1

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Senior high level is a time that gives students their first

opportunity to make their own decisions and sometimes it is

synonymous with drinking. Factors such as independence, social

pressure, academic stress, availability of alcohol, and the overall

culture may make the consumption of alcohol a prominent aspect

of senior high school life. Regardless of age, sex, or grade level,

most senior high school students have had some encounter with

alcohol. Whether students choose to drink alcohol varies from

person to person, but drinking alcohol has always been thought of

as a large part of the senior high school culture.

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely consumed

in the world. Alcohol use is one of the world’s leading risk factors

for disease and disability. It affects individuals’ physical, mental,

economic, and social issues. To our knowledge, there is limited

study on alcohol consumption and associated factors. Therefore,

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this study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of

alcohol use in Ethiopia by using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic

and Health Survey.

Globally, alcohol consumption is a significant public health

concern and it is one of the most important risk behaviours among

university students. Alcohol consumption can lead to poor

academic performance, injuries, fights, use of other substances,

and risky sexual behaviours among students. However, the study

explored the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the associated

risk factors among university students since these have not been

fully examined in previous research.

Although alcohol use begins before students arrive at senior

level, pressure to misuse alcohol may be intensified when a

student starts maturing and is interacting with new peers, is

exposed to new norms about alcohol use, and parents are less

present. Senior high school students are in a life stage

characterized by risk and testing their limits to find out who they

are, living in a relatively unregulated environment surrounded by

same age peers. It may be that students acquire ideas that

drinking moderate to large amounts in college will make them

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more fun and exciting to their peers. No matter why senior high

school students use alcohol, it is a very common and serious

problem on school campuses.

Fortunately senior high level is also a time when young

people start to think about the consequences of alcohol use, and

they become better able to make responsible decisions. Some

students are able to successfully manage their academic work in

spite of drinking alcohol. Not all students are successfully able to

partake in both activities. Some students know how to balance

their academic work with their social life and not let it affect their

academic performance (Butler et al, 2011). This study seeks to

examine the extent of drinking habits and the level of academic

performance of the selected senior high school students.

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Literature Background

Alcohol drinking has been documented as a significant part of

senior high school students’ campus experience and many consider

it a defining feature of contemporary student’s culture. It is a

widespread phenomenon with the potential for adverse

consequences for both students and the campuses on which they

reside (Perkins, 2002). For many, senior high school level is also a

time for becoming part of a vibrant social environment with peers

undergoing similar developmental challenges.

While rising a glass every now and then may be okay,

excessive alcohol consumption can lead to extreme alcohol abuse

and even alcoholism. The society we live in is strongly prejudiced

by alcohol, and affects people of all ages, gender, and background.

Alcohol abuse has been a problem throughout the history of

humanity; it is a disease which has caused many people to be

overcome with trouble, problems, and debts also pattern of drinking

that interferes with day-to-day activities. Alcoholism is a term that

is widely recognized throughout the United States and the World.

Many scientists have tried to pinpoint what Alcoholism is, and what
 5

this disease may be stemming from. Some people would dispute

that alcoholism is only the over-consumption of alcohol; this

statement is only somewhat true. Alcoholism, now known as

alcohol use disorder, is a condition in which a person has a desire

or physical need to consume alcohol, even though it has a negative

impact on their life. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical

condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control

alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health

consequences. It encompasses the conditions that some people

refer to as alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction,

and the colloquial term, alcoholism (SAMHSA, 2020).

Alcohol use is the most commonly used psychoactive

substance in the world and is one of the leading causes of death

and disability (Rehm J, 2009). Alcohol abuse causes 3.2% of all

deaths worldwide annually and also accounts for 4.0% of the global

disease burden each year (World Health Organization, 2011).

Research has shown that alcohol use is associated with alcohol

addiction (Hingson, 2003), other drug use (Ellickson, 2003),

unintentional injuries (Hingson, 2003), physical fighting (Hingson,

2003), criminal activity (Ellickson, 2003), suicidal ideation and

 6

attempts (Cho, 2007), and increased risk of HIV/AIDS (Baliunas,

2010).

In order to address this global public health issue, the World Health

Organization (WHO) recently prioritized the global reduction of the

harmful use of alcohol (Geneva, 2010).

Even with limited data, it is still evident that low and middle-

income countries bear a disproportionate public health burden due

to increasing alcohol consumption and limited or non-existent

prevention policies and programs (Rehm, 2009).

Alcohol use among youth is affected by a range of

psychosocial and environmental factors. Relatively recent research

has increasingly focused on the role of exposure to alcohol

marketing broadly defined and its influences on youth drinking in

particular. However, such research has been largely limited to high

income countries, with a few exceptions (Swahn, 2004).

Intriguingly, research on the predictors of alcohol use and its

adverse outcomes among youth is scarce in the Philippines. Data

from the WHO indicates that almost 9% of the Philippines

population who are 15 years of age and older (estimated at 86

million) have an alcohol use disorder . In addition, 25% of males

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and 8.3% of females (15-85+ years) are heavy episodic drinkers

(World Health Organization.

A related and also largely unaddressed issue in the broader

Western Pacific region, and the Philippines in particular, is the role

of alcohol marketing and its potential link to early alcohol use

among youth. Since the 1990s, concern has grown about heavy

drinking and alcohol-related harm, and the link with the growth in

alcohol marketing that targets young people. In the Philippines,

new marketing strategies for beer and spirits are now being used

to target youth and women, particularly by the large local

companies, Asia Brewery and San Miguel Corporation . Although

the Philippines has a national legal minimum age for off and on

premises sales of alcoholic beverages and a recently enacted drunk

driving law , there are no restrictions on the marketing of such

alcoholic beverages to youth and minors. A high proportion of

marketing expenditures are on non-media forms of promotion .

Alcohol company sponsorship of sports and cultural events is a

major marketing strategy, which is under-researched and rarely

addressed by policy makers . Sponsorships at sports events in

particular (which attract more young people) provide promotional

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opportunities that imprint brand names and products on young

consumers and potential consumers (World Health Organization,

2006). Direct marketing includes brand promotions at venues or

retail outlets at which drinkers can be approached directly, or

creating the brand’s own events at which the public or invited

customers attend. New brands and products, such as ready-to-

drinks (RTDs) are often launched in this way to give people an

opportunity to sample the product.

Analysts of the Asian alcohol markets describe RTDs as a starting

point for young consumers moving from non-alcoholic beverages to

alcoholic drinks. Growth in RTDs is anticipated in the Philippines

among women and new young drinkers . Marketing of RTDs in the

Philippines began on a small scale but volume sales increased

markedly as local companies began to compete with the imported

brands led by Diageo Philippines Inc. . There is intense competition

between global alcohol companies such as Diageo, Heineken,

Carlsberg, Anheuser Busch, SABMiller and Kirin to position

themselves to get a share of the emerging markets in the Western

Pacific region. Review of recent corporate reports of global alcohol

 9

companies shows that the strategy is to target growing countries

with high youth populations (World Health Organization 2006).

