Grammar

Singular and Plural

Forming Plurals:

Most of the nouns are made plural by adding an 's':

pen - pens
pencil - pencils
book - books
file - files

Nouns ending with s, ss, z, zz, o x, ch, sh, and tch are made plural by
adding "es" to the singular form:

wish - wishes
watch - watches
fox - foxes
bus - buses

*exceptions radio - radios, photo - photos

If a noun's singular form ends with a consonant plus y, you must change
the y to i and then add "es":

baby - babies
candy - candies
sky - skies
spy - spies
Attention: Proper nouns are exceptions to the rule.

the Wendys (not Wendies)

the Kennedys (not Kennedies)

If the noun ends in F or Fe, change F or FE to V, and add - ES.

knife - knives
wife - wives
shelf - shelves

Some Irregular Plural Forms:

man - men
woman - women
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
child - children
goose - geese
mouse - mice

Attention: A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes
a plural verb. Therefore:

The child is hungry

Women are usually more sensitive than men.
 Non-Singular/Plural Form Nouns

Examples:

a. A library is a useful building.

Libraries are useful buildings.

b. She is a clever girl.

They are clever girls.

c. Is it a new shelf?
Are they new shelves?

d. Are these boys hungry?

Is this boy hungry?

e. He isn't a worker.
They aren't workers.

Subject Verb Agreement

A singular subject must always be matched with a singular verb, and a plural
subject must always be matched with a plural verb. See details below for
subject verb agreement rules with examples.
Base Form of Verb: learn , walk , like , have (irregular), do

In general, when the subject is singular, use the -s form of the verb.

He walks
She sleeps
It jumps

In general, when the subject is plural, use the base form of the verb.

They walk
They sleep
They jump

Attention:
Watch out for irregular forms, for which the -s rule does not apply.
He studies
She has
It does
He catches
It flies

Ordinal Numbers (порядкові числівники)

1st……first (фьорст) 12th………………twelfth 30th………thirtieth

twelve

2nd…second(секонд) 13th………………thirteenth 40th………fortieth

3rd……third(сьорд) 14th………………fourteenth 50th………fiftieth

4th……… 15th………………fifteenth 60th………sixtieth

fourth(форс)

5th………………fifth 16th………………sixteenth 70th……

five seventieth
fifteen
fifty

6th………………sixth 17th……………… 80th……eightieth

(cікс) seventeenth

7th…………seventh 18th……………… 90th……ninetieth

eighteenth

8th……………… 19th……………… 100th…hundredth

eighth nineteenth

9th………………ninth 20th………………twentieth
nine
nineteen
ninety

10th…………tenth 21st………………twenty-
first

11th………eleventh 22nd………twenty-second