Direct Method for Reconstructing the Radiating Part of a Planar

Source from its Far-Fields

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xiao, gaobiao (2022): Direct Method for Reconstructing the Radiating Part of a Planar Source from its Far-
Fields. TechRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.20289027.v1

DOI

10.36227/techrxiv.20289027.v1
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Direct Method for Reconstructing the Radiating
Part of a Planar Source from its Far-Fields
Gaobiao Xiao, Senior Member, IEEE
 part with achievable reconstruction spatial resolution subject to
Abstract—A planar current is generally divided into a radiating
part that generates propagation fields and a non-radiating part
that generates evanescent fields. This paper proposes a direct
method to reconstruct the radiating part of a planar source from
its far fields based on their exact relationship. A standard
reconstruction process is provided in which the far-fields are
sampled at the peaks of each propagation mode. Analysis shows
that the achievable reconstruction resolution of the source
distribution is about half a wavelength. The paper also
demonstrates that it is possible to reconstruct the source by
sampling the far-fields on a plane or along a linear path. The
performance of the reconstruction algorithm is illustrated with
numerical examples.
Index Terms—Inverse source problem, radiation field, inverse
scattering problem, degree of freedom
I. INTRODUCTION
I N many practical applications, such as in antenna synthesis
and diagnosis [1]-[5], imaging of defects [6], radar imaging
[7], it is required to reconstruct the source from its fields. This
kind of problems are referred to as inverse electromagnetic
source problems. Unlike in the inverse electromagnetic
scattering problems [8][9], it is not necessary to recover the
property of the media but only the source distributions. Inverse
source problems are usually linear problems. However, they
are generally ill-posed and have to be solved with some kind of
optimization algorithm or regularization techniques, or with the
help of priori information [10]-[18]. The introduction of the
concept of the number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the
fields helps to overcome the ill-posedness of the problem [19]-
[22]. Although the NBF of a practical inverse source problem
can be effectively obtained by performing singular value
decomposition (SVD) to the corresponding operator, the
calculation is time consuming. The point spread function (PSF)
has been applied successfully in solving inverse source
problems [23]-[25]. However, it is very complicated to find the
exact evaluation of the PSF. For most geometries, PSF can only
be performed numerically, or with approximate analytical
assessment.
It is well known that a source can be divided into a radiating
part and a non-radiating part [26]-[28]. The radiating source
generates propagation fields and contributes to the far-fields of
the source, while the non-radiating part generates evanescent
fields and does not contribute to the far-fields. Therefore, from
the far-fields of a source, we can only reconstruct its radiating
Gaobiao Xiao is with the Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Design
and Electromagnetic Compatibility of High-Speed Electronic Systems, the
1
the Rayleigh diffraction limit, typically half wavelength [33]-
[35]. If additional information, like the near fields of the source,
is available, the diffraction limit may be broken and super
resolution can be obtained using proper algorithm [29]-[32].
We have recently proposed a method for synthesis of large-
scale antenna arrays [36]. By expanding the sources with
Fourier series, a linear source or a planar source on a rectangular
sheet can be expressed with superposition of its harmonic
components. These components have further been divided into
two groups based on the property of the fields generated by
them. The propagation group consists of all harmonic
components that generate propagation fields, and the
evanescent group includes all other components that generate
evanescent fields. The first group is apparently the radiating
part of the source, while the latter one is the non-radiating part.
The exact relationship between the far-fields and the radiating
part of the current is derived in [36] and is found to be very
efficient for synthesis of large-scale antenna arrays. This paper
shows that the relationship can also be applied for efficiently
and accurately reconstructing the radiating part of the source
from its far-fields. The achievable spatial resolution is about
half wavelength, the same as the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The
source pictures can also be reconstructed with moderate quality
by sampling on a plane or along a straight line, which
demonstrates the potential application of the method in
practical applications like remote sensing.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the standard
reconstruction process is described, and numerical examples
are provided to reveal the reconstruction performance of the
algorithm. The non-standard reconstruction method by
sampling on a plane or along a linear path is discussed in
Section III, and a brief conclusion is given in Section IV.
II. THE STANDARD RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM
Consider a current source J  r   , r   Vs , in free space. The
electric field at the position r in far region can be generally
expressed as
e  jkr
E  r    I  aˆ r aˆ r 
4 r Vs
e j k  r  J  r   dr  (1)
where k  k x aˆ x  k y aˆ y  k z aˆ z is the wave vector, aˆ r is the
radial unit vector, and I is the identity operator. For a current
source on a rectangular sheet in the xoy plane with size of
Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, 200240, China. (gaobiaoxiao@sjtu.edu.cn).
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Dx  Dy and with its center locating at the origin, its far field D 
f mn  ,    sinc  x  k sin  cos   m x  
can be separated into two polarizations [36],  2 
Dy 2 Dx 2 (7)
F  ,     sin  θˆ e x y I  x, y  dxdy
  y 
jk x  jk y
D
x x D 2 D 2
y x
x sinc   k sin  sin   n y  
Dy 2 Dx 2
(2)  2 
 sin  y θˆ y   I y  x, y  dxdy
jk x x  jk y y
e As explained in [36], each mode function describes a beam in
 D y 2  Dx 2
the space with its peak at the direction of  mn , mn  and
The primes for the source coordinates in the integrands are
omitted for the sake of simplicity. In spherical coordinate    mn,mn  , which can be determined with equations,
system, k x  k sin  cos  , k y  k sin  sin  , and k z  k cos  .
 k sin  mn cos  mn  m x  0
In (2),  x is the angle between the position vector r and the x-  (8)
 k sin  mn sin  mn  n y  0
axis, and  is that with the y-axis. θˆ and θˆ are respectively
y x y The wavevector of the  m, n  mode at its peak direction
the corresponding unit vectors, as shown in Fig. 1. The factor
 mn ,  mn  is denoted as  k xmn , k ymn , k zmn  , and
sin  x and sin  y come from the x-polarized infinitesimal
 k xmn  k sin  mn cos  mn
dipole and the y-polarized infinitesimal dipole composing the 
current sheets. k ymn  k sin  mn sin mn (9)
The x-component of the current can be separated to be related  k  k cos 
 zmn mn
to the x-polarized far field alone,
Dy 2 Dx 2 In order to analyze the property of these modes in a simple
  e x y I  x, y  dxdy  F  ,  θˆ  F far (3)
jk x  jk y
sin 
x D 2 D 2 x x x way, we choose Dx  Dy  N x   N y  , where  is the
y x