In two of the few studies conducted on exposure to alcohol

marketing among youth in a low income country, findings

demonstrate that alcohol marketing, specifically through the

provision of free alcohol to school-attending youth (ages 13–16), is

relatively common in Zambia (30%) and among vulnerable service

seeking youth in Uganda (27.0%) and that this form of marketing

is associated with problem drinking and drunkenness . Previous

research conducted primarily in North America and Europe shows

that exposure to alcohol advertising and ownership of alcohol

promotional items has been found to increase the risk of alcohol

use among adolescents . Moreover, based on extensive research, it

is clear that alcohol marketing also influences youths’ attitudes and

perceptions about alcohol, which are related to expectancies and

intentions to consume alcohol beverages . In addition, youth who

report liking alcohol advertisements are also more likely to use

alcohol . More troubling is the issue of the long-lasting effect of

alcohol marketing exposure. As an example, research shows that

 10

exposure to alcohol advertising in youth predicts youth’s intentions

of alcohol consumption up to two years later .

The totality of previous research indicate that alcohol marketing to

youth is a growing public health concern and that this problem may

be exacerbated among youth living in countries with limited alcohol

policies and self-regulation by the alcohol industry .This may be

the case because of the resources available to the alcohol industry

to promote their marketing efforts. Alcohol Justice (formerly the

Marin Institute) is a group dedicated to respond to the alcohol

industry and their marketing practices primarily in the U.S. They

report that the alcohol industry spends more than $6 billion each

year on marketing its products . Unfortunately, many alcohol

marketing practices are aimed directly at youth and those that are

outside of the home (e.g., billboards, advertisements at sports

events and concerts, buildings, newspapers and magazines, and on

the internet) pose particular concerns because parents cannot

typically shield their children from those exposures . However,

spending on these forms of marketing, labeled “out-of-home

advertising” have increased by billions in recent years . Alcohol

advertising and marketing of alcohol products clearly increase

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intent to use as well as actual alcohol use among adolescent.

Additionally, recent research shows that youth are more exposed

to alcohol marketing than adults and need stronger protections.

The increased use of digital media is set to make matters worse.

Alcohol marketers are rapidly using social networking for their

campaigns, and such media is used more heavily by young people

which will likely exacerbate their exposure to alcohol marketing

(Hastings, 2013).

The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of

alcohol marketing exposure in a nationally representative sample

of youth in Philippines and to examine if there are significant

associations between alcohol marketing and drunkenness among

Filipino youth. Findings from this study will be important for

prevention and intervention efforts that seek to reduce alcohol use

and adverse health consequences among youth.

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a negative

pattern of alcohol use leading to a wide range of life problems.

Moreover, signs of alcoholism include tolerance (needing to drink

more in order to get intoxicated), disruption of daily functioning as

a result of drinking, withdrawal symptoms when drinking

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decreases, and a preoccupation with drinking. Although teen

alcohol use has decreased in recent years, alcohol is still the most

commonly abused drug among adolescents. Signs of alcoholism in

teens can vary widely, and may be physical, mental, behavioral,

and/or emotional. For adolescents, alcohol problems most often

arise as a result of anxiety, depression, or trauma. Alcohol can

serve as a form of self-medication for teens who are struggling and

in pain. In addition, genetics affect the likelihood of alcoholism.

According to Food Nutrition and Research Institute’s Clinical

and Health Survey, more than half of Filipinos aged 20 to 59

engage in harmful use of alcohol in the form of binge drinking, or

drinking excessively in one sitting. According to the same survey,

the youth are also at risk for adverse health effects of alcohol

consumption. It is reported that among Filipino youth aged 10 to

19, 14.9% consume alcohol, and 36.7% of these are underage

drinkers (2015).Signs of teen alcohol abuse also include slipping

grades and failure to show up for school, sports, clubs, or other

extracurricular activities. This is often the biggest sign that a teen

needs treatment for alcoholism. In addition, failing at school can

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fuel the cycle of alcohol abuse, leading to a loss of self-esteem that

catalyzes increased drinking. Moreover, if a teenager changes their

friend group, this can be one of the signs of alcoholism. A teen who

is abusing alcohol may turn away from old friendships in favor of

spending time with peers who drink. Friendships are very

influential for teens. Thus, the peers they spend time with may

impact whether they continue abusing alcohol (Translational

Psychiatry. 2019).

Many teens do not have the mental capacity to fully

understand the consequences of drinking. Teens can face

extremely negative consequences. Teens who start drinking at a

young age are more likely to develop a dependence on alcohol

later in life. No one is immune to developing a problem, but some

factors may increase the likelihood of abuse (Juergens, 2014).

Alcohol consumption is a major social issue among college

students. Most of the research articles cited above found a negative

relationship between alcohol use and academic performance.

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For years, unwarranted alcohol consumption has been

causing one of the predominant public health issues in the

Philippines. Excessive drinking has created a massive effect on the

health and social behavior in the country, including that of high

school students. Generally, drinking is one of the most common

social activities that students perceive as a normal part of their

high school experience. Some students may attend college with

conventional drinking habits, and the thrill in the high school

atmosphere itself aggravates the problem. In fact, statistics say

around 20% of college students suffer from Alcohol Use Disorder

(AUD).Drinking has negative effects on college students, their

families, and their respective schools. It was also reported that 1

out of 4 college students had poor academic standing because of

excessive drinking. Students missed classes, were failing in their

exams and academic papers, or even dropped out of school. Truth

be told; alcohol consumption is accepted among students. High

School isn’t merely about drowning oneself in heavy academic

demands. Most SHS students don’t mind going out to take a

breather or celebrate after conquering particularly heavy

challenges, such as major examinations. There is nothing wrong

with that but then again, it pays for every student to be aware of
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the unhealthy levels of alcohol consumption and their ill effects on

the brain. According to a recent report, 37.9% of college students

between 18 to 22 years old were reported to binge drink during the

last few months prior to the national survey. Binge drinkers with an

alcohol consumption of at least 3 times a week were about 6 times

more likely to experience poor academic performance compared to

those who consumed alcohol but have never resulted in binge

drinking.

Moreover, students who impulsively drink are probably 5

times prone to absences and tardiness compared to those who

frequently drink alcohol. It was also suggested that young adults

are more prone to excessive drinking and staying up late without

being extremely sedated compared to older adults. This is one of

the most probable reasons why binge drinking is most common

among college students and adolescents compared to older adults.

Furthermore, spontaneous drinking is more common among

students who stay in dormitories as well as those who are

members of fraternities and sororities compared to students who

live with their families. Excessive and impulsive drinking leads to a

sudden increase in blood alcohol levels, which eventually results in

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blackouts. Female students who binge drink were found to be of a

higher risk to blackouts than males. This is due to the varying

levels of metabolism on both genders. One of the most common

signs of brain damage is brain reduction or shrinkage. Both

genders suffer similar cognitive and learning problems due to

impulsive drinking. Our brain constantly develops from birth until

the age of 25 years old. As such, the brains of adolescents and

young adults are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol

compared to older adults. This is why impulsive drinking among

pregnant teenage mothers can cause underdeveloped brains or

FASD in infants. Delayed neurological maturation is one of the

serious effects of binge drinking, and this may be unalterable for

adolescents and young adults. Students who are prone to binge

drinking have difficulty focusing and memorizing their lessons.

