UNIT - II

• Marriage and Kinship – • ಮದು ಮತು ರಕಸಂಬಂಧ

• Evolution of the Institution –
of Marriage and Family • ಮದು ಮತು ಕುಟುಂಬ
• Law Prior to Hindu ಸಂ ಯ ಕಸನ
Marriage Act -A detailed • ಂದೂ ಾಹ ಾ ಯ
study of Hindu Marriage ದಲು ಾನೂನು- ಂದೂ
Act, 1955 – ಾಹ ಾ , 1955 ರ
• Matrimonial Remedies ವರ ಾದ ಅಧ ಯನ
Maintenance and Alimony. • ೖ ಾ ಕ ಪ ಾರಗಳ
• Customary Practices and ವ ಹ ಮತು ೕವ ಾಂಶ.
legislative provisions
relating to dowry • ವರದ ೕಧ
prohibition. ಸಂಬಂ ದ ಾಂಪ ಾ ಕ
ಆಚರ ಗಳ ಮತು
ಾಸ ಾಂಗ ಬಂಧ ಗಳ .
 Marriage
1. Apasthamba
2. Manu
 Kinds of marriages
• Approved forms • Unapproved forms
– Brahma – Asura
– Daiva – Gandharva
– Arsha – Rakshasa
– Prajapatya – Paishacha
 Concept of marriage under old Hindu
law
• Whether a sacreament or contract?
– Tikait munmohin v/s basant kumar
– Shastras
– Gopal kishan v/s mithilesh kumari
– Shivanandy v/s bhagawanthymma
Condi on for a Hindu Marriage

1. Identity of
caste between
the parties

2. Beyond 3. Proper
the performance
prohibited of
degree of ceremonies
relationship of marriage.
1. Iden ty of caste between the par es

