Politics of India

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Politics of India

National Emblem of India

Polity type Federal Parliamentary Republic

Constitution Constitution of India

Legislative branch

Name Parliament

Type Bicameral

Meeting place Sansad Bhavan

Upper house

Name Rajya Sabha

Presiding Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Chairman of the

officer Rajya Sabha

Appointer Electoral College

Lower house

Name Lok Sabha

Presiding Om Birla, Speaker of the Lok Sabha

officer

Executive branch

Head of State

Title President

Currently Draupadi Murmu

Appointer Electoral College

Head of Government

Title Prime Minister

Currently Narendra Modi

Appointer President

Cabinet

Name Union Council of Ministers

Current cabinet Second Modi ministry

Leader Prime Minister

 Appointer President

Ministries 52

Judicial branch

Name Judiciary

Supreme Court

Chief judge Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud

Politics of India works within the framework of the country's Constitution. India is

a parliamentary democratic secular republic in which the president of India is the head
of state & first citizen of India and the prime minister of India is the head of government.
It is based on the federal structure of government, although the word is not used in the
Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that
consists of the central authority at the centre and states at the periphery. The
Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state
governments; it is well recognised, fluid (Preamble of the Constitution being rigid and to
dictate further amendments to the Constitution) and considered supreme, i.e.
the laws of the nation must conform to it.
There is a provision for a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Rajya
Sabha (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and
a lower house, the Lok Sabha (House of the People), which represents the people of
India as a whole. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, which is
headed by the Supreme Court. The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to
settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state
disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to
protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing writs for their enforcement in cases of
violation.[1]
There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using plurality voting (first
past the post) system from 543 single-member constituencies. There are 245 members
in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single
transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members
are elected/nominated by the President of India. Governments are formed
through elections held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that
secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses (Lok Sabha in the central
government and Vidhan Sabha in states). India had its first general election in 1951,
which was won by the Indian National Congress, a political party that went on to
dominate subsequent elections until 1977, when a non-Congress government was
formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of single-party
domination and the rise of coalition governments. The latest 17th Lok Sabha elections
was conducted in seven phases from 11 April 2019 to 19 May 2019 by the Election
commission of India. That elections once again brought back single-party rule in the
country, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) being able to claim a majority in the Lok
Sabha.[2]
In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair. [3] Possible reasons for
this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society
associations that mobilise support for the parties and centralised financing of elections. [4]

Political parties and alliances[edit]

For other political parties, see List of political parties in India. An overview on elections and
election results is included in Elections in India.

Main article: 2019 Indian general election

A view of the Parliament of India

When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties
during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200
parties were formed after India became independent in 1947. And as per the current
publication report dated 23 September 2021 from the Election Commission of the India,
the total number of parties registered was 2858, with 9 national parties and 54 state
parties, and 2796 unrecognized parties working in country. [5] Leadership 2021 from
Election Commission of India, the total number of parties registered was 2858, with 8
national parties, 54 state parties and 2796 unrecognised parties. political parties in India
is commonly interwoven with well-known families whose dynastic leaders actively play
the dominant role in a party. Further, party leadership roles are often transferred to
subsequent generations in the same families. The two main parties in India are the
Bharatiya Janata Party, commonly known as the BJP, which is the leading right-wing
nationalist party, and the Indian National Congress, commonly called the INC or
Congress, which is the leading centre-left party. These two parties currently dominate
national politics, both adhering their policies loosely to their places on the left–right
political spectrum. At present, there are eight national parties and many more state
parties.

 Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including

servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over
the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and
 economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping you
lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently, and scale as
your business needs change.
 Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-
solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind.

The lessons learnt from use artificial intelligence for social good (AI4SG)
By Vishwas Chitale

Highlights

What makes AI socially good in theory might not always be true while its
application, which affects its scalability and widespread uptake. Many
prototypes either phase-out in the near time or are not scalable after their initial
successes owing to unnecessary failures and missed opportunities.