Impulsive drinking affects the region of the brain that is

responsible for memory and other cognitive tasks. students who

impulsively drink tend to make rash decisions which may put them

in high-risk circumstances. Moreover, binge drinking greatly affects

a student’s control and judgment. Eventually, binge drinking

results to heavy alcohol dependency.

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Walid El Ansari, Christiane Stock and Claire Mills (2012)

examined the association between alcohol consumption and

academic achievement among university students. The author

employed five alcohol consumption measures (length of time of and

amount consumed during most recent drinking occasion, frequency

of alcohol consumption, heavy episodic drinking, problem drinking);

and an educational achievement indicator i.e. students’ actual

module mark in their study. They concluded that actual module

mark was not associated with any alcohol consumption measure.

Butler et al. (2011) examined the relationship between

drinking and academic demands. “National surveys indicate that

40% of college students binge drink regularly, and the rate of binge

drinking appears to be increasing”. The results of this study suggest

that students drank 38% less when they had an exam or paper due

the next day. Results also indicated that a student’s current day

academic demands are related to a 30% decrease in their current

day alcohol consumption. This research demonstrates that some

students are not reducing their alcohol intake even when they have

academic demands to meet the next day.

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Ana I. Balsa, Laura M. Giuliano and Michael T. French (2011)

examined the effects of alcohol use on academic achievement in

high school students’ quality of learning. Their study concluded that

increase in alcohol consumption results in small yet statistically

significant reductions in GPA for male students and statistically

insignificant changes for female students.

Singleton and Wolfston (2009) examined alcohol

consumption, amount of sleep, and academic performance. The

authors showed the relationship between alcohol use and sleep,

alcohol use and academic performance, and sleep and academic

performance. They concluded that students who drink more alcohol

maintain poor sleep patterns, which negatively affects academic

performance.

Wechsler (1995) was of the opinion that poor academic

performance among college students is associated with alcohol

consumption. Alcohol abuse has several consequences such as

students failing tests, being absent in class, dropping out of school

due to do poor grades. Alcohol abuse undermines the academic

mission of colleges and universities.

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Among students who had never engaged in binge drinking at

baseline, those who reported regular binge drinking at follow-up

were relatively less likely to complete their homework, attend

class, and value and achieve high grades, with more frequent binge

drinking at follow-up generally resulting in larger relative risk

ratios. Underage drinking is often deemed a common transitory

behaviour, reflective of the increased propensity for risk-taking

during this phase; however, experts argue that adolescents are

particularly vulnerable to experiencing adverse consequences from

alcohol use, and binge consumption magnifies the risk. The

initiation of alcohol use occurs alongside changes in life roles and

neurobiological maturation and, therefore, has the potential to

disrupt processes critical to the successful transition from childhood

to adulthood. Educational achievement is an important determinant

of how well this developmental stage is navigated. School failure,

non-completion, and truancy increase the likelihood of numerous

problems later in life, including health-risk behaviors, criminality,

violence, unemployment, and poverty. School dropout is likely

preceded by a period of student apathy, declining grades, truancy,

and/or disciplinary problems. Incorporating a range of academic

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outcomes would help to elucidate the potential mechanisms

through which binge drinking may lead to school dropout. Also,

focusing solely on degree attainment overlooks any adverse

influences of binge drinking on school performance and

engagement among students who manage to graduate. Past

research on alcohol use may fail to adequately capture the impact

on academic outcomes experienced by adolescents who binge

drink, the dominant pattern of alcohol use at this age (Patte, Qian,

and Leatherdale, 2019).

It is quite better to be aware of the fact that most students

who enter senior high school are more vulnerable to alcohol abuse.

Therefore, it is highly important to talk about its risks and negative

effects with your families so as to avoid excessive alcohol

consumption.

If you’re a student, chances are, you drink to your heart’s

content. After all, high school life is about enjoying your freedom

and making every moment pleasurable–but learn to draw the line.

When it comes to alcohol consumption, quit the “drink till you

drop” mentality. Look out for the dangers and risks associated with
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binge drinking and alcohol abuse. Set boundaries to keep yourself

safe and protect your brain from damage.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the prevalence and predictors of

alcohol drinking among Senior High School Students of the

Patronage of Mary Development School, Boljoon, Cebu during the

S. Y. 2022-2023.
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Specifically, this study answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the senior high school students in

terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Sex;

1.3. Grade level;

1.4. Strand;

1.5. Rank in the family; and

1.6. Monthly family income?

2. What is the profile of alcohol drinking when grouped

according to the following:

2.1. Mother;

2.2. Father;

2.3. Brother;

2.4. Sister;

2.5. Close Relatives; and

2.6. Friends/Classmates?

3. What is the prevalence of alcohol drinking among the

students found on their profile?

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4. What is the extent of alcohol drinking among the students

in terms of:

4.1. Frequency

4.2. Maximum Percentage of Alcohol in a drink

4.3. Amount (in terms of Liters)

5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the

students and their alcohol drinking?

6. What are the reasons why students drink alcohol?

Statement of the null hypothesis

Given the preceding question, the hypothesis is advanced:

1.1 There is no significant relationship between the profile and

their alcohol drinking among Senior High School Students.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study provided essential and relevant information about

Prevalence and Predictors of Alcohol Drinking among Senior High

School Students.

Students. The result of the study would aide them to

increase their awareness about alcohol-related issues so that at the

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early stage of life they would develop desirable habit and value

toward a better and quality of life

Parents. This study would serve as an “eye-opener” to

them, enabling there to see the real scenario of the health nutrition

factor of their students. They should know important factors that

will help their students towards the Prevalence and Predictors of

Senior High School Students. In order for them to realize the

important facts that may help their children abstain from such

activities. Moreover, this will encourage them to work hand in hand

with their children to enhance harmonious relationship between

their environment and in school.

Teachers. They would be guided to know their student

better with this study. They would come to understand the nature

of adolescence in alcoholic drinking in relation to their effort to

establish their capacity to become good contributors of society’s

development.

School Administration. This study would allow school

administrators to have better reality based on information about

Prevalence and Predictors of alcoholic drinking Senior High School

Students. Such information would help them to make action that

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will best increase awareness of the students to such activities and

address this action to adolescents, and work toward a common

good for the improvement of the living conditions each member of

the society.

Community. This study would enjoin everybody to

minimize, if not, stop the occurrence of alcohol drinking. The result

would help the community to establish (non-discriminatory) the

effects of drinking alcoholic beverages, so that the latter can be

assisted and properly evaluated themselves and look at other

productive physically harmless and healthy activities.

Future researchers. The findings of this study would prove

other researchers insight that would serve as a guide in their own

research work.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research approach/design

Mixed-Method design was used in this study that aims to

gather, understand, and interpret the data and findings. This

design was chosen as a means to test the hypothesis as to the

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relationship between the Prevalence and Predictors of alcoholic

drinking of Senior High School.

