MODULE 3

Chapter V- Film Processing

Learning Objectives: At the end of the semester, the students will be able to:
1. Explain and internalize the chemical processing and Steps in developing black and white films
2. Know the importance of a Forensic Photographer and crime scene photography
3. Explain and internalize the task of a scene of the crime operations
1. Understand and must able to discuss the sequential photographs of the crime scene, types of Range and
etc.
2.
Film Processing
-is the method of processing the expose film in the chemicals in order to produce negative copies
known as the partial product of photography which is the basis of producing the photographs or positive
copies during printmaking. Hence, after the film has been exposed to light with the aid of camera the
image of the object there is only latent or temporary so to make it visible and permanent it is necessary to
process in chemicals. This stage of photography is critical because once the film would be destroyed
during its processing in chemicals no more image to be formed in short no more negative and it cannot
proceed in printmaking, therefore utmost care is very significant.
Darkroom
- It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of light sensitive
photographic materials, including photographic film and photographic paper.
Changing Bag
- lacking a darkroom, a photographer can make use of a changing bag. The changing bag is small
bag with sleeved arm holes specially designed to be completely light proof and used to prepare film prior
to exposure or developing.
Developing Tank
- It is a light-tight container used for developing film. A developing tank allows photographic
film to be developed in a daylight environment. This is useful because most film is panchromatic and
therefore cannot be exposed to any light during processing. Depending upon the size and type, a
developing tank can hold one too many roll or sheet films.

Types of Developing Tanks and reels for roll films

1. Stainless steel Reel

- The film is clipped to the center and then gently pinched while the reel is turned so that the film
falls into the reel’s grooves.
2. Plastic Reel
- The film is loaded from the outside and then wound onto the reel by rotating the reel with a back
and forth motion.

Steps in developing black and white film

1. Tank Method
1.1 Dillute the chemicals. Most photographic chemicals come in concentrate form, which needs to be
mixed with water. You are going to use the graduated cylinder to measure the chemicals and water,
and the gallon jugs to store them.
1.2 THE DEVELOPER – “1:3” chemical to water mix. That is, 1 part developer to 3 parts water. This
gives you a “stock solution.” Fill one gallon jug with this stock solution. The stock solution will be
diluted more before using it on the film. When you dilute the stock solution, you will have a “working
solution”.

1.3 THE STOP BATH- 1:3 chemical to water mix. Mix the stop bath and water together and store in
gallon jug.

1.4 THE FIXER- 1:4 chemical to water mix. Mix the fixer and water together and store in a gallon jug.

1.5 Once the chemicals have been mixed and stored in the gallon jugs, you need to bring them to the
correct temperature. Fill a large sink (like your kitchen sink) with water that is 68 degrees Fahrenheit
(20 degrees Celsius). Use the thermometer to get correct temperature. This is very important. Now
put your gallon jugs of chemicals in the sink, floating in the water. These chemicals must be 20
degrees Celsius when you use them. You are going to put them in 68 degrees water because the
temperature of the water is going to drop a bit while bringing the chemicals to the correct
temperature. You really must be very accurate when it comes to the chemical temperatures. More
than 1 degree above or 1 degree below 20 degrees can have a big effect on the film. Remember, the
final chemical temperature you want is 20 degrees, and you are soaking the chemicals in 68 degrees
water because the gallon jugs will sit in the water for at least 30 minutes, and the water temperature
will drop a couple degrees during that time.

1.6 Pop open the film canister, remove the film, load the film onto the film real and place the reel inside
the developing tank. This must be in complete darkness inside the darkroom or a changing bag. No
light whatsoever. No red safety lights either. Take the scissors, bottle opener, film canister, film reel,
and developing tank into a dust free room that you can make light tight. For the moment, you can
have the room lights turned on.

1.7 Place the tools out in front of you, possibly on a desk. You are going to be loading the film onto the
reel in complete darkness, so make sure you lay the tools out in a way that you can find them in the
dark.