wavelength, N x and N y are two integers. It has been shown in

[36] that only those modes belong to the propagation set  can
contribute to the far-field, where  is defined as

   m, n    2 :  m N x 2   m N y   1
2
 (10)
A typical constellation of the propagation group in k-space is
shown in Fig. 2, where each circle denotes the wave vector
 k xmn , k ymn , k zmn  of a propagation mode. As all propagation
modes are mirror symmetrical with respect to the current sheet,
x only the upper half of the constellation is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig.1 Current sheet and the unit vectors in the coordinate system.

We deliberately put the minus sign to the right hand side of (3).
Similarly, the y-component of the current can be equated to its
y-polarized far-field alone. Therefore, it is possible for us to
reconstruct the two components of the current separately.
At first, we consider the problem of reconstructing the x-
component of the source current from the x-polarization field.
Discarding the factor relating to the distance r , the x-polarized
far-field of the current sheet can be expressed as,
Dy 2 Dx 2
Fx far  ,    sin  x   I x  x, y  dxdy
jk x x  jk y y
e (4) Fig.2 Constellation of the propagation group in the k-space.
 D y 2  Dx 2

Expanding the currents with 2-D Fourier series we get, The far-field of the current sheet is completely determined by
 
j  m x x  n y y  the associated propagation modes,
I x  x, y    I xmn e (5)
Nx Ny

 
m  n 
Fx far  ,    Dx Dy sin  x I xmn f mn  ,   (11)
where  x  2 Dx and  y  2 Dy . Substituting (5) into m  N x n  N y