Research environment

This study was conducted at Patronage of Mary Development

School (PMDS) for academic year 2022- 2023. PMDS is located at

Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu, S. Medida Street. This was established

on January 8, 2009.

Research respondents

The researchers specifically chose the students of Patronage

of Mary Development School.

This study utilized the purposive sampling procedure since

there are already selected students who qualified the criterion. The

respondents of this study were 200 Senior High School student.

This criterion includes; the respondents must be a student from the

Patronage of Mary Development School and the respondents are

willing to answer the given questionnaires.

Research instrument

The instruments that will be used to collect and gather data

is a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to test the

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hypothesis as to the relationship between the Prevalence and

Predictors of alcoholic drinking of Senior High School. This study

conducts a survey to gather, organize and evaluate the data to

come up new information and evidence.

Research procedure

Data Gathering

A standard preliminary phase such as letters informing the

selected Senior High School students that we will be conducting a

survey. Upon approval, the researchers will administer the

questionnaire to the respondents for the collection of data.

Data analysis

The data that gathered from the respondents will be tallied,

analyzed, interpreted, tabulated, and subjected to descriptive

statistics. The statistical tools that is used in this study are the

frequency counts and Chi-square test that aims to know the

relationship between Prevalence and Predictors of alcoholic

drinking of Senior High School.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

To avoid difficulties that might be encountered in reading this

study, the following terms are defined operationally.

 30

Prevalence. This refers to the number of alcohol drinkers of

the senior high school students.

Predictors. This refers to the drinking of alcoholic beverages

as a habit of the selected Senior High School Students.

Profile. This refers to the age, sex, grade level, strand, rank

in the family, mother’s occupation and father’s occupation among

the Senior High School Students.

Relationship. Refers to the relativeness of the or Prevalence

and predictors of alcoholic drinking of the senior high school

students.

Chapter II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter shows the analyses of data, interpretation and

discussion of the outcomes.

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The discussions are presented following the order of the

research problem presented in Chapter I.

I. Profile of the Senior High School Students

Table 1.1
Age Profile of the Senior High School Students
n = 200
Age Frequency Percentage Rank
(%)
15 5 2.5% 4

16 49 24.5% 3

17 89 44.5% 1

18 51 25.5% 2

19 4 2% 5

20 2 1% 6

Majority of the Senior High School students are 17 years old

with a frequency of 89 (44.5%). Followed by 51 (25.5) senior high

school students who are 18 years old. Followed by 49 (24.5) Senior

High School students who are 16 years old. Followed by 5 (2.5%)

Senior High School students who are 15 years old. Followed by 4

(2%) Senior High School Students who are 19 years old. And

Lastly, there are 2 (1%) Senior High School Students who are 20

years old.
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Table 1.2
Sex Profile of the Senior High School Students
n = 200
Sex Frequency Percentage Rank
(%)
Male 79 39.5% 2

Female 121 60.5%% 1

In terms of sex, majority of the Senior High School students

are female with a frequency of 121 (60.5%) and male with a

frequency of 79 (39.5%).

Table 1.3
Grade Level Profile of the Senior High School Students
n = 200
Grade level Frequency Percentage Rank
(%)
11 100 50% 1.5

12 100 50% 1.5

Based on the table above, both the grade 11 and 12 students

have a frequency of 100 (50%).

Table 1.4
Strand Profile of the Senior High School Students
n = 200
Strand Frequency Percentage Rank
(%)
STEM 92 46% 1
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HUMMS 44 22% 3

ABM 64 32% 2

Majority of the Senior High School students are STEM

students with a frequency of 92 (46%). Followed by 64 (32%)

Senior High School students coming from ABM strand. Lastly, there

44 (22%) Senior High School students coming from HUMSS strand.

Table 1.5
Rank in the Family Profile of the Senior High School
Students
n = 200
Rank in the
Frequency Percentage Rank
Family (%)

Eldest 54 27% 3

Middle child 59 29.5% 2

Youngest 70 35% 1

Only Child 17 8.5% 4

Majority of the Senior High School students are the youngest

in their family with a frequency of 70 (35%). Followed by 59

(29.55%) Senior High School students who are the middle child in

their family. Followed by 54 (27%) Senior High School students

 34

who are the eldest in their family and there are 17 (8.5%) Senior

High School students who are the only child in their family.

Table 1.6
Monthly Family Income
N=200

Monthly
Percentage
Family Frequency Rank
(%)
Income

₱10,000 -
30 15% 3
₱20,000
₱20,001 -
48 24% 1
₱30,000
₱30,001 -
31 15.5% 2
₱40,000
₱40,001 -
20 10% 4
₱50,000
₱50,001 -
16 8% 6
₱60,000
₱70,001 -
7 3.5% 9
₱80,000
₱80,001 -
10 5% 7
₱90,000
₱90,001 -
18 9% 5
₱100,000
₱120,000 -
6 3% 10
₱130,000
₱130,001 -
2 1% 11.5
₱140,000
₱150,000 -
9 4.5% 8
₱160,000
₱200,000 -
2 1% 11.5
₱210,000
₱240,000 -
1 0.5% 12
₱250,000
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Majority of the students has a monthly family income of

₱20,001 to ₱30,000 with a frequency of 48 (24%). Followed by 31

(15.5%) students that has a monthly family income of ₱30,001 -

₱40,000. Followed by 30 (15%) students that has a monthly family

income of ₱10,001 - ₱20,000. Followed by 20 (10%) students that

has a monthly family income of ₱40,001 - ₱50,000. Followed by 18

(9%) students that has a monthly family income of ₱90,001 -

₱100,000. Followed by 16 (8%) students that has a monthly family

income of ₱50,001 - ₱60,000. Followed by 10 (5%) students that

has a monthly family income of ₱80,001 - ₱90,000. Followed by 9

(4.5%) students that has a monthly family income of ₱150,001 -

₱160,000. Followed by 7 (3.5%) students that has a monthly

family income of ₱70,001 - ₱80,000. Followed by 6 (3%) students

that has a monthly family income of ₱120,001 - ₱130,000. Both

₱200,001 - ₱210,000 and ₱130,001 - ₱140,000 has a frequency of

2 (1%). And lastly only 1 (0.5%) student has a monthly family

income of ₱240,001 - ₱250,000.

II. Profile of Alcohol drinking of the following when grouped

among the following.

Table 2.1
Profile of alcohol drinking
 36

n= 200
Frequency Percentage Rank
(%)
Mother 76 38% 5

Father 145 72.5% 3

Brother 97 48.5% 4

Sister 56 28% 6

Close Relatives 169 84.5% 2

Friends/Classmates 172 86% 1

Table 2.1 shows that, out of 200 Senior High School Students

172 (86%) answered that their friends or classmates are alcohol

drinker. 169 (84.5%) answered that their close relatives are

alcohol drinker. 145 (72.5%) answered that their father is an

alcohol drinker. 97 (48.5%) answered that their brother is an

alcohol drinker. 76 (38%) answered that their mother is an alcohol

drinker. And lastly, 56 (28%) answered that their sister is an

alcohol drinker.