Pratilom
a

Anulom
a
2. Beyond the prohibited degree of
rela onship
3. Proper performance of ceremonies
of marriage.
 Condi ons (new) hindu marriage act
1955
• Section 5 of Hindu marriage act, 1955 • 1955 ರ ಂದೂ ಾಹ ಾ ಯ 5 ಂದೂ
• says conditions for a Hindu marriage ; a marriage may
be solemnized between any two Hindus , if the ಾಹದ ಪ ಗಳ ೕಳ ಾ ; ಈ ಳ ನ
following conditions are fulfilled, namely: ಷರತುಗಳನು ಪ ೖ ದ , ಾವ ೕ ಇಬ ರು
• any one party living to the spouse at the time of
marriage; ಂದೂಗಳ ನಡು ಾಹವನು ಘ ೕಕ ಸಬಹುದು:
  ಅವ ಗ ಂದ : ಮದು ಯ ಸಮಯದ ಸಂ ಾ
• At the time of the marriage, neither party,-
(a) Is incapable of giving valid consent, to it in ಾ ಸುವ ಾವ ೕ ಒಂದು ಪ ; ಎ ಮದು ಯ
consequence of unsoundness of mind; or
(b) Though capable of giving a valid consent, has been ಸಮಯದ , ಾವ ೕ ಪ , - (ಎ) ಾನ
suffering from mental disorder of such a kind or to
such an extend as to be unfit for marriage and the
ಒ ಯನು ೕಡಲು ಅಸಮಥ ಾ , ಮನ ನ
procreation of children; or ಅಸ ಷ ಯ ಪ ಾಮ ಾ ; ಅಥ ಾ ( ) ಾನ
(c) Has been subject to the recurrent attacks of
insanity ಒ ೕಡುವ ಾಮಥ ೂಂ ದರೂ, ಅಂತಹ
  ೕ ಯ ಾನ ಕ ಅಸ ಸ ಂದ ಬಳಲು ಾ
• The bridegroom has been completed age of twenty one
years and the bride the age of completed eighteen ಅಥ ಾ ಮದು ಮತು ಮಕ ಳ ಸಂ ಾ ೂೕತ
years at the time of marriage;
  ಅನಹ ಾ ರುವಂತಹ ಸರ ಒಳ ಾ ಾ ;
• The parties are not within the decrees of prohibited ಅಥ ಾ ( ) ಹುಚು ತನದ ಪ ನ ಾವ ತ ಾ
relationship, unless the custom permits the marriage;
  ಒಳಪ ಮದುಮಗ ಇಪ ೂಂದು ವಷ ಮತು
• The parties are not Sapindas of each other, unless the ವಧು ನ ಮದು ಯ ಸಮಯದ ಹ ಂಟು ವಷ
custom or usage permits the marriage between two;
ಪ ಣ ೂಂ ; ಎ ಕಸ ಮದು ಅನುಮ
ೕಡದ ೂರತು ಪ ಗಳ ೕ ತ ಸಂಬಂಧದ
ೕ ೂಳ ಇರುವ ಲ; ಎ ಕಸ ಅಥ ಾ
ಬಳ ಯು ಇಬ ರ ನಡು ನ ಮದು ಯನು
ಅನುಮ ಸದ ೂರತು ಪ ಗಳ ಪರಸ ರ
ಸ ಂ ಾಗಳಲ;
Condi ons for a Hindu marriage sec on
5
• A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus, if the following
condi ons are fulfilled, namely-
• neither party has a spouse living at the me of the marriage;
• at the me of the marriage, neither party-
– is incapable of giving a valid consent to it in consequence of unsoundness of
mind; or
– though capable of giving a valid consent, has been suffering from mental
disorder of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for marriage and the
procrea on of children; or
– has been subject to recurrent a acks of insanity;
• the bridegroom has completed the age of twenty-one years and the
bride, the age of eighteen years at the me of the marriage;
• the par es are not within the degrees of prohibited rela onship unless
the custom or usage governing each of them permits of a marriage
between the two;
• the par es are not sapindas of each other, unless the custom or usage
governing each of them permits of a marriage between the two;
 PROOF OF MARRIAGE SECTION 8
• Registra on of Hindu marriages. ”For the purpose of
facilita ng the proof of Hindu marriages, the State
Government may make rules providing that the par es
to any such marriage may have the par culars rela ng to
their marriage entered in such manner and subject to
such condi ons as may be prescribed in a Hindu
Marriage Register kept for the purpose.”
• ಂದೂ ಾಹಗಳ ಪ ಾ ಗಳನು ಸುಗಮ ೂ ಸುವ
ಉ ೕಶ ಾ , ಾಜ ಸ ಾ ರವ ಅಂತಹ ಾವ ೕ ಾಹದ
ಪ ಗಳ ತಮ ಮದು ಸಂಬಂ ದ ವರಗಳನು ಈ
ೕ ಾ ನಮೂ ರಬಹುದು ಮತು ಗ ಪ ದ
ಷರತುಗ ಒಳಪ ರುತ ಎಂದು ಒದ ಸುವ
ಯಮಗಳನು ಾಡಬಹುದು. ಂದೂ ಾಹ ಸ
ಅನು ಉ ೕಶ ಾ ಇ ಸ ಾ .
 RELATED CASES
1. Smt Seema v/s Ashwani Kumar 2006
2. Non-entry not to affect validity of marriage:
1. Shaji v. Gopinath 1995
Matrimonial remedies under Hindu law
• The remedies may • ಪ ಾರಗಳ ಇವ ಗಳನು
include: ಒಳ ೂಂ ರಬಹುದು:
1. Res tu on of Conjugal • ಸಂಯುಕ ಹಕು ಗಳ
Rights (Sec on 9) • ಮರು ಾ ಪ ( ಾಗ 9)
2. Judicial Separa on • ಾ ಾಂಗ ಪ ೕಕ ( ಾಗ
(Sec on 10) 10)
• ಅನೂ ತ ಮತು
3. Void and Voidable ತ ಸಬಹು ಾದ ಮದು
Marriage (Sec on 11 & 12) ( ಾಗ 11 ಮತು 12)
4. Divorce (Sec on 13) • orce ◌ೇದನ ( 13)
5. Divorce by Mutual • ಪರಸ ರ ಒ ಂದ
Consent (Sec on 13B) orce ◌ೇದನ ( ಾಗ 13 )
 1. Res tu on of Conjugal Rights (Sec on 9)
(ಸಂಯುಕ ಹಕು ಗಳ ಮರು ಾಪ )
• When the rights arise? • Cons tu onality of
• Marriage laws sec on 9 of the Hindu
(amendment)Act 1976:
– “Where a ques on arises Marriage Act:
whether there has been – T. Sareetha v. Venkata
reasonable excuse for
withdrawal from the society, Subbaiah 1983. ar cle
the burden of proving 21.
reasonable excuse shall be – Smt. Havinder kaur v.
on the person who has
withdrawn from the society.” Harmander sing 1984
• Related cases: Ar cle 14 and 21.
– Sushila Bai v. Prem Narayan
1976
1. Reasonable excuse or just cause:
1. Pramilabala v. Rabindranath 1977
2. Working women and res tu on of conjugal
rights:
1. N.R.Radhakrishna v. N. Dhanalaxmi 1957
2. Kailashwa v. Ayodhya prasad 1977
Grossly
indecent
behavior
Financial
position
Unnatural
offence