(4) gives with  m, n    . It is worthwhile to emphasize that (11) is not

 
Fx far
 ,    Dx Dy sin  x  I xmn f mn  ,   (6) an approximate formula obtained by truncating (6). It is a
m  n  rigorous relationship between the radiating part of the source
where the 2-D mode function f mn  ,   is the product of two current and its far-fields.
Note that at the peak of a mode function, all other mode
sinc functions,
functions are zeroes, or explicitly we can write
1, p  m and q  n
f mn  pq ,  pq   
0, otherwise
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This property enables us to directly determine the coefficients Firstly, we assume all dipoles are x-polarized and choose the
of the current by sampling the far-fields at  mn , mn  in the reconstruction area as Dx  Dy  40 for all the four source
upper half space. From (11) we obtain, cases. The center of the reconstruction area is put at the origin,
1 the same as that of the source area. Since N x  N y  40 , we
I xmn  Fx far  mn , mn  (12)
Dx Dy sin  xmn can count using (10) that there are totally 5025 modes in the
The reconstructed x-component of the current can then be propagation group. Their peak directions  mn ,  mn  and the
calculated with
j  m x x  n y y 
corresponding wavevectors  k xmn , k ymn , k zmn  are calculated
I x  x, y    I xmn e ,  m, n    (13) with (8) and (9). The far-fields at these directions in the upper
m n
half space are calculated with
where  Dx 2  x  Dx 2 ,  Dy 2  y  Dy 2 , and I xmn is N dip

Fx far  mn , mn   sin  xmn  e  xmn l ymn l 

j k x k y
given by (12). Note that a qualified far-field must be zero at the (14)
l 1
direction of  xmn  0 . We may simply exclude this mode from
the propagation group to avoid possible abnormal data at this where sin  xmn  1  sin 2  mn cos 2  mn , and the number of the
direction. dipoles is N dip  364 . All Hertzian dipoles have amplitude of
In a practical reconstruction task, it is neither necessary nor unit.
easy to know the exact sizes of the source area. We can estimate The reconstructed radiating part of the x-component of the
the source area at first, and then choose a proper reconstruction source currents can be calculated with (13). The results are
area to cover it. The dimensions of the reconstruction area must plotted in Fig. 4. The 9 digits can be recognized in all these four
be selected as Dx  Dy  N x   N y  . cases. In Case-1 and Case-2, almost all dipoles can be
It can be seen from (13) that the spatial frequency of the distinguished as the smallest spacing between them is larger
highest radiating component is N x  x  N y  y  k . Therefore, than the achievable spatial resolution (  2 ). However, in Case-
the spatial resolution in both direction is  2 , which agrees 3 and Case-4, the dipoles cannot be distinguished anymore
with the Rayleigh diffraction limit. In other word, we cannot because their small spacings obviously exceed the range of
achievable spatial resolution.
expect to get higher spatial resolution than  2 with the
proposed reconstruction algorithm.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we are now
to reconstruct the pattern of a 3  3 digit array formed by 364
Hertzian dipoles, as shown in Fig. 3. All dipoles have unit
amplitude and are located on a uniform grid with spacing ddip
in the xoy plane. Four cases of source distributions are
examined. They all have the same patterns as shown in Fig.3,
but the spacings and the source areas are changed, as listed in
below: (a) (b)
Case-1: d dip   , resulting a source area of 21  39 ,
Case-2: d dip  0.75 , source area is 15.75  29.25 ,
Case-3: d dip  0.5 , source area is 10.5  19.5 ,
Case-4: d dip  0.25 , source area is 5.25  9.75 .
The numerical experiments are carried out in an ideal
situation that all far fields are accurately calculated at the
required sampling directions. No noises are included.
(c) (d)
Fig.4 The reconstructed pictures of the four sources. (a) Case-1, (b) Case-2,
(c) Case-3, and (d) Case-4.

