A.

Philosophy and You

1. The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.

a. bioethics c. aesthetics
b. logic d. categorical logic

2. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.
a. the state c. the body
b. the justice system d. the soul

3. For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

a. knowledge c. community
b. wealth d. courage

4. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth
is known as _____.
a. an argument c. the Socratic jest
b. the Socratic method d. a debate

5. If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement
from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as
_____.
a. modus tollens c. hypothetical syllogism
b. modus ponens d. reductio ad absurdum

6. The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality,
morality, and knowledge is called _____.
a. the argumentative method c. propositional logic
b. the philosophical method d. syllogistic reasoning

7. The famous statement “An unexamined life is not worth living” is attributed to _____.
a. Aristotle c. Socrates
b. John Locke d. Plato

8. The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the
things in it, is known as _____.
a. metaphysics c. quantum physics
b. epistemology d. axiology

9. Questions like “What is knowledge?” and “What is truth?” are mainstays in the branch of philosophy
known as _____.
a. logic c. epistemology
b. metaphysics d. aesthetics

10. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status,
wealth, power, and pleasure.
a. philosophical ambition c. exceptional desires
b. worldly wisdom d. an unhealthy soul

B. God and Religion

11. According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that _____.
a. the God of Christianity exists c. the Big Bang model is false
b. the universe has a cause d. the universe is uncaused

12. Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.

a. is possible c. exists somewhere

b. is meaningless d. cannot exist

13. Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that _____.
 a. the universe is finite in the past and began to exist c. the universe never is uncaused
b. the universe is infinite in the past d. the universe exists only in the mind

14. According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is _____.

a. finite c. impossible
b. possible d. necessary

15. Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is _____.
a. the universe c. nature
b. God d. an infinite series

16. Paley says that every indication of contrivance and design that exists in the watch exists in _____.

a. God c. the works of nature

b. infinity d. time

17. Paley maintains that the key difference between the “contrivance” of a watch and that of nature is that
the latter is _____.

a. simpler c. older
b. more natural d. greater and grander

18. According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch _____.
a. shows purposefulness c. runs well
b. has a structure d. is engraved

19. Philo says the analogy that Cleanthes uses to make his case is _____.
a. too complicated c. strong
b. weak d. not based on a legitimate method of reasoning

20. Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that _____.

a. is worshipped c. exists only in the understanding

b. is embodied d. exists without flaws

C. Morality And Moral Life

21. In the moral life, feelings are _____.
a. essential and inevitable c. an unerring guide
b. essential to impartiality d. reason based

22. A moral theory explains _____.

a. why an action is right or wrong c. where a moral agent got her values
b. why one moral event caused another d. why people do what they do

23. Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.
a. deontological c. consequentialist
b. virtue oriented d. egoistic

24. An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as _____.

a. simplicity c. fruitfulness
b. consistency with our considered moral judgments d. fallibility

25. Critics of the divine command theory have argued that the theory implies that God’s commands are _____.
a. well supported c. unknowable
b. unclear d. arbitrary

26. According to Kant, nothing can be called “good” without qualification except _____.
a. right action c. happiness
b. good consequences d. a good will
27. Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can
consistently will that the maxim of our action should become _____.
a. a rule for maximizing happiness c. a universal law
b. a contingent law d. a rule of thumb

28. To Kant, making a lying promise would be wrong because _____.

a. lying to people can cause them harm

b. lying to people harms society
c. you could not consistently will that everyone should make lying promises
d. most people condemn the practice

29. According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must _____.

a. determine which one is objectively most pleasurable

b. determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer
c. consult philosophers of the past
d. consult science

30. Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as
possible in _____.

a. lower pleasures c. social achievement

b. spiritual attainment d. enjoyments

D. Mind and Body

31. The view that we consist of two distinct substances (body and mind) and that these two interact is
known as _____.
a. functionalism c. substance dualism
b. identity theory d. materialism

32. Descartes believed that interaction between body and mind took place in _____.
a. ectoplasm c. the pineal gland
b. the brain stem d. the nervous system