1.8 Turn off the lights. Use the bottle opener to pop the bottom off the film canister, which should be very
easy. While only touching the film negative from the edges, pull the film out of the canister. The film
will be tapped to the center film spool. Make sure you cut it off right at the base of the spool or you’ll
be cutting through your pictures. Also cut the tip off the film (the odd shaped piece that sticks out of
the canister when you first buy the film) so that it’s flat. You only need to cut about 1 inch off the tip.

1.9 Spool the film onto the film reel. While not touching the surface of the negative, slide the negative
into the opening surface of the negative, slide the negative into the opening of the reel. Slide about 4
inches of film into the reel. Start walking the film onto the reel by twisting one side of the reel back
 and forth. To be clear on this, keep your left hand steady, and with your right hand twist the right side
of the reel forward, then bring it back. Continue doing this until all the film is loaded onto the reel.

1.10 Place the reel inside the developing tank, and screw the lid onto the tank. The tank is now light-tight,
and you can turn on the lights. Even though the developing tank has a hole in the top for pouring in
the chemicals, it is in fact light-tight. Pour water into the tank, let stand for 1 minute, this is called
pre-wetting and will make the film swell up and accept the developer situation. Pour out the water.

1.11 Bring the developing tank to the sink where you have the chemical jugs floating in water. Check the
developer chemical with the thermometer. If it’s at 20 degrees Celsius, then you are ready to go. If it
is a higher than 20 degrees, then keep checking every 10 minutes until its ready. If it is below 20
degrees, add some hot water to the sink the gallon jugs are floating in. pour 1 ounce of the stock
developing solution into the graduated cylinder and then add 7 ounces of 20 degrees Celsius water to
that. You are making a “working solution” by using a 1:7 chemical to water ratio. To recap, you
made a stock solution of the developing chemical by using a 1:3 chemical concentrate to water ratio,
and then mixed that stock solution with 1:7 working chemical to water ratio.
1.12 With stopwatch in hand, pour the working developer into the hole in the top of the developing tank,
do this very quickly and start the stopwatch as soon as you have poured all the developer into the
tank. Smack the developing tank on a counter a few times to dislodge any bubbles that might be
clinging on to the film. Agitate the tank for 30 seconds. Do this by swirling the tank around. You are
going to leave the film in the developer for as many minutes are appropriate for your film type, or
commonly 5-6 minutes. Agitate the film for 5 seconds every 30 seconds. Agitation is very
important. Do not neglect to agitate the developing tank. The developing chemicals become
exhausted very shortly after coming in contact with the film. The agitation ensures that fresh
chemicals are touching the film. However, this exhaustion of the chemicals is an important part of
the process. Over agitating can give negative results or positive results. It depends on the look you
are going for. Too much agitation increases the contrast in the image but often you will damage the
film and see sprocket marks if you have over agitated.

1.13 When the stopwatch has reached 5-6 minutes from the end of your time, start pouring the developer
out of the top of the tank and into the sink drain. Do not take the lid off the developing tank.

1.14 For the stop bath you can use water at 20 degrees Celsius. Pour the water in the canister agitates for a
couple seconds and pour out, repeat 4 times. Or alternatively you can use the stop bath chemical.
With stopwatch in hand, quickly pour the stop bath into the top of the developing tank until the tank
is full. There is no need to dilute the stop bath more, so you can pour straight from the gallon jug.
Start the stopwatch when you have filled the tank up. Once again, smack the tank against a counter a
couple times to dislodge any bubbles. You are going to leave the film in the stop bath for 1 minute
and 20 seconds. The purpose of the stop bath is to neutralize any remaining developer left on the
film, and arrest the developing process.