From (10) we observe that larger reconstruction area

generates larger number of propagation modes, and requires
more sampling data of the far-fields. As a result, more
information can be recovered. However, it is not necessary to
use a reconstruction area much larger than the estimated source
area. As shown in Fig.4(c), (d), there is almost no useful
information in the blue area outside the source region.
To exploit the effect of the reconstruction area, we choose
Dx  D y  20 for Case-3 and Dx  D y  10 for Case-4,
Fig.3 Source picture to reconstruct. 364 Hertzian dipoles locate on the xoy
which are in proportion to their source area. The number of the
plane, with each dot representing a dipole.
corresponding propagation modes are then reduced to 1257 and
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317, respectively. The reconstructed results are shown in Fig.5.

It can be seen that the definition of the reconstructed source
pictures is almost the same as that in Fig.4(c), (d). The
reconstruction area mainly affects the range of the
reconstructed picture, but has little effect on the spatial
resolution. We may use smaller reconstruction area to alleviate
the requirement for large amount of sampling data.

(a) (b )

(a) (b)
Fig.5 The results with smaller reconstruction areas. (a) Case-3. (b) Case-4.

In many situations, there may have no priori information that

we can use to choose the direction and the center of the
reconstruction area. However, their choices have inevitable
impact on the reconstruction results. We will use Case-3 to
reveal this effect. First, we rotate the source area with an angle
of 45 and 80 in the xoy plane, respectively. The polarization
of all dipoles is rotated in the same way. Assume that we still
reconstruct only the x-component with the reconstruction area
of Dx  D y  40 . The resultant pictures are shown in Fig.6(a),
(b). Since the polarization of the far-fields rotates with the
sources, the x-polarization component of the far-fields
decreases with the increase of the rotation angle. Therefore, the
effective information for the reconstruction decreases, and the
definition of reconstructed source picture deteriorates. The
recovered source picture blurs when the rotation angle is 80 ,
as shown in Fig.6(b).
Next, we shift the center of the source area to  X c , Yc , 0  ,
while the reconstruction area is unchanged. The center of the
current I x  x, y  expressed by (13) will also shift to  X c , Yc , 0  .
As is shown in (13), I x  x, y  is a 2-D periodic function with
periodicity of Dx and D y in x- and y-direction, respectively.
We can truncate I x  x, y  in the reconstruction area to obtain
the reconstructed current distribution. We have examined two
cases in which the center of the source is shifted to  20 , 0, 0 
and  0, 20 , 0  , respectively. The recovered source pictures are
shown in Fig.6(c) and (d). The spatial periodicity of the
reconstructed pictures is clearly demonstrated.
(c) (d)
Fig.6 The reconstructed currents when the source area rotates with angle of (a)
45 , (b) 80 , and shifts by 20 (c) in x-direction, (d) in y-direction.
Generally, it requires to reconstruct both the x-component
and the y-component of the planar current in order to recover
the total radiating part of the source. We still use the Case-3 as
the source to recover, but the polarization of the middle raw of
digits, i.e., “456”, is changed from x-polarization to y-
polarization. The reconstructed x-component source picture and
y-component source picture are shown in Fig.7. Each
reconstruction process can accurately reconstruct the
corresponding component of the source current. However, we
have to combine them together to get a complete source picture.
(a) (b)
Fig.7 The reconstructed pictures of a source with two polarizations. (a) x-
component, (b) y-component.
III. SAMPLING ON A PLANE
In the standard reconstruction process discussed in Section II,
the spatial samplings are performed at the peak directions of all
propagation modes. We will show in this section that it is
possible to reconstruct the source picture by sampling at other
directions with the same number of sampling data. As the
sampling points are not at the peaks of the mode functions, the
coefficients of the current cannot be determined directly with
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(12). Instead, they have to be calculated by solving a matrix In this example, the source cannot be correctly reconstructed
equation. For the sake of convenience, we reorder the when  s ,max  20 or  s ,max  60 .
coefficients of the current to form a single column vector I and
number them from 1 to Npro , where Npro is the number of
the total radiating harmonic component of the current, and is
also the number of the total propagation modes. The sampled
far-fields are arranged as a column vector F far in the same order
with I . Then the current vector can be obtained by solving the
following matrix equation,
ZI  F far (15)
The entries of the impedance matrix Z and that of the far-field
vector F far are respectively expressed as follows,
Z  u, v   Dx Dy  
1  sin 2 u cos 2 u f v u , u 
(a) (b)