III. Prevalence of alcohol drinking among the students

based on their profile.

Graph 3.1
Profile of alcohol drinking
N= 200
 37

Based on the graph above, for every 20 Senior High

School students, 11 of them are alcoholic drinker.

table 3.1
Age Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Age frequency Alcohol

drinkers
15 5 0

16 49 22

17 89 48

18 51 32

19 4 4

20 2 2

Based on the table above, all five 15 years old senior high

school students are non-alcoholic drinker. 22 out of 49 sixteen

years old senior high school students are alcohol drinkers. 48 out
 38

of 89 seventeen-year-old senior high school students are alcohol

drinkers. 32 out of 51 eighteen-year-old senior high school

students are alcohol drinkers. All 4 nineteen years and 2 twenty-

year-old senior high students are alcohol drinkers.

table 3.2
Sex Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Sex Frequency Alcohol

drinkers
Male 79 42

Female 121 66

Based on the table above, out of 79 male senior high school

students, 42 of them are alcohol drinkers. Out of 121 female senior

high school students, 66 of them are alcohol drinkers.

table 3.3
Grade level Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Alcohol
Grade level Frequency
drinker

11 100 40

12 100 68
 39

Based on the table above, out of 100 grade 11 students, 40

of them are alcohol drinker and out of 100 grade 12 students, 68

of them are alcohol drinker.

table 3.4
strand Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Strand Frequency Alcohol

Drinker
STEM 92 51

HUMSS 44 20

ABM 64 37

Based on the table above, out of 92 STEM students, 51 of

them are alcohol drinker. Out of the 44 HUMSS students, 20 of

them are alcohol drinker. Out of the 64 ABM students, 37 of them

are alcohol drinker.

table 3.5
Rank in the Family Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Rank in the
Frequency Alcohol
Family drinker

Eldest 54 32

Middle child 59 35

Youngest 70 34
 40

Only Child 17 7

Base on the table above, out of 54 eldest students, 32 of

them are alcohol drinker. Out of 59 middle child students, 35 of

them are alcohol drinker. Out of the 70 youngest students, 34 of

them are alcohol drinker. And 7 out of 17 only child students are

alcohol drinker.

table 3.6
Monthly family Income Profile of alcohol drinkers
N= 200

Monthly Alcohol
Family Frequency drinker
Income

₱10,000 -
30 17
₱20,000
₱20,001 -
48 28
₱30,000
₱30,001 -
31 17
₱40,000
₱40,001 -
20 9
₱50,000
₱50,001 -
16 5
₱60,000
₱70,001 -
7 3
₱80,000
₱80,001 -
10 5
₱90,000
₱90,001 -
18 8
₱100,000
 41

₱120,000 -
6 4
₱130,000
₱130,001 -
2 2
₱140,000
₱150,000 -
9 7
₱160,000
₱200,000 -
2 2
₱210,000
₱240,000 -
1 1
₱250,000

Based on the table above, seventeen out of 30 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱10,000 to ₱20,000 are alcoholic

drinker. 28 out of 48 students whose family’s monthly income is

₱20,001 to ₱30,000 are alcoholic drinker. 17 out of 31 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱30,001 to ₱40,000 are alcoholic

drinker. 9 out of 20 students whose family’s monthly income is

₱40,001 to ₱50,000 are alcoholic drinker. 5 out of 16 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱50,001 to ₱60,000 are alcoholic

drinker. 3 out of 7 students whose family’s monthly income is

₱70,001 to ₱80,000 are alcoholic drinker. 5 out of 10 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱80,001 to ₱90,000 are alcoholic

drinker. 8 out of 18 students whose family’s monthly income is

₱90,001 to ₱100,000 are alcoholic drinker. 4 out of 6 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱120,001 to ₱130,000 are

alcoholic drinker. 2 students whose family’s monthly income is

 42

₱130,001 to ₱140,000 are alcoholic drinker. 7 out of 9 students

whose family’s monthly income is ₱150,001 to ₱160,000 are

alcoholic drinker. 2 students whose family’s monthly income is

₱200,000 to ₱210,000 are alcoholic drinker. 1 student whose

family’s monthly income is ₱240,000 to ₱250,000 are alcoholic

drinker.

IV. Extent of alcohol drinking among the students

Table 4.1
Frequency of Alcohol Drinking of the Senior High
School Students
N= 200
Frequency Frequency Rank
Percentage
Every week 15 7.5% 4

Once a month 23 11.5% 3

Once every two months 11 5.5% 5

Occasionally 53 26.5% 2

Twice a year 6 3% 6

Never 92 46% 1

Table 4.1 shows that, out of 200 students 92 (46%)

answered that they never drink alcohol. 53 (26.5%) answered that

they drink alcohol occasionally. 23 (11.5%) answered that they

 43

drink alcohol once a month. 15 (7.5%) answered that they drink

alcohol every week. 11 (5.5%) answered that they drink alcohol

once every two months. And lastly, 6 (3%) answered that they

drink alcohol twice a year.

Table 4.2
Maximum Percentage of Alcohol Drinking of the Senior
High School Students
N = 200

Maximum
Frequency Rank
Percentage
Percentage

0% 92 1
46%
0.01% - 10.00% 23 11.5% 3

10.01% - 20.00% 41 20.5% 2

20.01% - 30.00% 4 2% 7

30.01% - 40.00% 12 6% 5

40.01% - 50.00% 9 4.5% 6

50.01% - 60.00% 3 1.5% 8

60.01% - 70.00% 2 1% 9

70.01% - 80.00% 14 7% 4
 44

Table 4.2 shows that, out of 200 senior high school students

92 (46%) answered that 0% is their maximum percentage in a

drink. 41 (20.5%) answered that 10.01% - 20.00% is their

maximum alcohol percentage in a drink. 23 (11.5%) answered that

20.01% - 30.00% is their maximum alcohol percentage in a drink.

14 (6%) answered that 70.01% - 80.00% is their maximum

alcohol percentage in a drink. 12 (6%) answered that 30.01% -

40.00% is their maximum alcohol percentage in a drink. 9 (4.5%)

answered that 40.01% - 50.00% is their maximum alcohol

percentage in a drink. 4 (2%) answered that 20.01% - 30.00% is

their maximum alcohol percentage in a drink. 3 (1.5%) answered

that 50.01% - 60.00% is their maximum alcohol percentage in a

drink. And lastly, 2 (1%) answered that 60.01% - 70.00% is their

maximum alcohol percentage in a drink.

Table 4.3
 45

Amount (In terms of Liters) of Alcohol Drinking of the

Senior High School Students
N = 200
Amount Frequency Rank
Percentage
0L 92 1
46%
0.01L – 0.5L 46 3
23%
0.6L – 1L 54 27% 2

1.01L – 1.5L 5 2.5% 4

1.51L – 2L 3 1.5% 5

Table 4.3 shows that, out of 200 senior high school students

92 (46%) answered that the amount they can drink in alcohol

drinking is 0 liter. 54 (27%) answered that the amount they can

drink in alcohol drinking is 0.6 liter to 1 liter. 46 (23%) answered

that the amount they can drink in alcohol drinking is 0.01 liter to

0.5 liter. 5 (2.5%) answered that the amount they can drink in

alcohol drinking is 1.01 liter to 1.5 liter. 3 (1.5%) answered that

the amount they can drink in alcohol drinking is 1.6 liter to 2 liters.
 46

V. Significant relationship between the profile of the

students and their alcohol drinking.

Table 5.1
Relationship between the profile of the students and
their frequency in alcohol drinking of the Senior High School
Students
N= 200

PROFILE AND FREQUENCY OF ALCOHOL DRINKING

Decision
PROFILE CHI - SQUARE P- VALUE on Ho INTERPRETATION
AGE 38.9888 0.036934 Rejected Significant
SEX 12.1894 0.032288 Rejected Significant
GRADE LEVEL 23.1442 0.000317 Rejected Significant
STRAND 8.8974 0.541868 Accepted Insignificant
RANK IN THE FAMILY 15.925 0.387054 Accepted Insignificant
MONTHY FAAMILY
INCOME 91.9423 0.00501 Rejected Significant

The test of relationship between the age profile of the

students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a computed

chi-square of 38.9888 and p-value of 0.036934. The computed p-

value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the sex profile of the

students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a computed

 47

chi-square of 12.1894 and p-value of 0.032288. The computed p-

value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the grade level profile of the

students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a computed

chi-square of 23.1442 and p-value of 0.000317. The computed p-

value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a significant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the strand profile of the

students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a computed

chi-square of 8.8974 and p-value of 0.541868. The computed p-

value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an insignificant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the rank in the family profile

of the students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a

 48

computed chi-square of 15.925 and p-value of 0.387054. The

computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an

insignificant relationship between students’ age profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the Monthly family income

profile of the students and frequency of their alcohol drinking has a

computed chi-square of and p-value of 0.00501. The computed p-

value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an significant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.

Table 5.2
Relationship between the profile of the students and
their maximum percentage in alcohol drinking of the Senior
High School Students
N= 200
PROFILE AND MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE OF ALCOHOL IN A DRINK
CHI - P- DECISION ON INTERPRETATI
PROFILE SQUARE VALUE Ho ON
0.36536
AGE 42.4631 1 Accepted Insignificant
0.38458
SEX 8.5718 9 Accepted Insignificant
0.12806
GRADE LEVEL 12.5566 7 Accepted Insignificant
0.59714
STRAND 14.0206 9 Accepted Insignificant
RANK IN THE 0.93176
FAMILY 16.9739 2 Accepted Insignificant
Monthly family 228.5267 0.00001 Rejected Significant
 49

income 1

The test of relationship between the age profile of the

students and Maximum percentage of their alcohol drinking has a

computed chi-square of 42.4631 and p-value of 0.365361. The

computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an

insignificant relationship between students’ age profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the sex profile of the

students and maximum percentage of their alcohol drinking has a

computed chi-square of 8.5718 and p-value of 0.384589. The

computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an

insignificant relationship between students’ sexx profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the grade level profile of the

students and maximum percentage of their alcohol drinking has a

computed chi-square of 12.5566 and p-value of 0.128067. The

computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an

 50

insignificant relationship between students’ grade level profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the strand profile of the

students and maximum percentage of their alcohol drinking has a

computed chi-square of 14.0206 and p-value of 0.597149. The

computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an

insignificant relationship between students’ strand profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the rank in the family profile

of the students and maximum percentage of their alcohol drinking

has a computed chi-square of 16.9739 and p-value of 0.931762.

The computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of

significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there

is an insignificant relationship between students’ rank in the family

profile and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the monthly family income

profile of the students and maximum percentage of their alcohol

drinking has a computed chi-square of 228.5267 and p-value of

0.000011. The computed p-value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level

of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore,

 51

there is a significant relationship between students’ monthly Family

income profile and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

Table 5.3
Relationship between the profile of the students and
their Amount (in liters) in an alcoholic drink of the Senior
High School Students
N= 200
PROFILE AND AMOUNT (IN TERMS OF LITERS)
CHI - P- INTERPRETATIO
PROFILE SQUARE VALUE DECISION ON Ho N
0.15093
AGE 26.4679 6 Accepted Insignificant
0.06616
SEX 8.805 3 Accepted Insignificant
0.00044
GRADE LEVEL 20.2435 7 Rejected Significant
0.57957
STRAND 6.6069 6 Accepted Insignificant
0.87006
RANK IN THE FAMILY 6.8076 2 Accepted Insignificant
MONTHY FAMILY 0.04750
INCOME 65.467 8 Rejected Significant

The test of relationship between the age profile of the

students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink has a computed

chi-square of 26.4679 and p-value of 0.150936. The computed p-

value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level of significance. Thus, the

null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is an insignificant

relationship between students’ age profile and frequency of their

alcohol drinking.
 52

The test of relationship between the sex profile of the

students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink of their alcohol

drinking has a computed chi-square of 8.805 and p-value of

0.066163. The computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level

of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore,

there is an insignificant relationship between students’ age profile

and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the grade level profile of the

students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink of their alcohol

drinking has a computed chi-square of 20.2435 and p-value of

0.000447. The computed p-value is lower than at alpha 0.05 level

of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore,

there is a significant relationship between students’ age profile and

frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the strand profile of the

students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink of their alcohol

drinking has a computed chi-square of 6.6069 and p-value of

0.579576. The computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05 level

of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore,

there is an insignificant relationship between students’ age profile

and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

 53

The test of relationship between the rank in the family profile

of the students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink of their

alcohol drinking has a computed chi-square of 6.8076 and p-value

of 0.870062. The computed p-value is higher than at alpha 0.05

level of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Therefore, there is an insignificant relationship between students’

age profile and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

The test of relationship between the Monthly family income

profile of the students and Amount in liters in an alcoholic drink of

their alcohol drinking has a computed chi-square of 65.467 and p-

value of 0.047508. The computed p-value is lower than at alpha

0.05 level of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Therefore, there is a significant relationship between students’ age

profile and frequency of their alcohol drinking.

VI. Reasons why students drink alcohol.

Non-alcoholic drinker. 92 out of 200 students answered that

they are not alcoholic drinker. A student stated that:

“I am not an alcoholic drinker.”

 54

For fun. 47 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcohol is to have fun.

“ Being drunk with friends is a fun experience for me.”

“ Basta magtagay mi malipay ko” (Whenever we drink

Alcoholic drinks I feel happy)

Peer Pressure. 25 out of 200 students answered that the reason

why they drink alcoholic drinks because they think that they might

be isolated or discarded from a group of friends. A students stated

that:

“Dili ko kasabay nila if di ko muinom.” (I couldn’t vibe with

them if I didn’t drink alcoholic drinks.)

“I feel like they’ll be upset and will hold grudge if I won’t

drink.”

Influence. 14 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcoholic drinks is because they were influenced by their

friends, family and relatives. A students answered that:

 55

“I was influenced by my friends as every time we hang out

we drink alcohol”

“ My family and relatives always drink when we have an

occasion wherein I was influenced”

Family problems. 12 out of 200 students answered that the

reason why they drink alcoholic drink is to unwind from their

problems at home.

“ Daghan kaayong problema sa balay maong ang pag-inom

ug alcoholic drinks ang usa sa akong solusyon aron mawala ang

mga probelma.” (One of my solutions to get away from all the

problems at home is to drink alcoholic drinks.)

“Drinking alcoholic drinks helps me relax and have a deep

breathe from all the problems.”

Personal problems. 8 out 200 students answered that the

reason why they drink alcoholic drinks is because drinking

removes, at least temporarily, the problems and alleviate their

feelings of negativity.
 56

“Drinking alcoholic drinks is my way to have a moment of

rest from all my problems.”

“Drinking alcoholic drinks helps me to relieve from all of my

negative feelings.

Addiction. 6 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcoholic drinks is because it made their life complete

when they heavily relying on drinking. A students stated that:

“I am very fond with the taste of alcohol in which I’m very

addicted to it”

“uhaw man sige.” (I’m very thirsty)

Celebration. 5 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcoholic drinks is because alcohol is expected to be

served during events and occasions.

“Ig mag pista naa may tagay sigi” (In fiesta there is always

alcoholic drinks being served.)

 57

“Celebration wouldn’t be complete if there is no alcoholic

drinks”

Failed relationships. 5 out of 200 students answered that the

reason why they drink alcoholic drinks is because drinking drowned

their sorrows after a bad break-up. A students stated that:

“After breakup kay muinom jud ko kay aron mapagawas

nako tanang kasakit” (After breakup, I drink alcohol as this is the

way I can let out the pain)

Attention. 4 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcoholic drinks is because they seek for attention and

show that they are different from all of the others. A students

answered that:

“Makaget og attention ang muinom. clout chaser baya ko.”

(Drinking alcoholic beverages gives me attention to the crowd. I

am a clout chaser.)
 58

Stress. 4 out of 200 students answered that the reason why they

drink alcoholic drinks is because it helps them feel relax through a

stressful period in their life.

“Even for the meantime, makahelp ang pag drink og alcoholic

beverages kay makawala og stress, murag wa kaykoy huna

hunaon” (Even for the meantime, drinking alcoholic beverages

helps me to relieve stress and it felt like I don’t have to mind the

stress anymore)

Curiosity. 1 out of 200 students answered that the reason why

they drink alcoholic drinks of out of curiosity

“Na curious ko unsay lami sa alcoholic drinks” (I’m curious on

what the alcoholic drinks taste like.)

 59

CHAPTER III

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion

and recommendations.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

I. Profile of the Senior High School Students

Eighty-nine out of the 200 senior high school students are 17

years old, 51 of them are 18 years old, 49 of them are 16 years

old. 5 of them are 15 years old, 4 of them are 19 years old, and 2

of them are 20 years old. 121 of them are females and 79 of them

are male. Both grade 11 and 12 have the same frequency of 100.

92 of them are from STEM, 64 are from the ABM, and 44 of them

are from HUMSS. 70 of them are the youngest among the family,

59 of them are middle child, 54 of them are the eldest, and 17 of

them are the only child. Majority of the students has a monthly

family income of ₱20,001 to ₱30,000 with a frequency of 48.

II. Profile of Alcohol drinking of the following.

One hundred and Seventy-two out of the 200 students’

friends or classmate are alcohol drinker. 169 out of the 200

 60

students’ close relatives are alcohol drinker. 145 out of the 200

students’ father are alcohol drinker. 97 out of the 200 students’

brother are alcohol drinker. 76 out of the 200 students’ mother are

alcohol drinker. And lastly, 56 out of the 200 students’ sister are

alcohol drinker.

III. Prevalence of alcohol drinking among the students

Out of the entire population, 108 out of the 200 students are

alcoholic drinker or for every 20 senior high school students, 11 of

them are alcoholic drinker. 48 of the alcoholic drinker are 17 years

old, 66 of them are female, 68 of them are grade 12 students, 51

of them are STEM students, 35 of them are middle child, and 28 of

them has a family income of ₱20,001 to ₱30,000.

IV. Extent of alcohol drinking among the students

Ninety-two out of the 200 students never drink alcoholic

beverages. 53 of them drink alcohol occasionally. 23 of them drink

alcoholic beverages once a month. 15 of them drink alcoholic

beverages once a week. 11 of them drink alcoholic beverages once

every 2 months. And 6 of them drink alcoholic beverages twice a

year.

41 of them answered that their maximum alcohol in a drink

is 10.01% to 20.00%. 23 of them answered 0.01% to 10.00%

 61

percent. 14 of them answered 70.01% to 80.00%. 12 of them

answered 30.01% to 40.00%. 9 of them answered 40.01% to

50.00%. 4 of them answered 20.01% to 30.00%. 3 of them

answered 50.01% to 60.00%. and lastly, 2 of them answered

60.01% to 70.00%.

54 of them answered that they can drink 0.6 Liter to 1 liter

of alcohol. 46 of them answered 0.01 Liters to 0.5 liters. 5 of them

answered 1.01 liter to 1.5 liter. And lastly, 3 of them answered

1.51 liter to 2 liters.

V. Significant relationship between the profile of the

students and their alcohol drinking.

In terms on the frequency in alcoholic drinks, there is no

significant relationship between the strand and rank in the family

of the senior high school students and their maximum percentage

in alcoholic drinks. And there is a significant relationship between

the age, sex, grade level, and monthly family income profile and

their frequency in alcoholic drinking.

In terms on the percentage of an alcoholic drink, there is no

significant relationship between the age, sex, grade level, strand,

 62

and rank in the family and their amount in an alcoholic drink. And

there is a significant relationship between the monthly family

income profile and their percentage of in an alcoholic drink.

In terms of amount (in liters) in a drink, there is no

significant relationship between the age, sex, strand, and rank in

the family profile and their alcohol drinking. And there is a

significant relationship between the grade level, Monthly family

income profile and their amount (in liters) in alcohol drinking.

VI. Reasons why student drink alcohol.

Ninety-two of the students answered that they are non-

alcoholic drinker. 47 of them answered that they drink alcohol for

fun. 25 of them answered that they drink alcohol because of peer

pressure. 14 of them answered that they drink alcohol is because

they were influenced. 12 of them answered that the reason why

they drink alcohol is due their family problem. And 8 of them

answered that the reason why they drink alcohol is due to their

personal problems.
 63

CONCLUSION

Based on the summary of findings, most of the senior high

school students are alcoholic drinker, female, 17 years old, grade

12, STEM student, and has a family income of ₱20,001 to ₱30,000

and most of their classmate or friend are alcohol drinker.

The researchers concluded that the first timer or students

who are new in drinking alcohol are more frequently to drink

alcoholic drinks. Male senior high school students are more

frequently drinker than female. Grade 12 students are more

alcoholic than the grade 11 students. Monthly family income has a

big influence in their alcohol drinking background. The lower their

Monthly Family income, the more they are frequent in drinking

alcoholic drinks. They are also more focused in drinking low

alcoholic percentage drinks as these are more advertised,

available, and sold in cheaper price. Their friends and classmates

have a big role in influencing them in drinking alcoholic drinks, as

they were peer pressured and also want to have fun.

 64

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results of the summary of findings and

conclusion by the researchers, the following statements are

recommended:

1. The students must learn to minimize their habit in alcohol

drinking especially to those who are minor as this will

later on affect their lifestyle, health, and behavior.

2. The parents should provide awareness and discipline their

children with their behavior towards alcohol drinking.

3. The teachers should provide them information regarding

to alcohol drinking and its effects towards its student.

4. The school administration must promote heathy activities

and minimize the consumption of alcoholic drinks.

5. The community must enjoin everybody to minimize, if not,

stop the occurrence of alcohol drinking. This will look at

the other productive physically harmless and healthy

activities.

6. The future researchers should further or expand the

number of respondents and widen the sub variety of

 65

profile among the students to have more accurate and

precise study.
 66

REFERENCES

Addiction Center. (2022, September 22). Episode 32 – Trauma And

Addiction. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from
https://www.addictioncenter.com/teenage-drug-abuse/underage-
drinking/

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APPENDICES

Appendix A
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE SCHOOL DIRECTOR
Patronage of Mary Development School
Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu
October ,2022
Dear Sir,

Greetings!

The undersigned students of Patronage of Mary Development

School are conducting a research study on the Prevalence and
Predictors of Alcohol Drinking Among Senior High School Students.
In relation to this, we request permission from you, the school
director that we may be allowed to administer our questionnaire to
the said Senior High School students.

Approval of this request is deeply appreciated.

Very truly yours,

KURT ARRAND F. LLENA
ELONAH G. GUMANDOY
JASMINE G. GUMANDOY
MARIE LUISA M. JAEKEL
LADY LOVE H. ROMERO
CHRISIELDA P. TRAPILA
Approved by: _________________

ROUEL A. LONGINOS, Ed.D.,Ph.D.

School Supervisor
 70

Patronage of Mary Development School

Appendix B
INFORMED CONSENT

Dear Respondents,

We are the Senior High School students at the Patronage of

Mary Development School. We invite you to participate in a
research study. We are now going to explain the study to you.
Please feel free to ask any question that you may have about the
research. We will be happy to explain anything in greater detail.
If you agree to participate in this study, you will be asked to
answer the following questions and will record your responses. This
will take 2-5 minutes.

Rest assured that your participation is completely anonymous

as no identifying information will be collected. The data you will
provide will be treated with utmost respect and confidentiality and
that the results will be used for research and educational purposes
only.
Thank you.

Truly yours,

The Researchers
 71

Participant/ Respondent:

My entire questions and concerns about this study have been

addressed. I choose voluntarily to participate in this research
study.

_______________________________________ ___________
Signature over Printed Name of the Respondent Date

_______________________________________ ___________
Signature over Printed Name of the Researcher Date
 72

Appendix C
Name (optional): _________________________ Age: ______
Sex: _______ Grade level: ______ Strand: ___________
Rank in the Family: ____________
Monthly Family income:______________

Frequency: ________________
Maximum percentage of alcohol in a drink: _______________
Amount in terms of liters: _____________________
What are your reasons why you drink alcohol (leave if non-
drinker):

Profile of alcoholic drinking among the following. Please check the

blank below.

1. Mother ( )

2. Father. ( )

3. Brother ( )

4. Sister. ( )

5. Close relatives ( )

6. Friends or classmate ( )
 73

Appendix D
Research Environment

Map of Patronage of Mary Development School

Building A
St. Rita Building
 74

Building B
St. Joseph Building

Building C
Snr. Sto. Nino Building
 75

APPENDIX D

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : Kurt Arrand F. Llena

ADDRESS : Lagunde, Oslob, Cebu

Contact No: 0999-922-3908

  
PERSONAL DATA
        Age               : 18

        Date of Birth   : August 20, 2004

        Place of Birth  : Caloocan City

        Gender          : Male

        Nationality    : FILIPINO

        Religion         : Roman Catholic

        Civil Status    : Single 

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Junior High School: Patronage of Mary Elementary School

Address                  : Pob. Boljoon, Cebu

Year                     : 2017-2021

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Elementary School

Address                  : Pob. Boljoon, Cebu

Year                       : 2021-2022
 76

Name: Elonah G. Gumandoy

Address: Luka, Oslob, Cebu

Contact No.: 09273817517

PERSONAL DATA

Age : 18

Date of Birth: October 22,2004

Place of Birth: Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Development School

Address: S Medida Street, Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year: 2022-present

Junior High School: Tan-awan National High School

Address: Tan-awan, Oslob, Cebu

Year: 2020-2021
Name: Jasmine G. Gumandoy

Address: Luka, Oslob, Cebu

Contact No.: 09273817518

PERSONAL DATA

Age : 18

Date of Birth: October 22,2004

Place of Birth: Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Development School

Address: S Medida Street, Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year: 2022-present

Junior High School: Tan-awan National High School

Address: Tan-awan, Oslob, Cebu

Year: 2020-2021
 78

NAME : Marie M. Jaekel

ADDRESS : Brgy. Atabay, Alcoy, Cebu

Contact No: 09279825708

  
PERSONAL DATA
        Age                  : 18

        Date of Birth   : February 13, 2004

        Place of Birth  : Germany

        Gender            : Female

        Nationality      : German/ Filipino

        Religion           : Roman Catholic

        Civil Status      : Single 

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Junior High School: Patronage of Mary Development School

Address                  : Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year                       : 2017-2020

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Development School

Address                  : Pob. Boljoon, Cebu

Year                       : 2021-2022
 79

Name: Lady Love Romero

Address: El Pardo, Boljoon, Cebu

Contact No: 09506093840

Email Address: romerolablab08@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 17

Date of Birth : March 15, 2005

Place of Birth : El Pardo, Boljoon, Cebu

Gender : Female

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Christian (Roman Catholic)

Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Development School

Address : Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year : 2021- 2022

Junior High School : Patronage of Mary Development School

Address : Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year : 2017-2021
 80

NAME : Chriselda P. Trapila

ADDRESS : Luka, Oslob, Cebu

Contact No: 0967-009-8124

  
PERSONAL DATA
        Age                  : 17

        Date of Birth   : July 14, 2005

        Place of Birth  : Luka, Oslob, Cebu

        Gender            : Female

        Nationality      : FILIPINO

        Religion           : Roman Catholic

        Civil Status      : Single 

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Junior High School: Tan-awan National Highschool

Address                  : Tan-awan, Oslob, Cebu

Year                       : 2017-2021

Senior High School: Patronage of Mary Elementary School

Address                  : Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Year                       : 2021-2022