environmental development. However, this research study has
identified hindrances or challenges regarding green construction procedures that cannot be
overlooked and must be met with necessary measures to overcome. This research study
evaluated UK's state of abundance and availability of materials and processes required for green
urban constructions but lacks in effective implementation in construction methodology.
Specifically, due to availability, lack of identification and control measures of essential
commodities, and green construction procedures required in green urbanization in UK are
analyzed through data collected from different sources. In conclusion, this research has evaluated
secondary quantitative data collected from peer-review journals. It has been identified that the
UK has inadequate green urbanization requirement fulfilment due to the impact of international
tensions on the UK's environmentally friendly constructions. This has resulted in imposition of
high tariffs by their government on imports of furnishing materials made of recycled wood
bamboo from China. However, energy-efficient procedures and renewable energy sources, solar
power, and natural polyurethane are in abundance in the UK. Again, geothermal heating systems
have been identified as high-cost management procedures in UK as per data from peer-reviewed
journals.

This research study has also identified results and evaluation of various critical success factors
such as, Efficient leadership, Numbers of experienced subcontractors, High awareness and good
experience in green urbanization constructional firms, Expansion of stakeholder’s involvement,
Apparent demand for green project, Well organized information about same type of projects,
Customer satisfaction, Technical compatibility, Coordination in green projects, Technical
assistance from different vendors and also effective cost management. Through literature review
and secondary quantitative data analysis, this research study has identified aspects of
construction management and control mechanisms of construction for green urbanization
processes. This research study, based on data collected from different sources, identified a

74
genuine approach to research, observations, and investigation in green urbanization in the UK;
this research study has utilized peer-reviewed journals to provide data, facts, and information
research study. The data collected from different sources in this report has been provided as per
requirements and sustainability measurement. Secondary quantitative data have been intensively
researched and critically analyzed considering their environmental impacts and enhanced need
for green sustainable construction development. Successful completion of this research has been
possible because of maintaining transparency and authenticity of data on green urbanization
evaluation in United Kingdom. This has research identified Critical success factors are Clear
project goals and objective, Team motivation, Effective feedback and troubleshooting
Stakeholder’s active participation Trust, Team’s education and training.

The specialties of BREEAM and LEED have been analyzed thoroughly and further interpreted
as an outcome that can be used to develop right strategy in green building construction in UK. A
comparative discussion has been made by highlighting its attractive advantages and some
examples of green buildings made under their observation in the UK. Numerical data have been
presented to prove their qualitative viewpoints in green building to look for green urbanization
process by analyzing green practice implementation in two or more construction projects. This
research study further ensures the information of a short history of BREEAM and LEED to grow
a better understanding of these certification processes and to build better green construction
(Miroshnychenko, Barontini, and Testa, 2017).

It further describes all limitations faced by green construction process to achieve green
urbanization goals from the UK perspective. Apart from the restrictions, this research suggests
its way-outs to overcome those issues in green construction in UK. This study further makes a
Thematic interpret of secondary quantitative data to answer research questions in detailed
information regarding green urbanization in UK. In this research study, secondary data have
been used to prove which green practice and its success factors are important for effective green
sustainable construction (Harkouss, Ferdinand Biwole, 2018). Apart from that, it follows several
case studies in a construction projects to ensure findings regarding green urbanization process in
UK. This research further enlightens with the knowledge of alternative materials that can be used
in constructing green buildings that ensures green sustainable construction for safeguarded
nature and limit detrimental impacts. Overall this study provides insights into social, critical

75
success factors and green practices for effective development of green sustainable construction
for Green urbanization.

Linking with Objectives

Objective 1: Social factors are influential in success of sustainable construction projects

To attain sustainable development in building construction, several factors are involved to ensure
the sustainable dimension of construction projects. There are different types of challenges in this
social aspect, like Economic Challenge, Awareness Challenge, Information Challenge, and Lack
of sustainable tools, which we need to overcome by variable ideas. The economic challenge
involves lack of flexibility of substitute available, indefinite prices of sustainable building
materials, risk of investment cost to go high and uncertain foreseen costs, client's concerns for
profitability, limited accessibility to essential information, level of life cycle of materials, and
avoiding low-quality materials. Awareness challenge deals with factors like inappropriate codes
in use, lack of consumer awareness about sustainable construction, difference in priorities of top
management, and clients' changing preferences. The information challenge includes inadequate
government policies, lack of historical data required, and developers' improper training (Hussain
et al. 2018). Lack of sustainable tools challenge has limited availability of sustainable materials,
low-quality demands of sustainable products, and insufficient expert opinions.

Objective 2: Major possible hindrances that can occur in green building construction

There are some significant hindrances like Government Initiations and regulations, Resource or
skill gap, High Capital cost or Low Green fund, and Market Awareness that highly occur in
green construction. Government Initiations are often insufficient to start and continue sustainable
development, which needs to be worked upon. Many government regulations lack proper
implementation, which affects the green building agenda of developers. The lowering of resource
subsidies like fossil fuel costs can encourage economically strengthened green development
projects (Nguyen et al, 2017). High Capital cost is a primary barrier for green development
practices that prevents many developers from adopting advanced tools in green building projects.
The initial cost of design and implementation of green building is high compared to other
conventional building projects. Market Awareness is another crucial aspect of the lack of

76
information, knowledge, and data among stakeholders, leading to low quality of green
construction. The skill gap is one vital hindrance for green building as an inadequate number of
resources and skilled developers slow down the rate of sustainable green development.