Share this Article:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a ubiquitous part of daily lives these days, and
this rise in AI applications has stimulated significant interest from different
stakeholders. Since last few decades, AI has emerged as a primary data science
function– by utilizing advanced algorithms and ever-increasing computing power. AI,
specifically Machine Learning (ML), holds great potential for India, from two
perspectives: a) technology capability and b) addressing the challenges that the
country and its society is facing. India’s main strength lies in its technology skilled
workforce and the diversity of data sources and applications. ML enables a great
blend of these complementary strengths to build data-driven large-scale solutions,
which could cater to India’s needs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Social Good
(henceforth AI4SG) is becoming common in various fields of application and is also
gaining attention within the AI community1. Some of the applications of use of AI4SG
in India include but are not restricted to tools for reducing the disaster risk 2,
maintaining database of cough of covid positive patients for efficiently dealing with
the pandemics in future3, predicting human-wildlife conflict for enhanced decision
making4, better preparedness to deal with diebetes 5, prediction of groundwater6, and
optimization of solar grids for efficient power generation etc.
In last few years, various frameworks for the design, development, and dissemination
of ethical AI4SG have emerged7. Upcoming applications of AI4SG seem to be
capturing and supporting widespread decisions, which were earlier thought to be
impossible and/ or unaffordable. Nonetheless, the understanding about what
constitutes AI4SG is still very limited, and needs be enhanced so as make the most out
of the potential opportunities. What makes AI socially good in theory might not
always be true while its application, which affects its scalability and widespread
uptake. Many prototypes either phase-out in the near time or are not scalable after
their initial successes owing to unnecessary failures and missed opportunities.

A few lessons learned from past and ongoing activities to use AI4SG:

a) Falsifiability and incremental deployment: Credibility of an AI4SG application

demands that the application will adhere to the principle of beneficence, or at least the
principle of nonmaleficence7. Falsifiability requires specified conditions for the
application to be fully functional, which could be the detailed specification, the
empirical testing of its critical requirement/s. However, we cannot know if a particular
AI4SG application is safe without testing its application in all probable contexts. In
such cases, the map of testing the application would be comparable to its territory of
dissemination. Despite the fuzziness about the success of the application, there is still
the possibility to know when a given critical requirement is not implemented or may
be failing to work properly.
b) Privacy protection and subject consent: Respect for privacy is a necessary factor
of human dignity and personal information can be seen to be constituting an
individual, therefore deprivatising records without consent of that individual is
potentially a violation of human dignity8. The conception of individual privacy as a
fundamental right underlies recent debate on “personal” and “non-personal” data and
formation of ‘Data Protection Authority’ in India 9. In the case of AI4SG in India, it is
particularly important to emphasize the relevance of users’ consent to the use of
personal data, which is most likely to be broadened to non-personal data as well.
c) Safeguards against the manipulation of predictors: The predictive power of
AI4SG can face risk due the manipulation of input data, and excessive reliance on
non-causal indicators. The risk of data manipulation in AI4SG may be exacerbated
and can deliver disastrous outputs that breach the principle of justice.
d) Situational fairness: There are several ways in which bias can creep into an
algorithm even before the data for the algorithm is collected, and even through stages
of building the algorithm such as when ‘framing the problem’, when collecting data
and when preparing the data. Therefore, the designers must sanitize the data before
using it in AI to maintain the situational fairness. While doing so it is also important
to keep in mind the sensitivity towards factors that ensure inclusiveness.
e) Contextualized intervention: One of the challenges for AI4SG projects is to
design the interventions that maintain the balance between current and future benefits,
which mostly pertains to a temporal choice interdependency. An efficient receiver-
contextualized intervention is important, which enables to attain the right level of
disruption and respects the autonomy through optionality. Hence, it is crucial to
involve the targeted users in the process of design and dissemination of any AI based
system.
f) Human friendly semanticisation: Mostly while applying AI the designers have
technical capacity to automate meaning- and sense-creation (semanticisation), but it
could lead to mistrust or unfairness if it is done carelessly. Therefore, it is important to
differentiate between the tasks that should and should not be delegated to an AI. AI
should facilitate human-friendly semantisation but should not provide it itself. AI4SG
designers should not hinder the ability for people to semanticise, which is a must to
make sense of something, which can affect the success of the AI based application.
In all, it important to remember that AI has real consequences and sometimes it is
certain to produce unintended outcomes10. Therefore, the designers need to explore all
possible perspectives to address the challenge of accountability and to do their best to
position themselves to be proactive against, and responsive to, undesirable outcomes. 

