Additional Information / Clarifications  This was further explored by the ilustrados as a contractual  At his dedication, Rizal hoped to reawaken
actual  At his dedication, Rizal hoped to reawaken the feelings of
"Brotherhood" can be experienced in various ways, from the bayanihan up
to community service. "Sisterhood" is the "girl-power" version of this,
where women take the lead in doing service. In this lesson, it matters not
what gender leads -- so long as help is offered to those in need, there will
always be a strong fellowship.
What else can you think of when the term brotherhood or sisterhood
comes to mind?
The image presented shows two (2) men were performing a blood
compact where they both partake in wine in a shared goblet mixed with
their blood (Ocampo, 2013). Blood compacts were usually done to signify
that both parties are willing to die for each other's cause. The Filipino term
for this is sandugo (trans. one blood or unified blood). This is represented
by the painting shown, the critically-acclaimed El Pacto de Sangre created
by the Filipino National Artist Juan Novicio Luna.
 Contrary to popular belief, the blood compact, or sandugo, is
done by creating a small incision just slightly below the breast
of each participant. The blood compact done through the arms
were the ones done in the Katipunan (Ocampo, 2013).
This is most commonly associated with the actions done by blood brothers,
people who've shared and endured the same hardships, or through a
solemn vow marked by their blood. These people might be born from
different families, but they represent a familial brotherhood that they are
willing to die to help one another.
The Spanish term for blood compact is Pacto de Sangre, roughly translated
as a pact of blood and sandugo in Filipino.
Reading Summary
During the earlier conquest, Ferdinand Magellan did the blood compact
with Rajah Humabon in hopes of winning the trust of the natives of the
pre-colonial era. Magellan helped Humabon deal with the Barangay in
Mactan, which led to Magellan's death and eventual retreat of the Spanish
explorers.
Since Magellan's death, many explorers ventured forth. Every explorer,
save Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, failed. Upon his arrival, he did the blood
compact, this time with Rajah Sikatuna of Bohol (Ocampo, 2013). This
eventually began the conquest of both land and faith to the natives,
winning out the natives in their Pontifical and Royal missions.
To the Spaniards, since they partook in the blood compact, they made a
solemn oath to "help" their native brothers and form an unbreakable
brotherhood between nations, to which the pre-colonial Filipinos were
clueless of the deceit in this pact.
To the Filipinos, since the pre-colonial Philippines were wrapped in civil
conflicts with other tribes and/or barangays, the concept of divide et
impera [Lat. divide and rule] was easily applied by the Spanish
conquistadores. And the blood pact that the Spaniards made enabled them
to rally their native "allies" to fend off their "rebellious brethren" of their
noble cause.
agreement between Spain and the Philippines, treating both
parties as equals. This made the Filipinos swear an oath of
loyalty to the king of Spain and, simultaneously, had become
Spaniards in essence (Aguilar, 2010).
According to the historians, the blood compact is a peace treaty between
Spain and the pre-colonial Filipinos so that the "sins of the past," i.e.,
Magellan's fleet, might be forgiven and start a new relationship since
Magellan's fleet are majorly Portuguese (since both Spaniards and
Portuguese "looked alike"). This demonstrated Legaspi's diplomacy and
tact, as well as Sikatuna's trusting nature (Ocampo, 2013).
 They dismissed the argument posited by the ilustrados since the
pre-colonial Philippines was more than a warring cluster of
diversified beliefs and cultures, which made them impossible to
be a united country even before the arrival of Spain -- and
before the Katipunan.
Antonio de Morga
Antonio de Morga, born Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay on November
29, 1559, was a Spanish lawyer who headed the Real Audiencia de Manila
for 20 years. He served first under Gov. Gen. Luis Perez Dasmariñas, then
to Gov. Gen. Francisco Tello de Guzman. He was later reassigned to
oversee the Real Audiencia de Mexico on July 10, 1603.
He contributed to Philippine history through his account entitled Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles), to which Jose Rizal
annotated and reprinted this in hopes of awakening Philippine patriotism.
He made this historical source based on his knowledge and experiences,
with several pieces of documentary research and first-hand observation.
Readings Summary
Rizal's annotations on de Morga's account was banned during the Spanish
period. However, unlike his novels, this one was largely ignored. A
probable reason could be the language barrier since most would prefer to
read his novels than his historical research. Another factor is that his
historical analysis is already dated due to the advancements in historical,
archaeological, and ethnographical research (Ocampo, 1998).
Rizal was driven to do this research after completing Noli Me Tangere. He
realized the importance of the past to study and understand the present
time by scrutinizing what has transpired and learned from them (Ocampo,
1998).
In the source, Morga wrote that the Sucesos's main objective was to
provide a view for the Spanish readers of their deeds in discovering,
conquering, and converting the natives. It also explained how they have
amassed wealth from the various kingdoms from the conquered and
converted indios.
 Rizal, however, argued that Spain hadn't conquered all since
only several islands were conquered and converted. As a
testament, Mindanao was mostly unconquered by the
Spaniards.
patriotism within every Filipino that might come upon and read
on his work.