Agreement

Cruelty
 Judicial separa on sec on 10
• sec on 10 (1)
Either party to a marriage,
whether solemnised before
or after the commencement
of this Act, may present a
petition praying for a decree
for judicial separation on
any of the grounds specified
in sub-section
(1) of section 13, and in the
case of a wife also on any
of the grounds specified in
sub-section
(2) thereof, as grounds on
which a petition for divorce
might have been presented.
• section 10 (2)
Where a decree for
judicial separation has been
passed, it shall no longer be
obligatory for the petitioner
to cohabit with the
respondent, but the court
may, on the application by
petition of either party and
on being satisfied of the
truth of the statements
made in such petition,
rescind the decree if it
considers it just and
reasonable to do so.
 A. Grounds available to husband and
wife
1. Adultery 1.ವ ಾರ
2. Cruelty 2. ೌಯ
3. Deser on 3. ೂ ದು ೂೕಗು
4. Conversion 4.ಪ ವತ
5. Unsoundness of mind 5.ಮನ ನ ಅಸಷ
6. Leprosy 6.ಕುಷ ೂೕಗ
7. Venereal disease 7.ಗುಹ ೂೕಗ
8.ಪ ಪಂಚವನು
8. Renuncia on of world ತ ಸುವ ದು
9. Presumed death. 9. ಾವ ಎಂದು
ಾ ಸ ಾ .
 B. Addi onal grounds to wife
1. Bigamy 1. ಪ ತ ಅಥ ಾ
2. Rape ಪ ತ
3. Non-resump on of 2. ಅ ಾ ಾರ,
cohabita on a er 3. ಸು ೕ ಾ ಯ ನಂತರ
decree or order on ಪ ನ ಾರಂ ಸ ರುವ
maintenance ದು ಅಥ ಾ
4. Op on of puberty. ವ ಹ ಯ ಆ ೕಶ
4. ೌಢವ .
3. Void and Voidable Marriage (Sec on
11 & 12)
Void Marriage (Sec on 11) Voidable Marriage
1. Living Spouse (Sec on 12)
2. Prohibited decree
3. Sapinda
 Voidable Marriage (Sec on 12)
1. Impotency
1. Proof of impotency
1. G. venkata narayan v. kurupa laxmi devi 1985
2. Unsoundness of mind
3. Consent obtained by force or fraud
4. Pregnancy of the wife at the me of
marriage
 4. Divorce (Sec on 13)
(«ªÁºÀ «ZÉÃzÀ£À )
1. Introduc on 1. ಪ ಚಯ
2. Concept of divorce 2. .◌ೇದನದ ಪ ಕಲ
1. Prior Hindu law 1. ಂ ನ ಂದೂ ಾನೂನು
2. Present Hindu law 2. ಪ ಸುತ ಂದೂ ಾನೂನು
3. Changes introduced in the 3. ಾಹ ಾನೂನು ( ದುಪ )
law of divorce by the ಾ 1976 ರ ಮೂಲಕ
marriage law (amendment) orce ◌ೇದನ ಾನೂ ನ
ಪ ಚ ಸ ಾದ
Act 1976. ಬದ ಾವ ಗಳ .