1.15 When the stopwatch has reached 1 minute and 20 seconds, start pouring the stop bath out. Some stop
bath solutions, like Kodak indicator stop bath, can be re-used. If this is the chemical you are using,
 then pour the stop bath back into the gallon jug for later use. The word “indicator” in Kodak
indicator stop bath means the chemical indicates when it is no longer any good. The chemical, when
mixed with water, is yellow. As long as the stop bath remains yellow in color, it is good to use.

1.16. Next, pour the fixer into tank until it is full. Assuming your fixer is prediluted, there is no need to
dilute the fixer more, so you can pour straight from the gallon jug. Start the stopwatch once the tank is
full. You are going to leave the film in the fixing solution for 6 minutes, as few as 4 rapid fixer. Smack
the tank against the counter to dislodge any bubbles Agitate the film for 3 seconds every 30 seconds.
Some people don’t agitate during the fixing process. It is safe to open the tank completely after 6 minutes.

1.17. Once the stopwatch has reached 6 minutes, pour the fixer out of the tank. Do not re-use the fixer.
You can now unscrew the top of the developing tank and expose the film negative to light. Once the film
has been “fixed”, it is no longer light sensitive. The rest of the process is done with the lid of the
developing tank off.

1.18. Put the developing tank under the running water. It’s time to wash all the chemicals off the film.
You are going to leave the film under the running water for 10 minutes. The water should fill up the
developing and overflow. Let it overflow. Every couple of minutes, dump out the water and let the tank
fill back up with fresh running water. You want to keep fresh 20 degrees water pouring into the
developing tank. This final washing part of the process is very important. 10 minutes is the minimum time
to wash the film, but you can do it longer. It is also important that you are washing the film with 20
degrees water. Using hotter or colder water can affect the final picture.

1.19. After the 10 minutes is up, lift the film reel out of the tank and lightly shake off any remaining
water. Turn the reel clockwise (could be counter-clockwise, depends on how you’re holding the reel, so
try them both) until the top half of the reel comes apart from the lower half of the reel. Now use one of the
film clips and clip it onto the end of the film negative. Some clips have small “hooks” on them. You can
run the hooks through the square holes running down the sides of the film, and thus avoid puncturing the
film negative. By lifting up the clip, pull the film up out of the reel. If everything went well, you should
see your pictures on the negative. Clip the other film clip onto the bottom of the negative. This will act as
a weight. Hang the negative up to dry in a room temperature, dust free room. Leave the negative to dry
for at least 2 hours. That’s it! You’re all done. You can now take the negatives and conduct printmaking
process to produce positive or photographs.

2. Tray Method

2.1 Prepare the chemicals on the gallon jugs according on the instructional guidelines of mixture.

2.2 Pour the working solutions on their respective trays such as developer, stop bath, fixer and hypo-
clearing agent.

2.3 Prior to open the film cartridge, switch off first the white light just to protect the film against
unwanted light that might destroy on it.

2.4. Open the fill cartridge through prying off the cap opposite the end, where long spool core protrudes.
2.5. Hold both edges and base of film avoid touching the emulsion or else the fingerprint will form,
immerse thoroughly the film in the developer tray until it is evenly wet and starts agitation through
pulling up or down motion for 5-6 minutes.

2.6 Transfer it to the stop bath’s tray and continue the same motion of agitation for 1 minute and 20
seconds.

2.7 Afterwards place it on the fixer’s tray and execute the same motion of agitation for about 6 minutes.

2.8. Wash the negative in water with 20 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.

2.9. And lastly, clip the other film clip onto the bottom of the negative. This will act as weight. Hang the
negative up to dry in room temperature, dust free room. Leave the negative dry for at least 2 hours. And
you may now have the negatives and conduct printmaking process to produce positive or photographs.

Negative
- Usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the
photographed subject appear darkest and darkest areas appear lightest.

Printmaking
- is the final stage in making a photograph. The basis of photographer in the production of
positive or photograph is the negative copy serving as subject.

