Introduction

 A major source of pollution is Automobiles

 Air pollution is caused by Motor Vehicle Emissions
 Motor Vehicle Emissions are composed of the by-products
that come from Vehicle Exhaust Systems and Gasoline
Evaporation
 Combusting adulterated fuel produces excessive pollutants
 In Southern California, 50% of air pollution is due to
Automobile Emissions *
 China contributes to 80% of the soot suspended in East
Asia’s atmosphere **
Composition
 Motor Vehicle Emissions consist of :-
 Particulate Matter
 Hydrocarbons
 Nitrogen oxides
 Carbon Monoxide
 Sulfur Dioxide
 Hazardous Air Pollutants
 Greenhouse Gases
Composition
 Particulate Matter

 These particles of soot and metals give smog its murky color.
Fine particles - less than one-tenth the diameter of a human hair
- pose the most serious threat to human health, as they can
penetrate deep into lungs. PM is a direct (primary)
pollutant and a secondary pollutant from hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfur dioxides. Diesel exhaust is a major contributor
to PM pollution.
Composition
 Hydrocarbons

 These pollutants react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of

sunlight to form ground level ozone, a primary ingredient in
smog. Though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at the ground
level this gas irritates the respiratory system, causing coughing,
choking, and reduced lung capacity.
Composition
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

 These pollutants cause lung irritation and weaken the body's

defenses against respiratory infections such as pneumonia and
influenza. In addition, they assist in the formation of ground level
ozone and particulate matter.
Composition
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

 This odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas is formed by the

combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted
primarily from cars and trucks. When inhaled, CO blocks oxygen
from the brain, heart, and other vital organs. Fetuses, newborn
children, and people with chronic illnesses are especially
susceptible to the effects of CO.
Composition
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

 Power plants and motor vehicles create this pollutant by burning

sulfur-containing fuels, especially diesel. Sulfur dioxide can react
in the atmosphere to form fine particles and poses the largest
health risk to young children and asthmatics.
Composition
 Hazardous Air Pollutants (toxics)

 These chemical compounds have been linked to birth defects,

cancer, and other serious illnesses. The Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that the air toxics emitted from cars
and trucks - which include Benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-
butadiene - account for half of all cancers caused by air pollution.
Composition
 Green House Gases

 Motor vehicles also emit pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, that

contribute to global climate change. In fact, cars and trucks
account for over one-fifth of the United States' total global
warming pollution.
How does it work?
 Polluting Motor Vehicles run on IC Engines
 IC Engines are essentially motors that help power a vehicle
and run on Fossil Fuels
 The combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder(s) of an IC
engine makes it run
 Combustion results in by-products
 These by-products, as mentioned earlier, are the culprits
Effects
 Creation of Photochemical Smog
 Particulate matters produced reduce lung function
 Causes Respiratory ailments
 Contributes to be the cause of cancer in 50% of cancer
affected population
 Major contributor to Global Warming
 Discharge of Carbon Black – another global warming agent
 Creation of Ground Level Ozone
Effects
 Resulting in the Los Angeles Smog Attack in October, 1954
 Los Angeles Schools and Offices were shut for almost a
month
 Due to the topography of the City and being surrounded by
mountains, all emissions were collected in the area and
resulted in a very dense fog
 Smog had been the cause of hundreds of deaths in New York
City on several occasions
Precaution is better than remedy!

Pollution Control
Emission Standards
 It was quite late until we realized the harmful effects of Air
pollution due to Automobiles
 Also, since the usage of vehicles in the early stages was
less, Standards and Norms were not enforced
 To tackle the problem of Motor Vehicle Emissions, certain
Standards and Norms have been enforced to regulate and
monitor the Pollutant Levels in the Atmosphere
 Each country has its own Emission Standards
 Emission Standards in India
 Bharat Stage Standards which are the emission standards
for India follow the European Standards

Table 1 Indian Emission Standards (Four Wheel Vehicles)

Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
NCR*, Mumbai,
2001
Kolkata, Chennai
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2003.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
2005.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
Bharat Stage III Euro 3
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
• * National Capital Region (Delhi)
• † Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Lucknow, Sholapur,
Jamshedpur and Agra
 Emission Standards in India
Table 2 Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh
Table 2 Emission Standar ds for Diesel Truck a nd Bus Engines, g/ kWh
Year Reference Test
Referen CO HC NOx PM
Year Te st CO HC NOx PM
ce
1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6
17.3- 2.7-3.7 - -
1992 - 2.7-3.7 -
EC
R49 32.6 -
1996 - E
ECE R49 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
EC
R49
2000 Euro I E R49
ECE 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
R49
EC
2005† Euro II ECE
E R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2005† Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
R49
EC
ESC
E 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
2010† Euro III 2010† Euro III
ES 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
ETC C
ETC 5.455.45 0.78 0.78 5.0 5.0
0.16 0.16
ESC ES 1.5 1.5 0.46 0.46 3.5 3.5
0.02 0.02
2010‡ Euro IV 2010‡ Euro IV C
ETC ETC 4.0 4.0 0.55 0.55 3.5 3.5
0.03 0.03
• 0.612 for engines below * 0.612 for engines below 85 kW† earlier introduction in selected
85 kW
regions, see Table 1 ‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1
• † earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
• ‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1
 Emission Standards in India
Table 3 Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/km
Table 3 Emmiississionon s fforor LiLighghtt-- iieseesell Veh
ehiiclcles,ekmm
Year Reference SStanReferen
andadard
CO DDutyutyDD
HC s,
HC+NO
g/
HC+NOx NOx PM
Year CO H NOx PM
Referen
cece CO HC+NO NO x
C
HC xx
1992 - 17.3-32.617.3- 2.7-3.7 - - -
1992 - 2.7-3.7 - - -
32.6
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0
5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
2000 Euro 1 2000 2.72-6.90
Euro 1 2.72- - - 0.9 0.97-1.70
0.97-
7- 0.14-
-
0.14-0.25 -
6.90 1.7
1.700 0.25
2005† Euro 2 2005† 1.0-1.5
Euro 2 1.0-1.5
- - 0.7
0.7-1.2
-1.2
0.7-1.2
0.08-
-
0.08-0.17 -
0.17
0.64 0.64 0.5
0.5660.56 0.50 0.50
0.05 0.05
2010† Euro 3 2010† 0.80
Euro 3 0.80 - - 0.7
0.7220.72 0.65 0.65
0.07 0.07
0.95 0.95 0.8
0.8660.86 0.78 0.10
0.78 0.10
0.50 0.3
0.300
0.50 0.30 0.25 0.025
0.25 0.025
2010‡ Euro 4 0.63 - 0.3
0.399 0.33 0.04
2010‡ Euro 4 0.63 0.74 - 0.4
0.460.39
6 0.39 0.33
0.06 0.04
0.74
† earlier introduction in sel
selected
ected regions, see 0.46
se e Table
Table 1‡
1‡ only
only 0.39 0.06
† earlier introduction in
in selected
selected regions, see Table
regions, 1
see Table 1
‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1
 Emission Standards in India
Table 4 Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh

Year Reference CO HC NOx PM

1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -

1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -

2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*

2005† Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table
1
 Emission Standards in India
Table 5 Emission Standards for Gasoline Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km

Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx

1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 -

1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36
1998* - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70
2005† Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7
2.3 0.20 0.15
2010† Euro 3 4.17 0.25 - 0.18
5.22 0.29 0.21
1.0 0.1 0.08
2010‡ Euro 4 1.81 0.13 - 0.10
2.27 0.16 0.11
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1 ‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1
Control Measures
 Reduced usage of Motor Vehicles
 In Metropolitan Cities, the government has introduced non-
polluting public transit system. We should use them.
 Make Vehicles that are more Fuel Efficient
 Build Engines that don’t allow Gasoline Evaporation
 A solution to prevent gasoline evaporation is to line the crank
case with Carbon Black
 New Age cars are being retro-fitted with Catalytic Converters
in the Exhaust Systems to reduce the Emissions
 Electric cars have almost zero emissions
Control Measures
 Modifying the fuel to give lower and cleaner emissions
 To control Evaporative Emissions the volatility of the fuel can
be reduced by replacing C4 and C5 olefinic hydrocarbons with
the less reactive paraffinic hydrocarbons
 Use of leanest possible fuel charge
 Use of leaner idle mixtures
 Provide for afterburning of pollutants
 Use of Natural Gas
 Wankel Engines
 Gas Turbine
What we use now.
What we need to use.