Each page has at least two (2) annotations provided by Rizal, including
typographical errors. He was fervent in defending the culture of the pre-
colonial Filipinos. This led to de Morga's observations being somewhat
naïve to the Filipino culture.
 This makes Rizal somewhat biased as well, considering that the
study of history must be unbiased and informative when
appraising other materials.
 He also attacked the church, which somehow condemned the
Roman Catholic religion. Catholicism also bore great deeds to
the country, including the passage of secularization and
providing public school education to the Filipinos.
Rizal's annotations provided three (3) general ideas on pre-colonial
history.
 The early Filipinos already had culture on their own, even
before the advent of Spain.
 The early Filipinos were exploited, demoralized, decimated, and
eventually ruined by Spain, \speeding up their conquest.
 The Philippines during Rizal's time wasn't as flourishing
compared to its pre-colonial past.
The image shown is all about the ilustrados who went to Europe to enact
their Propaganda Movement to raise awareness of the Filipino condition
during the Spanish Occupation:
 Jose Rizal - The most well-known ilustrado. He was a doctor,
linguist, mixed martial artist, poet, novelist, writer, teacher, and
scientist, to name a few of his distinctions. His well-known
works are Noli Me Tangere  and El Filibusterismo.
 Marcelo del Pilar - Gregorio del Pilar's uncle with a sharp wit
and an even sharper tongue. He was a fierce writer and critic of
the Catholic church, particularly the corrupt friars of the
Religious Orders.
 Juan Luna - A passionate artist with a background on realism
and romanticism. He was the first Filipino artist to win a gold
medal for composing his most famous paintings, Spoliarium and
the El Pacto de Sangre. A little-known fact about him was that
he was friends with the King of Spain, Alfonso XII.
 Antonio Luna - Juan Luna's fierce younger brother who was a
scientist and writer before studying military science and became
a general himself at the Philippine-American War. He's best
remembered from the film Heneral Luna and through his
engineering designs, such as the Luna Line, a military trench
designed for guerilla warfare.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena - The journalist, orator, editor, and
owner of La Solidaridad. Many historians regard him as one (1)
of the best, alongside Marcelo del Pilar and Jose Rizal -- calling
them the Ilustrado's "Triumvirate."
 Mariano Ponce - Most knew him from his well-known pen
name, Tikbalang. Ponce was a physician-turned-writer-politician
 for Bulacan. His famous writing was Ang Wika ng Lahi, which
tackled the importance of having a national language. He
became a prominent member of the Nacionalista Partido, now
known as the Nacionalista Party.
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo  - Another renowned Filipino
painter that won alongside Juan Luna. He netted the silver medal
with his artwork Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al
populacho (The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace), a
historical impressionist painting that depicted female Christians
being mocked and debased by boorish Roman men.
 Isabelo de los Reyes - Also known as Don Belong, is widely
remembered for writing Ang Singsing ng Dalagang
Marmol (The Marble Daughter's Ring), as well as being the
founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, now known as
the  Philippine Independent Church -- or the Aglipayan church.
 Dominador Gomez - The nephew of Fr. Mariano Gomez, this
physician, was once a fiery orator and critic of both Spanish and
American rule. But, his lasting legacy was when he unwittingly
agreed to shorten his sentence by aiding the Americans in
arresting Macario Sakay, Aguinaldo's general who fought and
led the country in his [Aguinaldo] absence, in a pretense of
peaceful negotiation.
Here's a nice visual reference for you to answer the question posited in the
previous slide: Three (3) police officers were informed to investigate the
strange and unexplained events surrounding the prestigious Marhawa
School hidden in Asia. They have an inside contact person in the school -- a
biology professor named Dr. Doug Wright. When they lost contact with Dr.
Wright, the three (3) cops went straight away to Marhawa School. Upon
landing in Marhawa, the police agents were horrified to discover that the
school was already run over by zombies. Since their communication devices
couldn't send a distress signal, they were stranded in the infected school.
Armed only with their standard gear, can they find and rescue their contact
without them being infected? Why or why not?
Still, have no answer on the previous two (2) slides? Let's use this scenario
to answer the question in Slide 4: 
Andres Bonifacio, then a member of La Liga Filipina, talked to the Liga's
founder, Jose Rizal, and proposed to combat the Spanish government and
overthrow their rule, to which Jose Rizal himself stated that this would be
unwise for the country. Why do you think Rizal said that to Bonifacio?  Solidaridad should be the voice of the oppressed, the
The answer to these scenarios, and the question in Slide 4, is that the
country is lacking in materials, preparations, and resources to engage in
any armed revolution. Similar to amending laws, the passing of an
Amendment is likened to the discourse that both Rizal and Bonifacio once
had. In it, the ones who don't favor the Amendments are like Rizal
because planning an armed revolt takes a lot of time and discussion to
secure and finalize all proceedings.  Amending laws quickly and/or
thoughtlessly can do more harm than good.