Enlarging
- In enlarging works we are using enlarger machine or projector. In this method of printmaking or
positive making we can produce the desired size of photographs since the enlarger is adjustable in terms
of height in its head carrying the negative copy. The rule is that the higher the enlarger head the bigger the
size of the image to project in an emulsion of photographic paper while the lower the head of the enlarger
the smaller the size of the projected images on the emulsion of photographic paper.

Enlarger
- is a darkroom tool which projects images from negatives onto enlarging paper for the purpose
of making prints. Enlargers are usually an integral part of the film photography process, unless
photographers are making contact prints, which are produced through a different process.

Technique Employed during enlarging

1. Cropping
- It is the elimination of some part of the negative which are not wanted to include in positive.
This could be done through covering of paper on a certain image of the negative.
2. Burning
- It is the adding of exposure time on a specific area of the negative in order to bring out details
when it comes in positive.
3. Dodging
- It is the holding back of some lights to a specific area to make it lighter in density. A card lights
to a specific area to make it lighter in density. A card or other opaque object is held between the enlarger
lens and photographic paper in such a way as to block light from the portion of the scene which is over
exposed or needed to be lightened. Since the technique is used with a negative to positive process,
reducing the amount of light results in a lighter image.
Contact Printing
- is a photographic image produced by laying the negative, typically a negative, directly against
photographic paper and exposing the paper to light. The term “contact printing” derives from the process
of creating direct contact between the negative and photographic paper. The result is a printing that is the
same size of the negative.

Contact printer
- an apparatus used for making contact prints, having a frame for holding printing paper and
negative together and alight source for making an exposure.

Positive
- It is a film or paper record of a scene that represents the color and luminance of objects in that
scene with the same colors and luminance as near the medium will allow.

ASSESSMENT:

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 3
PARTS OF THE CAMERA

OVERVIEW:

A camera by the most basic definition captures still photographs or video, either on film
or digitally. It is very hard to have an accurate and faithful representation of evidences if you
cannot understand the medium being used for the preservation and documentation of events or
evidences. Photos and videos taken with cameras are used to communicate or tell stories; it helps
a person to understand the story of a person, place or an event.

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to identify and demonstrate the different parts and functions of the
camera.

MATERIALS: Camera and Pen

PROCEDURES:
Draw a SLR camera on Box B. Identify the different parts of the camera by labelling it using
capital letter. Refer to Box A.
 BOX A

A. light tight box G. Viewfinder M. Tripod socket

B. Lens H. Film advance lever N. Shutter
C. Aperture ring I. Hot shoe O. Shutter speed scale
D. Film Sprocket J. Film Take-up spool P. Film rewind knob.
E. Focusing ring K. Focal length
F. Shutter release button L. Film rail

BOX B

FRONT OF THE CAMERA

 Back of the Camera

II. PROCEDURE: Indicate the specific functions of the different parts of the camera.

Parts of the camera FUNCTIONS

Light tight box

Lens

Viewfinder
 Shutter

Shutter speed scale

Shutter release button

Film advance lever

Focusing ring

Focal length

Film rewind knob

Film take-up spool

Aperture ring

Hot shoe
 Film sprocket

Film rail

Tripod socket

REFLECTION:

Write your comments or observations of the activity that you have just performed.
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____.

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 4
TYPES OF CAMERA

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the
common and major types of camera.

KEYWORDS:
Box type camera Digital camera
Folding camera View Finder Camera
Single Lens Reflex Camera Twin Lens Reflex Camera
View Camera Miniature Camera

PROCEDURE:
Attach pictures of the given type of cameras and write their advantages and
disadvantages.
 I. COMMON TYPES OF CAMERA

TYPES OF CAMERA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

REFLECTION:

With all the advantages and disadvantages of each type of camera, write an article on which
camera do you think is more effective for police photography.

__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
Name: __________________________ Date: ________
Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 5
CAMERA ACCESSORIES

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to identify the different accessories of the camera and its
functions.