4. Grounds for divorce 4. .◌ೇದನ ಆ ಾರಗಳ
1. Available to husband and 1. ಗಂಡ ಂಡ ಲಭ
wife 2. ಂಡ ಚು ವ ಆ ಾರಗಳ
2. Addi onal grounds to wife 3. ಪರಸರ ಒ ಂದ
3. Divorce by mutual consent orce ◌ೇದನ
5. conclusion 5. ೕ ಾ ನ
 4. Divorce (Sec on 13)(«ªÁºÀ «ZÉÃzÀ£À )
1. Introduc on
Divorce was unknown to • ಾಹವನು ಗಂಡ ಮತು ಂಡ ಯ
general Hindu law as marriage ಅ ಾ ಾವ ಒಕೂ ಟ ಂದು
was regarded as an ಪ ಗ ಸ ಾ ದ ಂದ orce
indissoluble union of the ◌ೇದನವ ಾ ಾನ ಂದೂ ಾನೂ
husband and wife.
ಲ.
Many Brahmins codified these
rituals and rules over a • ಅ ೕಕ ಾ ಹ ಣರು .ಪ 200 ಂದ .
thousand years in the ಶ 1200 ರವ ಧಮ ಾಸ ಗಳ
Dharmashastras, from 200 ಒಂದು ಾ ರ ವಷ ಗಳ ಈ
BCE to 1200 CE. These rules ಆಚರ ಗಳನು ಮತು ಯಮಗಳನು
were primarily meant for " ೂೕ ೕಕ ದರು. ಈ ಯಮಗಳ
upper" castes, and not for all. ಾ ಥ ಕ ಾ " ೕ ಾ ಗ , ಮತು
The general trend has been to ಎಲ ಗೂ ಅಲ. ಾ ಾನ ಪವೃ ಯು
forbid divorce, and to allow orce ◌ೇದನವನು ೕ ಸುವ ದು,
only men to remarry. Neither ಮತು ಪ ರುಷ ಾತ
men nor women could divorce.
And women could not remarry ಮರುಮದು ಾಗಲು ಅವ ಾಶ
even after widowhood. ೕಡುವ ದು. ಪ ರುಷರು ಅಥ ಾ
ಮ ಯರು orce ◌ೇದನ
ಪ ಯಲು ಾಧ ಲ. ಮತು ಧ ಯ
ನಂತರವ ಮ ಯ
1. Manu:- “a wife cannot be • “ ಂಡ ಯನು ಾ ಾಟ ಂದ
released from her husband ಅಥ ಾ ತ ಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಗಂಡ ಂದ
either by sale or by ಡುಗ ಾಡ ಾಗುವ ಲ, ಇದು
abandonment, implying that ೖ ಾ ಕ ಸಂಬಂಧವನು ಾವ ೕ
the marital tie cannot be ೕ ಯ ಕತ ಸ ಾಗುವ ಲ ಎಂದು
severed in any way.” ಸೂ ಸುತ .”
2. Kautilyas arthashastra:-” • ೌ ಾ ಅಥ ಾಸ : - ”
marriage might be dissolved ಮದು ಯನು ಅನು ೕ ಸದ
by mutual consent in the case ಸಂದಭ ದ ಪರಸರ ಒ ಂದ
of the unapproved from of ಮದು ಯನು ಕರ ಸಬಹುದು.
marriage. Manu does not ಮದು ಸಂಬಂಧವನು
believe in discontinuance of ಸ ತ ೂ ಸುವ ದನು ಮನು
the marriage relationship. He ನಂಬುವ ಲ. ಅವರು ವ ಸು ಾ ,
delcares, “let mutual fidelity “ಪರಸರ ಯು ಾ ನವ ಗೂ
continue till death; this in brief ಮುಂದುವ ಯ ; ಸಂ ಪ ಾ ಇದು
may be understood to be ಗಂಡ ಮತು ಂಡ ಯ ಅತು ನ ತ
highest dharma of husband ಧಮ ಎಂದು ಯಬಹುದು ”.
and wife”. – ಮರಣದ ನಂತರವ ಂಡ ಯ ಕತ ವ
1. The duty of a wife continues ಮುಂದುವ ಯುತ .
even after her death. – ಅವಳ ಎಂ ಗೂ ಎರಡ ೕ ಗಂಡನನು
ೂಂದಲು ಾಧ ಲ.
2. She can never have a second
husband.