The ilustrados sought and fought for reforms for their fellowmen. The
following were their reforms:  Me Tangere. The story's protagonist is now Basilio, as Crisostomo Ibarra
1. The ilustrados aimed to improve the conditions of the indios by
proposing to have the Philippines be assimilated in the Spanish
colony as a province rather than a territory. In this manner, they
envisioned that the people might be more willing to live
harmoniously with Spain if they were treated as equals rather
than conquerors and serfs.
2. They also pushed for the secularization of priests, which the
Filipino priests had fought and died for. Since the sudden drop
of priest influx from Spain, more and more parishes lost their
parishioners, and more Filipinos have been actively seeking
theology.
3. They also wished to have more public schools be built that are
independent of friars. They wanted to have schools that could
cater to more Filipinos and poor people.
4. They also fought to have both polo and the bandala  abolished.
They deemed it cruel and unjust for the poor to be subjected to
forced labor without getting any benefit -- and they have to pay
taxes beyond their means -- which brought them to also fight for
the indios'  basic freedoms (or rights).
5. Finally, since they saw their fellowmen to be just as capable as
the blancos, they fought for the Filipinos to be able to hold
government positions, including representation in the Cortes
Generales.
Unfortunately, these reforms weren't merited and unsuccessful because of
the following reasons:
1. Spain itself had its internal conflict. With the overthrown former
monarchy, the country itself was in a state of turmoil after
Queen Isabella II's exile.
2. Since the ilustrados began their studies and mission abroad,
they    always found themselves short of funds and must,
therefore, find means to earn a living. Jose Rizal himself was hit
hard by Spain's cost of living.
3. Within the ilustrados, themselves have sown seeds of discontent
and mistrust. One (1) such event was the election within them to
become the Responsable, the man who will lead the La
Solidaridad to a new direction and conviction. The audience of
90 Filipinos were evenly divided between the Rizalistas and
the Pilaristas.
a. The Rizalistas were the Filipinos who stood by Jose
Rizal, believing that La Solidaridad should be a force
to drive political reforms and make the readers
sensitive about the events happening within the
political realm.
b. The Pilaristas, on the other hand, were the Filipinos
who stood by Marcelo del Pilar, believing that La
downtrodden, and the abused because of the greed
and apathy of the corrupt friars.
c. Since Rizal rescinded his victory, both parties
mended their rivalries. Rizal then focused on
finishing his novel, while del Pilar continued to lead
Jaena's brainchild (i.e., the La Solidaridad).
El Filibusterismo  was published in 1891, using all of Rizal's money,
including his pawned personal possessions. He was given financial
assistance from Valentin Ventura, and material aid from Jose Alejandrino.
The novel has 39 known chapters and a similar writing style as that of Noli
had reappeared as a new character. 
The sequel's antagonists remain the same. This time, Jose Rizal's thoughts
of radicalism and armed rebellion now littered the pages of the novel,
providing the readers his opinions and views of the matter. As Noli Me
Tangere ended on a bitter note, El Filibusterismo continued it with an even
bleaker outlook.
The title El Filibusterismo is a derivative phrase used first in Noli
Me Tangere, which means "The Filibuster." Granted, it means a person who
engages in an unauthorized war against a foreign nation. Ferdinand
Blumentritt once noted to Rizal in their correspondence that he didn't get
the meaning of the word, to which Rizal gladly gave its sense. 
Rizal used the term filibustero to describe the GomBurZa because,
according to him [Rizal], "… I heard it for the first time in 1872 when the
tragic executions [of the Gomburza] took place. I still remember the panic
that this word created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as well as the
words Cavite, Burgos (one of the executed priests), etc. The Manila
newspapers and the Spaniards apply this word to one whom they want to
make a revolutionary suspect. The Filipinos belonging to the educated class
fear the reach of the word. It… means a dangerous patriot who will soon be
hanged or well, a presumptuous man." 
The word can also be contextualized to be subversive, dissident,
revolutionary, treasonous. 
Due to the novel's bleak nature, it gets progressively darker as more acts of
greed, betrayal, and vengeance are enacted by several characters in the
novel. El Filibusterismo, or El Fili, has a deuteragonist and a tritagonist
intertwined with the protagonist, Basilio.
 A deuteragonist is known as the secondary character,
the pangalawang bida, which in the novel is none other than
Crisostomo Ibarra, now named Simoun. He now posed as a
jeweler and plotted to start an armed rebellion against Spain.
He's driven by vengeance due to the series of unfortunate events
that befell him when he got home (i.e., the main plot of Noli Me
Tangere).
 A tritagonist is known as the tertiary character, or
the pangatlong bida, which is Isagani in the novel. He is an
idealistic youth full of love and optimism until events in the
novel, that seemed minor at first, nearly destroyed his once
simple and happy life. 
This novel showed Jose Rizal's adamant conviction in his mission to seek
reforms instead of an armed rebellion. It is further supported by the ending
of El Filibusterismo, where Simoun committed suicide by poisoning and
confessed his plans to Padre Florentino, who absolved him of his sins. One
(1) of his confessions stated that the country is truly not yet ready for an
armed rebellion.