KEYWORDS:
Tripod Filter
Cable Release Flash Units
Light Meter Extension Tube
Shutter release Lens Hood

PROCEDURE:
Write the different functions or purposes of each keyword;

SHUTTER RELEASE
TRIPOD:
CABLE
 FLASH UNIT Light meter

Cable Release Extension Tube

Lens Hood Flash Units

II. REFLECTION:
How does this camera accessory help in producing quality image?
 _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 6
CAMERA LENSES

OVERVIEW:
Lenses are vital in taking photographs. A good lens is necessary to avoid aberration
and to have very accurate photographs. The quality of the lens, the maximum size of the aperture
and other characteristics are to be considered. Lenses dictate what type of photographs you can
take.
OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the
different camera lenses.

KEYWORDS:
Wide Angle Lens Telephoto Lens
Normal Lens Zoom Lens
Macro Lens Micro Lens
PROCEDURE:
Write the different types of camera lenses and give its advantages and
disadvantages.

Types of Camera Lenses Advantages Disadvantages

REFLECTION:

Write a short article on what you have learned about the disadvantages and
advantages of the lenses.
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
_.__________.

Chapter VI- FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Learning objectives:

1. To know the photographic guidelines in photographing a crime scene as practiced by different

police agencies worldwide.
2. To learn the photographic techniques so that photographs will conform to requirement of the
courts on admissibility.
3. To improve the skills of students on the aspects of picture taking at different conditions.

Forensic Photography
 - Sometimes referred to as forensic imaging or crime scene photography, is the art of producing an
accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene using photography for the benefit of a court
or to aid in an investigation. It is a part of process of evidence collecting. It provides investigators with
photos of victims, places and items involved in the crime. Pictures of accidents show broken machinery,
or car cash, and so on. Photography of this kind involves choosing correct lighting, accurate angling of
lenses, and a collection of different viewpoints.

Purpose of Crime scene photography

1. To provide a visual record of the scene and related areas
2. To record the initial appearance of the crime scene and physical evidence
3. To provide investigators and others with the permanent record subsequent analysis of the scene
4. To provide the permanent record to the court.
Crime Scene Photography
-is one of the most important steps in the entire investigation process. As one of the primary
documentation components, systematic, organized visual record of an undisturbed crime scene must be
achieved.
Crime Scene
- refers not only to immediate locality in which the criminal act was perpetrated but also to
adjacent areas where important acts took place immediately before or after the commission of the crime.
Forensic Photographer
-commonly referred to as “a crime scene photographer” or and “evidence photographer” is a
professional photographer who is skilled in the art of producing only the most exact, detailed photographs
that record the crime scene and the physical evidence within the crime scene as objectively and accurately
as possible.

Task of the scene of the crime operation’s Forensic Photographer

1. Photograph entire area before it is entered.
2. Photograph victims, crowd and vehicles.
3. Photograph entire scene with general, medium, close up coverage and extreme close up view
using measurement scale when appropriate.
4. Photograph major evidence items before they are moved. Coordinate this effort with the sketcher,
evidence custodian and evidence recovery personnel.
5. Photograph all latent fingerprints, and other impression evidence before lifting and casting is
accomplished.
6. Photograph blueprints, maps and previous photographs of scene, as required.
7. Take final photographs to show final condition as released.