33. The idea that mental states are dispositions to behave in particular ways in certain circumstances is
known as _____.
a. logical nominalism c. methodological behaviorism
b. logical behaviourism d. eliminative materialism

34. Logical behaviorism is at odds with our commonsense intuition that mental states _____.
a. cause behaviour c. exist
b. never cause behaviour d. do not exist

35. The theory that says mental states are nothing but brain states is known as _____.
a. brain theory c. identity theory
b. epiphenomenalism d. logical behaviourism

36. Descartes says that the chief characteristic of physical things is that _____.
a. they cannot be measured c. they do not have extension
b. science can study them d. they have extension

37. When Descartes reasons that it is conceivable that he could exist without his body and that whatever is
conceivable is logically possible he is offering _____.

a. a possibility argument c. a divisibility argument

b. a conceivability argument d. a probability argument
 38. The contention that bodies and minds must be different things because bodies can be divided into parts
but minds cannot is known as a
a. divisibility argument c. conceivability argument
b. unitary argument d. divisive argument

39. The existence of a form of mental illness known as multiple personality disorder seems to suggest that _____.
a. the existence of the mind is a delusion c. the mind is indivisible
b. the mind is divisible d. mental illness is incurable

40. The biblical account of the soul is at odds with _____.

a. a unitary concept of the soul c. soul-body dualism
b. the identity theory d. the idea of a monistic soul

E. Free Will and Determinism

41. According to d’Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an
immaterial soul are in fact _____.
a. purely intellectual c. ethereal
b. purely physical and natural d. undetermined

42. According to d’Holbach, people always act according to _____.

a. free choices c. necessary natural laws
b. dictates of the soul d. undetermined will

43. According to Taylor, hard determinism conflicts with _____.

a. the findings of science
b. the fact of deliberation and our sense that some actions are up to us
c. the fact of deliberation and indeterminism
d. scientific determinism

44. Soft determinism entails that _____.

a. we are free to choose our desires c. the thesis of determinism is false
b. there are no restraints on human behaviour d. the thesis of determinism is true

45. For the soft determinist, to say that you could have done otherwise is to say that you would have done
otherwise if _____.
a. your desires were always the same c. your desires had been different
b. your desires were completely under your control d. your desires played no role in your decisions

46. According to Sartre, what existentialists have in common is that they think that _____.
a. essence precedes existence c. existence is a myth
b. objectivity must be a starting point d. existence precedes essence

47. According to Sartre, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, and this being is _____.
a. God c. primitive man
b. man d. future man

48. According to Sartre, the first principle of existentialism is that _____.

a. God is dead c. man is nothing else but what he makes of himself
b. . man is all-powerful d. man is nothing

49. According to Sartre, if God does not exist, _____.

a. anything is permissible c. moral values still exist
b. moral values must come from nature d. man does not exist

50. According to James, indeterminism allows that the world has _____.

a. no ambiguous possibilities c. ambiguous possibilities

b. a fixed future d. no shadow of turning
F. Knowledge and Skepticism

51. Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were _____.
a. contrary to his religion c. false
b. true d. beyond question

52. Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be _____.

a. dreaming c. infallible
b. a god d. perfect

53. Descartes declares that an evil demon _____.

a. undoubtedly exists c. could possibly be deceiving him
b. could not possibly exist d. must exist if God exists

54. Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that _____.
a. they never directly deceive him c. God allows sensory deception
b. they sometimes deceive him d. sense perception is indubitable

55. Descartes declares that he is _____.

a. a body c. a thing that thinks
b. a dream d. a thing that cannot exist

56. Descartes reasons that the very fact that he is thinking shows that _____.
a. he does not exist c. he exists
b. he is not being deceived d. he is dreaming

57. At first Descartes supposes that everything he sees is _____.

a. true c. part of him
b. false d. undeniable

58. Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are _____.

a. one and the same thing c. two distinct things
b. both nonexistent

59. Berkeley insists that heat and cold are _____.

a. illusions c. only things existing apart from our minds
b. physical objects d. only sensations existing in our minds

60. Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in _____.

a. a mind c. material substance

b. absolute existence d. a material universe