Why is there a pressing need to build a cloud computing

ecosystem in India
The cloud is a popular topic right now. The phrase and the excitement makes everyone
think of the previous ten years, when the Internet was taking on the form it has today.
The cloud could drastically alter how we think about and use information technology,
just as we can’t envision a world without the World Wide Web today.

The rise of cloud computing has opened up a new business and is gaining numerous
opportunities among individuals, businesses, and markets. According to a recent
Fortune Business Insights report, the global Cloud Computing market is expected to
reach USD 791.48 billion by 2028. India too is not indifferent to the rapid changes taking
place in this part of the world.

According to international data center, India’s public cloud revenue which includes
( Infrastructure-as-a service ) IaaS , (Software-as-a-Service ) SaaS  , (Platform-as-a-
Service ) PaaS,  has been standing tall at $4.6billion in India .The overall Indian public
cloud services market is also expected to reach $13.5 billion by 2026. India has also set
an ambitious target of becoming a $5 trillion economy where Cloud computing is being
considered as the key driver to achieving this goal.   

There is an economic principle that states, ‘When demand grows, business grows and
ultimately the job market grows’. Numerous data have revealed that India has the
potential to become the second-largest cloud talent pool by 2025. The cloud experts’
demands are estimated to exceed 2 million. As of FY21, India has been ranked third
with nearly 608,000 cloud experts across all verticals, including technology. Recently
reports by Fortune Business Report have further emphasized that “India has the
ecosystem in place to capture a significant portion of this market but as to improvise on
cloud skill sets with adequate upskilling. 

The post-pandemic scenario has compelled many businesses, whether in banking,

education, training, or tourism, to migrate to the cloud. It has demonstrated what cloud
tech can deliver to this nation. To achieve the vision of becoming a C tech nation, end-
user industries need to have a clear roadmap in place where deliverables are in a time-
bound framework. Service providers have to provide fintech support to small and mid-
sized businesses. Our academic institutions must play a role in positioning India as a
global cloud talent hub by strengthening formal education programs and reskilling the
technology workforce. Recently, the Ministry of Education announced a collaboration
with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to teach cloud computing and machine learning (ML)
skills to higher education students in India.
Required proficiency should be there among the young entry level and service level
professionals. They are the current and future backbone of this shining industry. 

Businesses can accommodate third-party training offerings, peer-to-peer learning, role-

based career development paths, and certifications that contribute immensely to digital
transformation.  Earning cloud certifications by getting trained by authorized partners of
prominent public cloud providers builds the resource pool of your organization
extensively and also enhances employee engagement.

We have been helping the corporate sector to identify the cloud skill gaps in their
workforce through our flagship Capability Development Framework (CDF). It is a holistic
skill development framework aimed at skilling the modern workforce across all stages
with a guaranteed ROI of mentoring and nurturing them to be project ready and billable. 

To summarize, India is ready to hit the peak in cloud computing as far as multiple
projections and report estimates suggest the same. To achieve the ultimate goal of
India becoming a $5 trillion economy, we need to have a comprehensive cloud
ecosystem in place. An upgrade is required in the skilling programs of employees. This
will help India in becoming a Cloud Computing Superpower in the years to come. 

How can AI change the future of India?