F far  u   Fx far u , u 

u, v  1, 2, , Npro

J (c) (d)

(a) (b)
Fig.8 Sampling the far-field on a plane. Dots are the sampling points.
(a)perspective view, (b) side view with   45 .

Assume to sample the far field at ru  xu , yu , z0   Psam , as

shown in Fig.8 (a),
 xu  ru sin  u cos u
 (e)
 yu  ru sin  u sin u
 z  r cos   z
 u u u 0
The plane Psam is in the upper half space and is parallel to the
source plane with its center locating at  0, 0, z0  . A convenient
strategy is to sample the far-fields at a uniform grid with
spacing of d sam . The number of the sampling points has to be
exactly equal to Npro . In order to indicate the sampling area
intuitively, we use a parameter  s ,max to represent the largest
polar angle of the sampling points.
We use a reconstruction area of Dx  D y  30
reconstruct the source Case-3, where all Hertzian dipoles are x-
polarized and the smallest spacing is 0.5 . The far-field is
sampled on a uniform grid within a square region at the plane
with z0  100 . By adjusting the sampling spacing d sam , we
can make  s ,max varying from 15 to 65 . The recovered
source distributions are shown in Fig. 9. Although the quality
of the recovered source pictures are different, the 9 digits can
be distinguished when  s ,max equals 25 , 35 , 45 and 55 .
(f)
Fig.9 The reconstructed results sampling on a planar grid above the source
with different  s ,max : (a) 15 , (b) 25 , (c) 35 , (d) 45 ,(e) 55 , (f) 65 .
The sampling grid is not necessary to be arranged within a
square-shaped area. In practical applications, like remote
sensing, we may sample the far-field using aircraft along a
linear path Lsam , as shown in Fig.10. In this situation, the
information in the transversal direction will be lost, and only
the source distribution in the direction of the sampling path can
be reconstructed. We again take the source Case-3 as example,
and all dipoles are x-polarized. The far-fields are sampled right
to above the source area, along a linear path in the x-direction and
the y-direction, respectively. The reconstructed results are
shown in Fig.11 (a), (b). Actually, they are 1-D pictures. They
are uniform in the transversal direction, while in the direction
of the sampling path, the reconstructed source distribution at a
certain point includes the contributions from all the sources on
the transversal line.
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x
Fig.10 The reconstructed results sampling on a linear grid right above the
source. (a) in x-direction, (b) in y-direction.
(a) (b)
Fig.11 The reconstructed results sampling on a linear grid right above the
source. (a) in x-direction, (b) in y-direction.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Although it is well known that an electromagnetic source can
be separated into a radiating part and a non-radiating part, there
is no explicit expressions for them. Numerical methods for
obtaining the radiating source are usually not quite convenient
to implement. A very simple way to determine the radiating
source of a linear source or a planar source on a rectangular
sheet is proposed in [36], where a harmonic component of the
source is considered to be radiating if it generates a propagating
field in the space; otherwise, the component is non-radiating.
The far-fields are then exactly, not approximately, expressed by
the radiating part of the source. With the help of the explicit
expression, the radiating part of the source can be reconstructed
accurately from its far-fields. In the standard reconstruction
process, the radiating components of the source are directly
obtained from the sampled far-fields, which is much more
efficient than any other formulations that require to perform
optimization or solve equation. The proposed non-standard
reconstruction process requires to solve a matrix equation.
However, the computational cost is relatively low as the
coefficient matrix is basically reversible and easy to fill.
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