Importance of crime scene photography

1. Permanent Record
- A permanent record of the crime scene is considered indispensable to a successful
presentation to the case in court. A crime scene that is altered through carelessness
and haste can never be restored to its exact original condition.
2. Significance of certain aspects of the crime scene
 - Also, in the initial stages of an investigation, the significance of certain aspects of the
crime scene may not be evident, although later they may vitally affect the issues in
the case. The first step in the investigation of any crime is to photograph all aspects
of the crime scene completely and accurately before any of the objects of evidence
are removed or otherwise disturbed. Photographs should also be taken after a body or
bodies have been removed. It is always better to take too many photographs than too
few.
3. Reconstruction of the crime scene
- A study of photographs can also assist the trained investigator or crime scene
specialist in reconstructing the crime scene and developing conclusion about how the
crime occurred. In addition, the photographs will make the job of the prosecutor
much easier when a case is presented in a court room. When necessary, photographs
can be coordinated with crime scene sketches or drawings that are made to scale.
-
Procedure in photographing the crime scene
1) Start taking photographs of the crime scene as soon as possible with case identifier.
Case Identifier
- Is a printed paper attached in plate bearing of provincial/city/ or satellite office code,
case number, photographer’s initial and date of the crime scene processing. This is
designed in order establish an additional facts reference of the crime scene that must
appeared on the photographs. The Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory-
Scene of crime operations Manual has a nationwide designation of case identifier.
2) Observe the progression of general, medium and close views of the scene.
3) Take the photographs of the evidence in situ first without case identifier, evidence numbers, and
scale if necessary prior to collection.
Photo Evidence Numbers
- Are used in crime scene photographs to indicate where each piece of evidence is
found. Usually two photographs are taken of each scene: one with photo evidence
numbers and one without the photo evidence number and its physical description.
Forensic Photographer Scales
- This provides a geometrical reference in the photographic documentation of
evidence. The presence of such scales in an image allows investigators to reconstruct
the dimensional context of a scene and provides a means to reproduce one-to-one
photographs of physical evidence. In some cases, information
4.) Take photographs from eye level, when feasible, to present scene as would be observed by
normal view.
5.) Apply overlapping photographs.
6.) Record every photograph taken.

Sequential Photographs of the Crime Scene

Each crime has an individual features that should be photographed. Keep in mind the nature of the
offense and try to show those features that establish the elements of the offense. Photographs should be
taken of:
1. Views of exterior of the building/vehicle, with relations to other buildings/vehicles, roads, street etc.
2. Points of entry, outside and inside
3. Point of exit, inside and and outside.
4. Condition (s) of the crime scene
5. Area from which valuable articles were removed.
6. Articles left at the scene
7. Tool marks and impressions of shoes or tire tracks.
8. Fingerprints and footprints, as well as articles on which these prints may be found
Three type of range Photographs

1) General View or Long Range

- General view or long range photographs of the overall scene fundamentally are taken
to portray the areas as if a person viewing the scene is seeing it from the standing
position. To obtain this result, the photographer takes the photograph with the camera
at eye level. The purpose of general view is to focus and establish the location of the
crime scene to fixed point of referenced serving as its permanent citation. Fixed point
of referenced means those unmovable objects in the crime scene like tree, building,
electric post etc.
-

2.) Medium View or Mid –Range

- Medium view or Mid-Range photographs are taken in a manner which portrays the
scene from approximately ten (10) to twenty (20) feet of distance from the subject matter. In order that
the viewer be permitted to associate the crime scene with separate areas of the scene photographed, these
areas should contain sufficient detail to permit the viewer this association. This is designed in order to
concentrate on the features of the offense, which includes the full body shot of the victim or the groups of
evidence.
 3.) Close-Up View or Close –Up Range
- Close up view or close up range photographs are normally taken approximately five
(5) feet or less from the subject matter. The attention of close up photography is directed to objects which
could not effectively be seen in the general view or medium view photographs. This angle center on the
results of the crime thru taking the half body shot of the victim having of wound or damage.

TYPES OF CRIME SCENE SKETCHES

There are two kinds of sketches which can be prepared:

1. Rough Sketch
- is prepared by the sketcher upon his arrival at the crime scene and during the preliminary survey
to help in developing a plan to effectively process the crime.

2. Finished Sketch
- is prepared in the office based on the rough sketch for purposes of court presentation. Not all
distances and measurements originally found on a rough sketch are shown in a final sketch.