The desire for intelligent systems to boost productivity and efficiency in industries including
IT and telecommunications, retail and e-commerce, BFSI, healthcare, manufacturing, and
automotive is driving the growth of the Artificial Intelligence market worldwide.

The Artificial Intelligence space is estimated to be worth USD 1,581.70 billion by 2030,
with a CAGR of 38.0% between 2021 and 2030.

Artificial intelligence has the potential to alter the way we interact with the world around us.
With new technological innovations happening every day, Artificial Intelligence is
becoming more prevalent in India, making it possible to teach machines to make decisions
on their own under certain conditions.

Scope of Artificial Intelligence in India

Although the adoption of Artificial Intelligence is still in its early stages in India, it is
gradually being utilized to develop smart solutions to complex problems, and across all
industries. AI encompasses several emerging technologies, including self-improving
algorithms, machine learning, big data, and pattern recognition.

Soon, virtually any industry or sector in India would be seen using this potent tool for
getting simpler tasks done in less time. Latest innovations in the field of AI are the reason
behind the rising demand for online courses in artificial intelligence in India.

How AI affects different business sectors

From healthcare to banking and engineering to transportation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is

transforming how businesses perceive internal and external business processes across
various industries. Regardless of their size or scope, businesses all across the world are
already being transformed by AI. This includes providing opportunities for developing
countries to thrive. Individuals, irrespective of their work field, must know how AI functions.

AI will simplify Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to digitize textbooks, early-stage virtual tutors support
human instructors, and a facial analysis system gauges student emotions to identify who is
struggling or bored and adapt the experience to their specific needs. Applications such as
text translation systems, and real-time message-to-speech, automate redundant and
repetitive tasks like taking attendance and automated grading.

AI is enabling 24/7 customer service

In a diverse nation like India, integrating chatbots into the digital framework or making
them accessible through the IVRS system in the educational domain could be
transformative.

Thousands of chatbots are currently in use to speed up tasks to be performed by humans

and save time. Chatbots are now connecting with customers and serving business
purposes. Chatbots respond to customer questions and handle their problems without any
human intervention. This is a ground-breaking invention of artificial intelligence that is
currently dominating software applications.
AI for Healthcare

Healthcare in India is a very complex system, there are numerous that we are dealing
with, including the cost of living and accessibility, the shortage of doctors, and other
services like trained nurses, technicians, and infrastructure is particularly acute.

A majority of India’s high-quality healthcare facilities are located close to tier 1 and tier 2
cities, resulting in uneven access to necessities like healthcare. In addition to that, the
overall cost of healthcare with AI would decrease due to higher efficiency.

AI’s ability to process massive amounts of data quickly makes it useful for designing and
creating new products, including medical equipment. Having an AI-enabled system
enhances efficiency and reduces medical errors.

By using early detection followed by appropriate diagnostic acumen, artificial intelligence

will help remove obstacles in reaching for medical help and addressing the accessibility
challenge.

AI at our homes

We utilize artificial intelligence-based technology every day without even realizing it. For
instance, we frequently utilize OkGoogle, ALEXA, or Cortana to complete various tasks
with our voice commands.

For voice recognition, these intelligent assistants employ machine learning and artificial
intelligence that helps in identifying which voice belongs to whom. They increase their
efficiency by learning from the commands of the users.

Additionally, you can utilize this intelligent help to carry out several tasks, like playing a
song, asking a question, and making an online purchase.

The Growing Career Opportunities in AI

With new developments in the field of AI and machine learning, newer employment
prospects also have emerged. The global AI market was close to $ 59.67 billion in 2021,
and it is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 39.4% to reach close to $ 422.37 billion by
2028.

The AI market in India is anticipated to develop at a CAGR of 20.2%, from $3.1 billion in
2020 to $ 7.8 billion by 2025, according to the International Data Corporation (IDC).

Upskilling: Essential for an AI-Ready India

Training and events where we make professionals and graduates job-ready in the field of
emerging technologies like AI, Data, Cloud, Robotics, and Metaverse, are the first steps to
making India ready for the growing AI space and adapting to it, as well as being part of the
contribution that AI can make to India’s economy.