Objective 3: Common construction problems in green building projects can be controlled

Some well-practiced techniques can control the common construction problems for green
building projects. Such strategies include Prefabrication of construction materials inappropriate
environments, Construction Waste Management, Proper selection of building materials, and
Lean Manufacturing for energy reduction. Construction materials should be initially fabricated
with proper tools in controlled environments like climate conditions, rainfall, and humidity. This
will help the green construction activities be more focused, and no obscene material is given
way. A lot of toxic wastes like liquid sewage, carbon dioxide, particulate matter are collected in
green construction sites, which need to be processed in time to eliminate any threat to workers'
health (Wuni et al, 2019). Skilled workers and developers are an asset for green construction, so
proper waste management methods at green building sites are a must. Lean Manufacturing saves
time in construction projects as it follows the just-in-time system. In this practice, all materials
for upcoming courses are manufactured or ordered before time to avoid time delays, and also no
extra material is collected, which would reduce complications.

Objective 4: To determine materials used in construction are green or not

There are certain specifications of construction materials considered at the time of selecting
materials for green construction. The material chosen should be made of recycled and processed
agro-industrial wastes to reduce pollution. The material should be used in less quantity, but it
should have high durability for green practices. The material should be biodegradable and should
not emit Volatile Organic Matter (VOC) to avoid degradation of nature and ozone depletion
(Khoshnava et al. 2018). These materials should also save water and use more minor pesticide
treatments. The materials should not contain PVC in their composition, but they can collect
wood. The material used for green construction should not lead to environmental pollution and
imbalance of the natural ecosystem.

Objective 5: Suggestions for maintaining sustainability in the construction sector as the

part of green urbanization

77
In order to implement sustainable green urbanization, certain factors have to be kept under
consideration. Critical success factors that includes many factors through which sustainability
can be achieved it’s induce usage of effective sustainable material, sustainability performance
measure, and methodology. This sustainable crucial success factor factors allow effective
reduction energy requirement for heating and cooling practices in green construction which
reduces the overall efficiency of the green building. Thus, energy management is an essential
practice as it controls many others directly or indirectly. Proper irrigation techniques should also
be implemented to prevent wastage of water during high-priority construction projects.
Appropriate Waste Disposal can help the construction is clean, impacting its overall performance
(Arfanuzzaman et al. 2017). The selection of materials for green construction has to be done
carefully by considering all essential characteristics that make it eligible for green building.

Limitations of Dissertation

These research had a few limitations and shortcomings in research study that limited this
literature exploration though secondary quantitative method. Enumeration of identified
limitations of research paper can provide clearer perspective of whole picture. First limitation
that is identified is lack of concrete data available regarding Sustainable green construction in
new green urbanisation method as it is new concept and had limited source of data collection of
exhaustive research paper development. Further, acceptability of vast array of journal were paid
and limited free to use journals were available in database constraints effective inference
drawing regarding success factors and hindrance in green sustainable construction for green
urbanisation. Unavailability of financial support has thus affected in accessing paid journals to
provide data and adequate information for this research. Lack of literature review findings makes
the process of developing research aims and objectives difficult. Green construction is still a
developing domain, and the available sample size is very small, because of which there is a lack
of proper data and statistics on this topic. Due to lack of previous studies, collection and
comparison of data becomes difficult. The initial cost of green construction is quite high, which
is a disadvantage for most people (Russ, Hamid and Ye, 2018). Hence, the idea of green
sustainable construction is only limited to those who can afford the high implementation costs.
The sourcing of eco-friendly material is also a problem as most of the materials are either
imported or are available at limited suppliers. This research study has limited research in human

78
resource usage in green sustainable construction as there is a lack of information, human
resources and skilled personnel in this matter (Olanipekun, Xia, Hon and Hu, 2017).

Second limitation of this research is lack of effective model development based on green model
application in developing overall model for implementation of green sustainable construction.
This model application development created a partial recommendation as it fails to cover all
aspects of cuss factors implementation in control, designing and construction procedure to
effectively execute green construction. There is lack of known affordable alternatives or raw
materials data inclusion in research paper for future development.

Recommendations

This study has resulted in the development of effective recommendation of data collection for
Green sustainable construction project. Good suggestions are encouraging an increase in
adoption of BIM and other sustainability practices under the construction industry.

Effective policy development

It is recommended that significant contributions to the already existing body of intelligent

urbanisation and knowledge about hands-on practices in building a healthy environment are
added in policy development to assist contractors in sustainable construction. Market players
play an essential role in practical implication to Green sustainable practices to strengthen
advancement in green building in the market. This clarity in government policy also earns profit
by serving their demands effectively. Marketers automatically get encouraged in exploring
finances to develop projects with green construction and allow special incentives for green
urbanisation projects. Recommended to use Incentives are associated with programs processed to
help to reach higher expanses of building (Worldbank, 2021).

Effective data collection

Collection and compilation of accumulated data need to be accurate based on observation data
regarding implementing green sustainable practices in further development planning near future.
These data can be used to record present plot holes to be reconsidered and modified for
improvement identification. It recommends that contractors use adequate financing of building

79
business models and project construction through Quantity Surveyor for effective impaction.
Practical analysis of reported data related to the environmental and financial variable of green
construction and broadening marketing scopes is relatively crucial for identifying issue for
effective resolution.

Increase corporate investment in future green technology

Large scale corporate brands worldwide thrive, volunteering upon adoption of green construction
project ideas, with commitments of reducing level of pollutant emissions into the environment.
Corporate are required to effectively undertake R&D research about sustainability with relevant
actions associated with verbal communication. Opting to be benefitted from green buildings,
which can heighten profit rates, is considerably lower expenses than usual—recommended to
effectively calculate, comprehend, and report used resources directed towards reducing
greenhouse emission and the financial benefits of being owner and operator of green buildings. It
would relatively increase profitability in investing in green building projects for Green
sustainable projects (Olawumi and Chan, 2019).

Future Scope

The future scope of this study includes value addition of the given analysis primarily in two
ways. It is a belief that the given data analysis and related findings are accounted for immediate
practitioners and their uses. Secondly, these noted recommendations and be implemented
effectively through this provided research materials. There might be already existing case studies
on this subject, but not all of them explain or analyse data precisely and accurately. Therefore,
limitations in information’s are faced while searching about sustainable green building supply
chain (Tarun and Lokeshwaran, 2017). The supply industry needs to be efficient in data sharing,
causing increased expenses during recovering green products. Guidelines could be adopted when
fragmenting data about a project concerning green construction. Similarly, beginning with, the
end in mind, integration in team projects, designing a complete team approach, using bonuses
and rewards while contracting a project, and providing training on communications and team
management.

80
In addition to these, an entirety in supply of green building tools and a certified comparative lack
marches towards a perception of green washing or proliferation of unprecedented demands of
green product supply by the development industry management. Estimated costs associated with
the collection of different products are required to be used in further analysis (Wu et al., 2018).
These challenges have a severe impact on the planning and managing of upcoming projects
about sustainability and green construction. Furthermore, the researchers are also restricted from
researching any further. Lastly, more researches are required in this concerning area to find out
scopes for recommendations regarding beneficial connection between managements of
traditional and green construction projects.

81
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Appendices

Appendix 1: Then & Now: Urban Population Worldwide

(Source: https://www.statista.com/chart/23349/share-of-urban-population-by-continent/
#:~:text=Overall%2C%20more%20people%20in%20the,of%20less%20than
%20500%2C000%20inhabitants.)

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Appendix 2: Global Share of Buildings and construction final energy and emissions, 2018

(Source: https://globalabc.org/media-global-advocacy/why-buildings-our-key-messages)

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Appendix 3: LEED certified projects in countries

(Source: http://www.ongreening.com/en/Resources/how-leed-certification-work-1293)

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Appendix 4: Conceptual drawing of Green building

(Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecomena.org
%2Fsalient-features-of-a-green-building
%2F&psig=AOvVaw3mRlG2MPTu07mwfEkGN8O3&ust=1619071858232000&source=image
s&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCKD0m-rWjvACFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD)

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Appendix 5: Waste generation per stage of work in construction

(Source: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-70762018000300422)

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Appendix 6: Business benefits expected from Green Building Investments

(Source: https://web.uponor.hk/radiant-cooling-blog/3-reasons-why-environmentally-
sustainable-design-makes-economic-sense/)

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Appendix 7: Number of studies of target project applications on CSF for implementing
Sustainable Construction Projects

Target Project Applications No of papers

Flask Track Projects 1

Engineering Projects 3

Building Construction Projects 27

Facility Management Project 2

Consulting Project Services 1

Nuclear Power Projects 1

Rail Station Projects 1

Industrial Projects 2

Table: Distribution of target application projects of BIM implementation

(Source: Antwi-Afari et al. 2018)

The above table includes the number of studies of target projects for understanding the Critical
Success factors for implementing sustainable construction projects and successful Building
Information Modelling (BIM). Several construction projects were studied and assessed to
correlate the similarities and the differences in different construction techniques, and to analyse
the areas which could be converted into sustainable construction. In the mentioned tables, we can

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insight the variation of all types of projects that implemented BIM successfully in their course of
work. 70% of all target application projects are from construction industry as this industry keeps
an account of all valuable data and reports during the lifecycle of the project. All participant
members of these projects coordinate, collaborate, analyse and plan to take concrete decisions
for the projects. These projects have proper documentation in the form of drawings, charts,
graphs and bills of materials used for all project activities. BIM enables the construction partners
to visualize projects in a 3D graphical format and ensures clash detection in all project phases.
BIM integrates the design of a project with other projects of different disciplines to improve its
efficiency. In accordance with studies of BIM implementation, a total number of target project
applications are 36 in construction domain which includes critical civil engineering projects and
nuclear power projects.

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