CRIME SCENE SEARCH

Crime scene search

- Can be described as a location or site where a crime is committed. It is also where the
pieces of physical evidence associated with the crime can be found.
Purposes of Crime Scene Search
- The crime scene is thoroughly searched to uncover the item of evidence that will
serve to:
a. determine the facts of the cases
b. determine the modus operandi of the perpetrator
c. identify the criminal; and
d. aid in the arrest, prosecution, and conviction of the criminal.
METHODS OF SEARCH
In searching the crime scene, it is desirable if the searchers will proceed slowly and
systematically. There are five recommended search methods which are normally
utilized to search crime scenes:

a. Spiral Search
- is used for confined area. This works well in a small room. The
searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral starting from the outside and
proceeding towards the center.
b. Strip Search
- Divides the rectangular crime scene into imaginary strips or lanes and
the searcher (s) precede back and forth parallel to the strips created.
c. Grid Search
- Grid search is a modification of strip search method. This is also called
the double strip method. The searchers first use the strip method and then making 90
degrees turn and doing another strip search perpendicular to the first strip that was
searched.
c. Pie or Wheel Search
- finds useful application in the search for explosive evidence. A circle is
established surrounding the crime scene. The circle is divided into several quadrants
following the shape of a pie.
d. Quadrant, sector or zone search
- used when the search area is particularly large or cumbersome. It
requires the crime scene to be divided into four large quadrants. The four large
 quadrants can also be subdivided into four smaller quadrants. Each quadrant or sector
is then searched separately as an individual unit using the spiral, strip or grid search
pattern.

Markings in the Field of view

- Measuring devices such as rulers, yardsticks, and tape measures should be used to
show the relative size of, and distances between objects, or the degree of
magnification of the enlargements. The markers should be placed beside the object in
a manner that will not obscure any important piece of the evidence In document and
small object photographs, a six inch ruler placed at the bottom or just below the item
of evidence will enable the photographer to determine the degree of enlargements
quickly and also show the relative size of objects in the photographic exhibit. Many
times, courts objects to the use of rulers and marking devices that appear in
photographs of a crime scene. Therefore, photographs should be taken in two ways:
first without the markers and then with them.

Photographic Log

- Documentation of the process of scene photography which records the overall,

medium, and close up views of the scene; a log is produced representing the technical
and descriptive information concerning the photographic task.

Microphotography
- Known as photomicrography or macrography, is the extreme close-up photography,
usually of very small subjects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is
greater than life size, though macrophotography technically refers to the art of
making large photographs.
Photomicrography

-It is the practice of photographing microscopic objects or creatures, usually for scientific
purposes. Photomicrography is widely used in forensic laboratory and medical research, as well as other
fields that require study of microscopic details. This became an important tool for examining trace
evidence, tiny details than can connect a suspect to a crime scene. Camera zoom lenses and microscopes
work on the same basic principle: using magnifying lenses, and sometimes mirrors, to enlarge a point
while retaining clear focus. Early photomicrography involved complex arrangements of cameras and
microscopes

Mugshot
- It is a photographic portrait typically taken after a person is arrested. The original purpose of the
mugshot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to
allow for identification by victims and investigators. Photographing of criminals began in the
1840’s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French
police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized of the process. The following illustrations are the
different positions of arrested person’s mug shot.
 Rogues Gallery
-is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for
identification puposes. The term is also used figuratively for any group of shady characters or the
line-up of “mugshot” photographs that might be displayed in the halls of a dormitory or
workplace or on an online mugshot publishing website.

Chain of Custody

- refers to the order in which items of evidence have been handled during the
investigation of a case
Learning Activities: “CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY”

1.Instruction: Create a scenario based on the case given and perform the task of a Forensic Photographer.
Submit your work on our group page (forensic photography).

ASSESSMENT:

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 7
SOCO TEAM DUTIES & FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to identify the duties and functions of a SOCO TEAM.