India will lead in AI use for solving

'real' issues, says Satya Nadella
Microsoft CEO says cloud a game changer; 'tremendous momentum' in its
adoption

Microsoft Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Satya Nadella is

optimistic about India’s future, especially in the field of technology, with the
expanding base of software developers from the country, rising number
of artificial intelligence (AI) projects, and growing aspiration in Indian youths for
upskilling themselves.
Nadella, who is on a four-day visit to India, said India would lead in using AI for
solving real problems. “India leads when it comes to digital public goods. There is
India and then there is daylight, when it comes to the enlightened way in which
India is building its digital infrastructure,” he said on Tuesday while addressing a
select gathering of India’s top CEOs at the Microsoft Future Ready Leadership
Summit in Mumbai.
He listed cloud and AI as imperatives that could be helpful in driving economic
growth. “Cloud has been a big game changer...Cloud is still in its early-to-
intermediate innings,” he said on
Tuesday while addressing a select gathering of India’s top CEOs at the Microsoft
Future Ready Leadership Summit in Mumbai. He added that there was
“tremendous momentum” in cloud adoption.
Hyderabad-born Nadella further said India would be the third-largest economy by
the end of this decade.
Recently, India overtook the UK to become the fifth-largest economy in the world.
“Github is the largest base for developers around the globe, and India is the
second-biggest contributor to the developer ecosystem. Second, in terms of AI
projects, India is number one,” he said.
“If the next big age is going to be AI, then human capital is already here and
doing innovative things,” Nadella said.
He also said the upskilling aspiration in India was huge. “According to the
LinkedIn data, India has 2x the rate of skilling. What is important in the labour
force is how updated one is about their skill and taking pride in it, and market
forces rewarding is magic.”
Nadella said that as India and countries across the globe faced the challenges of
marco uncertainty, it was important for companies to achieve more with less. “In
this, cloud will be the game changer...Cloud is 70-80 per cent energy efficient on
workload. You hedge against the demand cycle, you consume it only when you
need it,” he said.
Microsoft, said Nadella, was investing in 60-plus regions and 200-plus data
centres worldwide. In India, the tech giant is expanding and setting its fourth data
centre, in Hyderabad. “We want to make the cloud available everywhere,” he
said, adding that by 2025, most applications would be built on cloud-native
infrastructure.
Microsoft has operated in India for more than 32 years. The country is a hub of
innovation and resourcefulness for the company.
He also shared that AI-powered models like ChatGPT and Dall-E would help
knowledge workers and enhance their productivity. “Every knowledge worker is
going to be more creative, more expressive, and more productive. Every frontline
worker will be able to do more knowledge work than they ever did. Every design
task, whether it’s software engineering, mechanical design or architecture, is
going to be much more productive going forward. So, it’s ultimately, in my
opinion, going to accelerate human creativity, human ingenuity, and human
productivity across a range of tasks.”
Nadella highlighted six “digital imperatives” that businesses must focus on today:
Migrate to the cloud; unify data and apply AI models as platforms; empower
fusion teams (basically remote work); re-energise your workforce (upskilling);
embrace collaborative business processes; and prioritise security.
When it came to productivity, he said, there was productivity paranoia, where
leaders and managers believed employees were not productive when, in fact,
they were becoming burned out. He believed that data could bridge the gap.
“Conducting soft skilling, and during meetings everyone’s voice should be heard.
People value upgrading skills and this is critical for building loyalty,” he added.
When asked about the current inflationary environment impacting tech
companies, Nadella said everyone had to be much more productive. He also
questioned if productivity needed to be seen through a new lens with models like
CoPilot allowing more time for software developers.
“Do not let stories about what’s happening in the tech industry confuse the rest;
because the opportunity is growing. Tech talent is getting hired across industries.
I feel this is the rebalancing of the talent pool so that every sector becomes tech
powered,” he added.