PROCEDURE:
Write the duties & functions of all the SOCO team in the boxes provided below.

DUTIES & FUNCTIONS

TEAM LEADER
 EVIDENCE COLLECTOR

FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHER

HEALTH OR MEDICO LEGAL

OFFICER

SKETCHER AND MEASURER

EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

SECURITY OFFICER

ASSESSMENT:

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 8
COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to acquire knowledge in collection and preservation of physical
evidence. PROCEDURE:
Write your guidelines in the collection and preservation of physical evidence in the boxes
provided below.
 HOW TO COLLECT HOW TO PRESERVE

Wet Blood Stains

Dried Blood stain

Seminal Stain

Fiber

Hair

Firearms Evidence

Toolmarks

Glass Fragments and Fractures

Poisons

Fingerprints

ASSESSMENT:
Name: __________________________ Date: ________
Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 9
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL EVIDENCE
OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to acquire knowledge in cases where the crime
scene needs special processing due to its significance or because of its sensational nature

PROCEDURE:
Complete the guidelines in Evaluation of Potential Evidence in the boxes provided.

CRIME COMMITTED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE MOST

LIKELY
TO BE
COLLECTED

Murder

Homicide

Rape

Theft & Robbery

Possession of Drugs of Abuse

Arson
 Poisoning

ASSESSMENT:

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 10
METHODS OF SEARCH
OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to acquire knowledge and identify the methods of crime
scene search.

PROCEDURE:
Draw the five recommended search methods in the boxes provided.

SPIRAL SEARCH
STRIP SEARCH
GRID SEARCH
QUADRANT, SECTOR , OR ZONE SEARCH

PIE OR WHEEL SEARCH

 ASSESSMENT:

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 11
RANGES OF PHOTOGRAPHS

OVERVIEW:

Globally, law enforcement agencies are now relying on the use of digital cameras to
document a crime scene. Courts have already recognized digital photographs as part of scientific
evidence. In the Philippines the PNP crime laboratory widely uses digital cameras as part of
processing the crime scene.

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to acquire knowledge on the use of digital photography to
document scene of the crimes.

MATERIALS:
CAMERA, MARKING INSTRUMENT, BOARD FOR CASE NUMBER, VICTIM AND
ETC.

PROCEDURE: In your crime scene scenario, document it with the use of Camera and attach the
general, medium and close up view/range photograph.
I. GENERAL VIEW OR LONG RANGE VIEW

II. MEDIUM VIEW OR MID-RANGE VIEW

III. CLOSE-UP VIEW OR SHORT RANGE VIEW
REFLECTION:

Write a short article on why there is a need to apply the different methods of documenting the
crime scene.

______________________________________________________________________________
___________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________

Name: __________________________ Date: ________

Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________
 Activity 12
CRIME SCENE SKETCHING

OVERVIEW:

There are three ways of documenting a crime scene. They are photography, note taking
and sketching. will show exact relationships of objects like distance and directions.

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to acquire skills in sketching crime scenes.

MATERIALS:
 Sketch pad
 Compass
 Measuring device
 Pencil

PROCEDURE:
In your crime scene scenario, prepare a rough and finished sketch. Provide the complete
details needed in preparing a sketch.

ROUGH SKETCH
FINISHED SKETCH
Name: __________________________ Date: ________
Instructor:_______________________ Rating:_________

Activity 13
CARTOGRAPHIC SKETCH

OBJECTIVES:
The students will be able to enhance their techniques in drawing and reconstruct the
suspect face in hope of identifying.

MATERIALS:
 Charcoal Pencil
 1/8 illustration board
 Suspect

PROCEDURE:
Draw the face of your suspect in a 1/8 illustration board using the charcoal pencil.

ILLUSTRATION BOARD
 (SUSPECT FACE)

(Description )

Offense/Incident:
Name/AKA : Age:
Sex : Weight:
Height : Complexion:
Built :
Other information: