Lord, anger of, kindled,1

“The same night I received the word of the Lord on Mr. Holmes’ case. He had desired that I
would inquire at the hand of the Lord whether it was his duty to be baptized here or wait
until he returned home. The word of the Lord came unto me saying that Mr. Holmes had
better not be baptized here and that he had better not return by water; also that there were
three men that were seeking his destruction — to beware of his enemies.”

- SECTION 120, TEACHINGS AND COMMANDMENTS

“With the calling of he who directs the financial and temporal affairs of my Church, even the Presiding
Bishop, to an additional emphasis of the work of the Aaronic Priesthood and its role in these last days
of the Gathering, and the need for preparing a righteous people for the building of the Kingdom, there
will be new challenges for my people in discipline and sacrifice. This work will hasten my coming.
This enhanced ministry of my servant W. Kevin Romer will come forth as the role of an Aaronic High
Priest is better understood.”

- VERSE FOUR
- SECTION 160
- NEW REMNANT REVELATIONS
- ISSUE NO. 63
- NUMBER 2
- VOLUME 16
- THE HASTENING TIMES
- REMNANT CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER DAY SAINTS

“The Spirit saith further: That these organizations contemplated in the law may be effected
and the benefits to be derived therefrom be enjoyed by the Saints- in such enjoyment they
cannot withdraw themselves so completely from a qualified dependence upon their Gentile
neighbors surrounding them as to be entirely free from intercommunication with them; yet
it is incumbent upon the Saints, while reaping the benefits of these organizations, to so
conduct themselves in the carrying into operation the details of their organizations as to be
in the world but not of it, living and acting honestly and honorably before God and in the
sight of all men, using the things of this world in the manner designed of God, that the
places where they occupy may shine as Zion, the redeemed of the Lord.”

- VERSE EIGHT
- SECTION ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHT

1 Scrolling down the ‘Concordance and Reference Guide to the Book of Doctrine and Covenants’, the string split and the
content just caught my eyes (Formula Translating System does not have an in-built function; you will have to write a
subroutine using TRIM and LEN functions). The “gif” version of the title ran as if it were being typewrited by Ms.
Ronan (you will have to ask her how she pronounces her first name) in Mr. Wright’s movie (the then Bishop of the
Oakland First Ward, Mr. Call, advises one cannot be using the word casually) to Mr. Marianell’s Briony.
- Book of Doctrine and Covenants Carefully selected from the revelations of God, and
given in the order of their dates by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints.

"And now I finish my record concerning the destruction of my people, the Nephites. And it
came to pass that we did march forth before the Lamanites. And I, Mormon, wrote an
epistle unto the king of the Lamanites, and desired of him that he would grant unto us that
we might gather together our people unto the land of Camorah, by a hill which was called
Camorah, and there we would give them battle. And it came to pass that the king of the
Lamanites did grant unto me the thing which I desired. And it came to pass that we did
march forth to the land of Camorah, and we did pitch our tents round about the hill
Camorah; and it was in a land of many waters, rivers and fountains; and here we had hope
to gain advantage over the Lamanites. And when three hundred and eighty and four years
had passed away, we had gathered in all the remainder of our people unto the land
Camorah."

- First Paragraph
- Third Chapter
- Book of Mormon

The original idea was to compare few verses across different denominations of LDS. After
understanding certain basic polity, I will refrain from commenting on the aforementioned
verses. But, as part of scripture study, I thought I should bring to the attention of Scripture
Readership, a few verses from across different LDS denominations that can be read
together. A scholar says the best commentary on Homer is Homer himself because he
interprets his own verses. But you must have read all of Homer, like a diligent scripture
study (well there are, at least there used to be (Aristonicus, etc), people who do it; People
used to quote Shakespeare in normal parlance. No, not in 10,000 B.C. Two or three decades
ago. Now, they quote Mr. Tarantino. DETERIORATION†2, people.), to be able to join the dots.
For others, there is Viermännerkommentar, of course.

PHILLIPS DICTIONARY - DETERIORATION

Here begins my AOF#6 study.

2 †
Let us get to the dagger later. Let us look at the compounded word “κατα-δεέσερός” first. KATA, going by Dr.
Donnegan, is a preposition which signifies “down”, as in something going in a downward direction, which in this case
is “ δεέσερός” – it was a very difficult task to find a lexicon that provides a meaning to this word. Going by Adam
Smith, the meaning, then becomes a valuable commodity! Hence, cannot be shared easily! But the compounded word
means something “inferior. But, the word seems to be an extension of “Καταδεης”, the earliest use of which is a variant,
“καταδιετέραν”, by Ἰσοκράτης: “πολὺ καταδιετέραν τὴν δόξαν τῆς ἐλπίδος ἔλαβεν” (Appendix) - “that learned clearke
Hieronimus Wolfius” has translated it into Latin, for those interested in a Latin translation. Sir Elyot, Misters Dinsdale,
and Gillies, all three, have ignored the line. The translation which I personally like to own and read is that of Mr.
Sadleir’s – only a manuscript, I believe, is available – @ The Hunterian Museum. When time permits, I will have to
make a trip to Scotland to inquire how I can procure copies of the manuscript. The other translation that I prefer is by
one Mr. Brown, which again, is in manuscript form, at the John Ryland’s, Manchester, United Kingdom. If my Scotland
trip is successful, I will not bother myself going to Manchester. I prefer Sadleir to Brown.
Greekologia Classica:

"δοκεῖ δ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰ πάθη κρίσεις εἶναι, καθά φησι Χρύσιππος ἐν τῷ Περὶ

παθῶν: ἥ τε γὰρ φιλαργυρία ὑπόληψίς ἐστι τοῦ τὸ ἀργύριον καλὸν εἶναι, καὶ ἡ
μέθη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀκολασία ὁμοίως καὶ τἄλλα"

- Κεφ. α᾽. ΖΗΝΩΝ

- Διογένης Λαέρτιος

Translated by one of the several hands that made the Greek, English, in 1688 (this sentence
is easy spoken, but slightly more difficult to be put in a semantic statement using
appropriate punctuation marks; Please bear with me because I have hardly begun to
analyze the style of Sire Thomas More, but already am pumped up to emulate the Master! 3),

“But Cleanthes admits only Common, and not any Particular Nature, to be our Guide; That
Virtue is an acknowledg'd Habit or Disposition, and that it is desirable for its own sake, and
not out of Fear, or Hope, or for the sake of any external Thing; and that Happiness consists
in it, the Soul being made for the convenience of the whole Life: but that the Rational
Creature, is sometimes perverted by the allurements of Outward Things, sometimes by the
Perswasions of Education and Friendship; for that Nature infuses innocent Desires.”

- Chapter 1. ZENO
- Diogenes Laërtius

Latinologia Classica:

“De bello inde consilium habitum; et auctoribus quibusdam ut confestim Hasdrubalem

consequeretur, anceps id ratus ne Mago atque alter Hasdrubal cum eo iungerent copias,
praesidio tantum ad insidendum Pyrenaeum misso ipse reliquum aestatis recipiendis in
fidem Hispaniae populis absumpsit.

Paucis post proelium factum ad Baeculam diebus cum Scipio rediens iam Tarraconem saltu
Castulonensi excessisset, Hasdrubal Gisgonis filius et Mago imperatores ex ulteriore
Hispania ad Hasdrubalem uenere, serum post male gestam rem auxilium, consilio in cetera
exsequenda belli haud parum opportuni. ibi conferentibus quid in cuiusque prouinciae
regione animorum Hispanis esset, unus Hasdrubal Gisgonis ultimam Hispaniae oram quae
ad Oceanum et Gades uergit ignaram adhuc Romanorum esse eoque Carthaginiensibus
satis fidam censebat: inter Hasdrubalem alterum et Magonem constabat beneficiis Scipionis
occupatos omnium animos publice priuatimque esse nec transitionibus finem ante fore
quam omnes Hispani milites aut in ultima Hispaniae amoti aut traducti in Galliam forent.
itaque etiam si senatus Carthaginiensium non censuisset, eundum tamen Hasdrubali fuisse
in Italiam ubi belli caput rerumque summa esset, simul ut Hispanos omnes procul ab
nomine Scipionis ex Hispania abduceret. exercitum eius cum transitionibus tum aduerso
proelio imminutum Hispanis repleri militibus, et Magonem Hasdrubali Gisgonis filio tradito

3 “UNTO HIS RYGHT ENTYRELY BELOUED SYSTER IN CHRYST…” - Refer to appendix.

exercitu ipsum cum grandi pecunia ad conducenda mercede auxilia in Baliares traicere;
Hasdrubalem Gisgonis cum exercitu penitus in Lusitaniam abire, nec cum Romano manus
conserere; Masinissae ex omni equitatu quod roboris esset tria milia equitum expleri,
eumque uagum per citeriorem Hispaniam sociis opem ferre, hostium oppida atque agros
populari;—his decretis, ad exsequenda quae statuerant duces digressi. haec eo anno in
Hispania acta. Romae fama Scipionis in dies crescere, Fabio Tarentum captum astu magis
quam uirtute gloriae tamen esse, Fului senescere fama, Marcellus etiam aduerso rumore
esse, superquam quod primo male pugnauerat, quia uagante per Italiam Hannibale media
aestate Uenusiam in tecta milites abduxisset. inimicus erat ei C. Publicius Bibulus tribunus
plebis. is iam a prima pugna quae aduersa fuerat adsiduis contionibus infamem inuisumque
plebei Claudium fecerat, et iam de imperio abrogando eius agebat cum tamen necessarii
Claudii obtinuerunt ut relicto Uenusiae legato Marcellus Romam rediret ad purganda ea
quae inimici obicerent nec de imperio eius abrogando absente ipso ageretur. forte sub idem
tempus et Marcellus ad deprecandam ignominiam et Q. Fuluius consul comitiorum causa
Romam uenit.”

- Capitulum XX
- Liber XXVII
- Ab urbe condita
- Titus Livius

Translated by Antonye Cope esquier,

"After these thynges done, he bestowed the reste of the summer in receyuynge many
people and Cities of Spayne in to the amitie of the Romaynes, and remayned at Tarracon.

Sone after the battayle foughte at Betula, the other Asdruball, the sonne of Gysgon, and
Mago with theyr armyes came frome the further parte of Spayne, to the helpe of the other
Asdruball: but all to late. For the battayle was paste before theyr comynge. Wherfore they
consulted, what was beste be doone. At the laste, consyderynge that Scipio, by gyftes and
his lyberalytye, hadde won the hertes of the hyther partes of Spayne, and that onely the
people of the furtheste parte of the contreye towardes the Gades or pyllers of Hercules,
knewe as yet nothynge of hym, nor of the Romaynes, wherfore they were sure frendes to
the Carthaginenses: they determyned, that of necessytie they muste remoue all theyr
souldiours of Spayne, ey∣ther to the furtheste partes of Spayne, or elles into Fraunce: or
elles in shorte space they woulde all turne to the frendship of the Romaynes.

They also agreed, that Asdruball, takynge with hym al the Spanyardes out of Spayne, and
farre from the name of Scipio, shulde go ouer the mountaynes with them towardes Anniball
into Italy, where the heade and chiefe grounde of the warres was.

Furthermore, that Mago, leauinge his host with Asdruball the sonne of Gysgon, shuld passe
ouer the sea into the iles called Baleares, nowe called Maiorque and Minorque, with a great
summe of money, where he shulde also hire many mo souldiours for theyr helpe in this
purpose. After whose departyng, Asdruball, the sonne of Gysgon, with all his host, was
appointed to depart into Portugall, and that he shoulde in no wyse fyght with the Romayns.
Than had Massanissa .iii. M. of the best and lightest horses and men appoynted to be with
hym: with whiche numbre he was assigned to pervse and ryde abrode the countreys,
helping the cities, frendes of the Carthaginenses, and to spoile and distroy the townes and
fieldes of their ennemies. With these intentes and myndes euery one of the capitaines
departed from other, makyng greate spede to achieue their enterpryse.”

- Scipio fyghteth with Hasdruball besyde Betula, dryueth hym from his hyll, sleith .viii.
M. of his host, taketh .xii. M. prysoners, with Massus neuew to Massanissa, and a
great praye in the campe.
- The historie of tvvo the moste noble capitaines of the worlde, Anniball and Scipio of
theyr dyuers battailes and victories, excedyng profitable to reade, gathered and
translated into Englishe, out of Titus Liuius, and other authoures.

(RAVI S. VAIDYANATHAN)
 The Roman Hiftory Воок Х.
254

DECADE I. BOOK X.

EPITOME.

1. o Colonies Planted ; one at Sora, the other at Alba. 3. The Marfians of Carfeola fubmit to the
Roman Government. 6. The Colledge of Augurs encreaſed to the number of Nine, who before were
T
but Four. 9. A Law for Appeals to be made to the People, was now the third time Confirm'd, be-
ing put up by Valerius the Conful. Two new Tribes added; The Anian, and the Tarentine. 12, &c. War
Proclaimed against the Samnites, and JeveralVictories obtain'd over them. 38, &c. In a Battel with the
United Forces of the Tufcans, Umbrians, Samnites and Gauls, where P. Decius, and Q. Fabius were Generals,
the Roman Army being hardput to't, and endanger'd, P. Decius following the Example of his Father, De-
vores himself, and byhis Death gains them a Victory. Papirius Curfor routs an Army of Samnites, who
bad bound themselves with a Solemn Oath, not to quit the Field without Victory. 47. A Cenfe being held,
and the number taken of the Citizens, there appeared to be 262322. Polls.

U. C.
'N the Confulfhip of Lucius Genucius, and Ser. Cornelius, there being a Vacation almoſt
450. IN from all Wars abroad, the Romans had leifure to Plant Colonies at Sora and Alba : To
the latter, were fent fix thouſand to keep under the Equians : The former, was part
of the Volfcian Territories, but of late poffeft by the Samnites; thither were carryed Four
thoufand. The Inhabitants of Arpinum and Trebula obtain'd this Year the favour of being
made Free-Denizons of Rome. The Frufinates were fentenced to lofe one third part of
their Lands, becauſe it was found out they had follicited the Hernicks to Rebellion. Alfo
the Confuls having, according to an Order of the Senate in that behalf, throughly in-
T
quired into the whole matter relating to that Infurrection, the Principal Officers thereof
were firft Scourged,and then Beheaded. Yet that the Year might not pafs altogether void of th
Military Action,an Expedition (fuch as it was) is undertaken into Umbria, upon Advice of
Incurfions that were made by certain Men in Arms out of a kind of a Cave, by whom
the Parts adjacent were much annoy'd and plunder'd. Into this Den, or hollow Paffage
between the Rocks, the Romans entred with Banners difplayed ; and by reafon of the
Of
obfcurity of the Place, many of them were fhrewdly wounded, efpecially by Stones flung
at them ; until fuch time as they found out the other mouth of the Hole (for it was a A
Thorow-fare) but then, piling up heaps of Wood at both ends, they fet Fire to it, the
fmoke and heat of which, thofe within being no longer able to endure, did at laft, hoping M
to break through and eſcape, rufh into the very Flames, and fo were ſmothered and
burnt, to the number of about 2000 Armed Men. The next Year, M. Livius Denter,
and C. Æmilius being Confuls, the Equian War broke out again, for they not abiding
the Colony planted amongst them, looking upon it as a Garifon placed on their Fron-
tiers on purpoſe to bridle them, gathered together, and with all their might endeavored
to ftorm it ; but the Colony bravely defended it felf, and without any help beat them off:
However, it ſo much ſtartled thofe at Rome, becauſe they could not think, the Equians
already fo much crufh'd, would alone of themſelves make an Infurrection without fome
more Potent Allies to back them : That by means of this Hubbub C. Junius Bubulcus
was made Dictator, who with M. Titinius General of the Horfe, marching thither, at
the very firft Conflict fufficiently chaftifed the Equians, and on the eighth Day return'd
triumphant into Rome, and then that Temple of Concord, which he vow'd when he was
Conful, and began to Build whil'ft he was Cenfor, he now Dedicated during his
Dictatorship.
IT.
That Year a Grecian Fleet, under the Conduct of Cleonymus a Lacedæmonian, arriv'd C
uponthe Coafts of Italy, and furprized Thuria a City of the Salentines. Against whom
the Conful Emilius being fent forth, in the firft Encounter beat them back into their
Ships, reftored the Town to its Inhabitants, and Peace to all the Salentine Territories.
Yet in fome Annals I read, that Junius Bubulcus the Dictator made an Expedition againſt
the Salentines themſelves,and that Cleonymus had quitted Italy,before the Romans could come
up to engage him : who having doubled the Cape of Brundnfium, Sail'd with a direct Wind
through the middle of the Adriatique Gulf, declining the Coafts of Italy on the Larbord
fide, becauſe there were no Ports or Havens to put in at, and afraid of thoſe Nations to-
wards the Star-bord fide, the Illirians, Liburnians and Iftrians, fince they were great Sea-
Rovers, and infamous for Cruelty and Piracy. At length he arriv'd upon the Venetian
Coaft, and having Landed a few Men to difcover the Country ; they gave an account,
that the ftrand that lay before them was but narrow, which having pals'd, there were
certain Plafhes over-flow'd with the Sea-tides ; That next, and not far off, they could fee
Paſture-
 DEC. I. of TITUS LIVIUS .
255
Pasture-fields, and further off a ridge of Hills, whence they difcover'd the Mouth of a
very deep Rive (the name of it was Meduacus ) into which they thought the Ships
be brought about, and ride at Anchor as in a ſafe Harbor ; whereupon he directed might
his
Courfe thither, and gave Orders to Sail up the River : But the Channel was not deep e-
nough to bear his biggeſt Veffels, therefore the Soldiers were put aboard the Barques and
Pinaces, and to Landed in a Country well Inhabited, as belonging to three Maritime
Villages of Padua : Thefe they fet upon, take the People Captive, get great ftore of Plun-
der, and then fet the Houfes on Fire ; and enticed with the fweetneſs of theſe Spoils,
march up further from their Ships (with which they had left but a very flender Guard.)
Tidings of this Invafion was foon carryed to Padua, (a Place always in Arms, and upon
their Guard for fear of their ill Neighbors, the Gauls;) who prefently fent out two Parties,
one up into the Country where they were playing their Plundering pranks ; the other by a
By-way directly to the Harbor where their Ships lay(which was about fifteen Miles off from
that City And having cut to pieces the fmall Guard that was there, endeavor'd to Bord
the Veffels ; but the affrighted Mariners got them over to the other fide of the River. No
efs fuccessful were they on Land againſt the ftragling Rovers, who flying back to their
Ships were intercepted, furrounded, and all either kill'd or taken ; fome of the Prifoners
difcovered whence their Fleet was, and that their King Cleonymus was but three Miles
lower : Therefore having fecured them in the next Village, the Pativins, fome of them
Man'd out their Flat-bottom'd Boats, fitted to pafs the Shallows ; others Imbarqu'd in the
Pinaces taken from the Enemy, and ſo haſtning down, befet the main Fleet, which was
Riding at Anchor little dreaming of any danger, and fearing not fo much an Enemy as
the unknown Coafts, who being thus furprized made no refiftance, but made all the Sail
they could towards the Sea, being purfued as far as the Mouth of the River ; feveral of
their Ships that for fear and haft run upon the Flats, were taken and burnt ; fo that Cleo-
nymus was glad to be gone, having fcarce a fifth part of his Fleet left, and without Suc-
cefs in attempting to Land in any Coaft of the Adriatique, returned home. The Stems
of the Ships, and other Spoils of the Lacedemonians here taken, were fet up in the old
Temple of Juno, and there be many yet alive who have feen them. The Memorial of
this Victory is yearly celebrated (on the fame day) at Padua, by a folem Skirmiſh of Ships,
upon the River that runs through the middle of that City.
This Year a League was concluded at Rome with the Veftines at their Requeſt : Soon III.
after arriv'd Troublefom Intelligence from feveral parts, that Hetruria was in an Up-
roar, occafion'd by the feditious and civil Broils of the Aretines, who envying the Riches
of the Cilnii, a very Potent Family amongst them, would needs expel them by force of
Arms. Alſo, that the Marfians ftood out and defended their Territories against the Co-
lony of 4000 Men that was fent to Carfeoli. By reafon of thefe Tumults, M. Valerius
Maximus was created Dictator, who chofe for his General of the Horfe M. Æmilius Paulus ;
for that I rather credit, than that it was (as others relate) 2. Fabius ; it being improbable.
that a Perſon of his Age, and who had born the higheft Honors, would ferve under Va-
lerius. The Dictator advancing with his Army, in one Battel routed the Marfians, and
having driven them into their Fortified Cities, Milionia, Pleftina, and Frefilia ; in few days
fpace took all thofe Places, and having for their further punishment taken away part of
their Lands, received them again into the Ancient League. Then was the War turn'd
upon the Tufcans ; but whil'ft the Dictator was gone to Rome to confult the Sooth-fayers,
and take anew his Aufpices, or tokens of good Luck, the Mafter of the Horfe being
abroad a Forraging, fell into an Embufcade, loft feveral Colours, and was beat into the
Camp, after a foul Slaughter, and fhameful flight of his Men. Now 'tis not probable that
Fabius fhould be guilty of fuch a Mifcarriage, both becaufe, if for any commendable
Qualities he deferved his Sir-name of Moft Great, it was eſpecially for his Courage and
excellent skill in Military Affairs ; as alfo, for that he muſt needs too well remember Pa-
pirius's fevere profecution against him heretofore, to be induc'd by any means to fight again
in the abſence of the Dictator.
The noife of this Lofs at Rome terrified them more than the thing deferved : For as if
the whole Army had been deftroy'd, a Ceflation of all proceedings at Law was Pro- IV.
claimed, Guards fet at the Gates, Watches in every Street, Arms and Darts placed on the
Walls, and all the younger fort Lifted to be in readineſs : And forthwith the Dictator was
diſpatch'd away to the Army, who found all things there in a better pofture than he could
expect, and very well compofed by the careful diligence of the General of the Horſe :
The Camp removed to a place of more ftrength and fafety ; thofe Companies who had loft
their Colours, left on the bare Earth without the Works, and allowed neither Tents or
Coverts, for a puniſhment of their Cowardize ; and the whole Army eager for a Battel,
that they might the fooner wipe off the ftain of the late Difgrace. Therefore he forth-
with advanc'd with them intothe Country of Rofelle, whither the Enemy followed : And
though their late Succefs had rais'd them to a confidence that they could deal well enough
with the Romans by plain force in a fair Field, yet they were willing to uſe fome Art and
Stratagem, which they had found fo advantagious. There happened to be not far from
Kk the
 Book X.
256 The Roman Hiftory

the Roman Camp, a parcel of Houfes half ruinated, belonging to a Village that was burnt
when the Countrywas over-run ; there having hid a Party, they drove fome Cattel within
view of the Corps-du-Guard, Commanded by Cn. Fulvius , a Commiffary-General ; but
none of them coming out of their ftation upon this Bait, one of the pretended Herdf - men
came up almoft to their Works, and called aloud to the reft (that feem'd for fear to drive
but flowly by the Ruines of the aforefaid Village) asking, What they staid for ? fince they
might fafe enough drive their Beasts clean through the Romans Camp. Which words fome
Cerites that were prefent, Interpreting to the Commiffary, fill'd all the feveral Bands with
Indignation to be thus affronted, and their fingers itch'd to be at them, but durft not ftir
a ftep without Command : Fulvius bid thofe that were skilful in the Language, obſerve,
Whether the Speech of the Herdf-men were Country-like, or founded after a City Dia-
lect ? who acquainted him, That to them they feem'd both by their Language and their Looks, to
be more neat and better bred than Peasants or Country Clowns : Then go your ways (quoth he) to
them, and bid them difcover their Ambush, which in vain they have bid ; That the Romans un-
derftand all their tricks, and can now be circumvented by their Fraud, no more than vanquish'd by
their Force. This being related to thofe that lay in wait, preſently they ſtart out of their
Coverts, and advanc'd their Enfigns all abroad in the open Field : The Commiflary finding
them too numerous for his Guard alone to deal with, immediately fent to advertiſe the
Dictator, and defire fome affiftance ; whil'ft in the mean time he bore the brunt of the
0
Enemies Charge .
V. Upon this Advice, the Dictator commanded the Soldiers to Arm and march ; they were
ready almoft as foon as his Orders could be pronounc'd, and fcarce could they be kept
from running, being fpurr'd on as well by defires to revenge their late lofs , as by hear-
ing the fhouts of their Fellows that were engag'd, redoubled thicker and thicker as the Con-
flict encreafed. Therefore they pufh one another, and call to the Standard-bearers to mend
their pace: But the fafter they march'd, the more earneft was the Dictator to have them go.
foftly. The Tufcans in the mean time, taking the Alarm from the aforefaid Parties begin- Or
ning the Fight, had brought down all their Forces, which by one Meffenger after another
re
was told the Dictator, and, That it was impoffible for that Small Party of his to refift them, if
a
he did not haften to their Aid, and he himself from a little Hill might fee in what danger they
were. But as he was confident the Commiffary was yet able to maintain the Difpute, fo
22
confidering himſelf was fo near to preferve him from any danger, he was defirous to have
I
the Enemy tir'd out as much as might be, that with his frefh Forces he might fall upon
them already almoft fpent. Though they march'd thus flow, they were come near enough
n
for the Horfe to take their carirer for a Charge : However, that the Enemy might not ex-
pect any fuch fudden Attack, he caufed the Foot to march before, but with ſpaces between
their Files, through which the Cavalry might with eaſe advance. The Front had no fooner
h
fet up an Halloo, but the Horfe gallop'd out three quarters fpeed upon the Enemy, who
being not prepared to entertain a Charge from Horfe, as not expecting any fuch thing,
they were amazed and prefently difordered. Thus though he came late to affift his Party,
almoft quite hemm'd in, yet as foon as he came, he eas'd them of all further Toil ; for
O
the fresh Men undertook the whole weight of the Conflict, which neither lafted long, nor
B
was very dangerous : For the Enemy being worfted, fly to their Works, and as the Romans
with Banners difplayed prefs hard upon them, quitted their Poſts there too, and hudled
themſelves up in an heap at the further fide of their Camp, and endeavoring all to fly at
once, wedge in one another, and ftuck faft in the narrow Paffages of the Ports : A great
part of them then got up upon the Rampire, either the better to defend themselves bythe
heighth of the place, or hoping to get over fomewhere : It happen'd at one place, the
Mount being not well ramm'd, furcharged with the weight of thofe that ftood on it, broke
down and fell into the Trench, whereupon they ary'd out, The Gods had opened them apaf-
fage for their efcape ; and bythat means indeed they faved themfelves, but most of them
were glad to leave their Arms behind them. By this overthrow both the Forces of the
Tufcans, and their Spirits, were abated ; fo that agreeing to give the Army a Years pay,
and Corn for two Months, they were permitted by the Dictator to fend Ambafladors to
Rome to negotiate a Peace, which would not be granted, but a Truce they obtained for
two Years : The Dictator return'd to the City in Triumph. I have fome Authors, that
affirm he reduced Etruria without any memorable Battel, having only compofed the Are-
tines Diſtractions, by making a Reconciliation between the Houſe of the Cilmit, and the
Commons. M. Valerius was made Conful upon his Dictatorship, though fome fay he was
fo far from feeking that Honor, that 'twas conferr'd in his abfence, and that this Election
was held by an Inter-regent ; but ' tis without difpute that Apuleius Panfa was his Col-
league.
VI.
During their time, all was pretty quiet abroad ; the Truce, and especially their ill fuccefs
in the late War, kept the Tufcans in order. The Samnites had fuffered fo many over-
throws for feveral Years paft, that they were not yet weary of the new League : And at
Rome, the drawing out of Multitudes of the poorer fort, and planting them in good Colo-
nies abroad, where they had Lands and Houles for nothing, pleafed the Commons very
well;
DEC. I. of TITUS LIVIU S. 257

well ; yet that this Tranquillity might not be every where intire and perfect, a Quarrel was
ftarted between the chief of the City, Patricians of the one fide, and Commoners of the
other, fomented by the two Oguluii, Tribunes of the Commons, who hunting for all oc-
cafions to expofe and accufe the Nobility, and render them odious to the Commons ; after
feveral other projects had prov'd ineffectual, undertook at length an action that they knew
would not fail to enflame, not only the Rabble, but the Heads of the Commons, Men
that had born Confulfhips and rod in Triumphant Chariots, who now wanted no Offices
or Honors, but thofe of Prieft-hood, which the Nobles had hitherto kept wholly to them-
felves, and not fuffered the fame to be promifcuoufly enjoy'd by any others : What did they
do therefore but propofe a Law, That fince there were at that time but four Augurs or Sooth-
fayers, and as many Pontiffs or Chief Priests, and it was thought fit that the number of Priests
Should be encreaſed, therefore four Pontiffs andfive Augurs might henceforwards be chofen out of
the Commons, to be added to thofe in being, How this Colledge of Augurs came to be redu
ced to the number of Four, unleſs by the death of fome of them, I do not understand,
fince 'twas a Rule amongst the Augurs that their number ought to be odd ; that the three
Antient Tribes, Ramnes, Titienfes, and Luces, might each have its Augur ; or if there need-
ed more, they fhould multiply them equally ; as here five being added to four, makes nine,
that is, three for each Tribe. But that which nettled the Nobles, was, That thefe new
ones were to be chofen out of the Commonalty, which they refented no less than when
theyfaw the Confulfhip firft fall into Plebeian hands ; yet they fhrouded their Envy under
a cloak of Piety, alledging, That the Gods were much more concern'd in the business than
they, who would best determine, whether or no their Sacred Mysteries were polluted ; as for them-
felves, all they could do, was, to wish well, and pray that no fevere
fevere Judgment or Calamity might
for this befal the Common-wealth. But though they were inwardly vex'd, yet they made the
lefs earneft oppofition publickly, becaufe in fuch Difputes they were now uſed to be over-
born, and have it carryed against them, and faw their Competitors the Commons did not
only aspire to great Honors, which in former times they durft not hope for, but were al-
ready in poffeffion of all the Higheft Dignities which had been fo long controverted ; viz.
a multitude of Confulats, Cenforfhips and Triumphs.
The Debate, ' tis faid, touching this Law pro and con, was chiefly managed between Ap- VII.
pius Claudius, and Publius Decius Mus, who having on either fide alledged and mufter'd up
much the fame Argument touching the Rights both of Lords and Commons, as were here-
tofore uſed for and against the Licinian Law , when the matter was firft ftarted, that Com-
moners might be Confuls : For a clofe of the Debate, Decius is reported to have reprefent-
ed in a very lively Defcription, the refemblance of his Father, fuch as many prefent had
feen him in his Gown in the Gabine Tuck, and ftanding over his Javelin, in which Habit
he Devoted himſelf for the People and Legions of Rome, Publius Decius the Commoner Con-
ful (quoth he) was then as pure and Religious in the fight of the Immortal Gods, and altogether
as acceptable as if T. Manlius bis Collague (a Patrician) had been devoted: and can we imagine
that the fame man might not rightly have been chofen, to Officiate the Publick Divine Ser-
vices of the People of Rome ? Is this the Doubt, that the Gods fhould not as readily bear bis Pray-
ers, as they would thofe of Appius Claudius ? Is the latter more pure in his private Devotions, or
does he ferve the Gods more religiously than the former ? What caufe is there to repent of the
Vows made by fo many Plebeian Confuls and Dictators, either when they first fet out with
their Armies, or in the very heat of Battels ? Let us number the Commanders in Chief ever fince
Affairs begun to fall under the management of Commoners, and reckon up the feveral Tri-
umphs, it will appear, the Commons have no caufe to blush at their own Nobility. This I am
fure of, whenever any mighty dangerous War happens, the Senate and People of Rome do not
repofe more confidence in their Patritian, than in their Plebeian Commanders : Since this is fo,
how can it seem an indignity to God or Man, if to those great and illuftrious Perfonages, whom
you have dignified with Ivory Chairs of State, with Robes of Honor of all forts, with Tri-
umphant Crowns and Laurels ; and whofe Houſes are above others rendred Glorious with the affix'd
Spoils of Enemies, youshall also add the Sacred Accoutrements of Pontiffs and Augurs ? He that
bath already been deck'd in the Ornaments ef Almighty Jupiter, and being drawn through the
City in a Chariot of Gold, bath mounted the Capitol, who can think it too much to fee the fame
Perfon that hath thus appear'd as a God to Men, tofhew himself an bumble Suppliant to the Gods ?
to bold in Triumphal Hands the Sacred Cup, or Holy-water-pot, and the Divining Wand, or
Crofier Staff? and with a veiled Head to kill the Sacrifices, or take the lucky Auguries for the
Publick ? When Pofterity fhall read the ftile of fome brave Man upon his Statue, and find there
fo many Confulats, Cenforfhips, and Triumphs, Will they think you be frighted, ifyou shall
have added thereunto an Augurihip, or the Pontificial Dignity? For my part, I verily hope
(with reverence and the good leave of the Gods be it fpoken) That bythe Beneficence of the People
of Rome we are now fuch, as by our Quality may bring as much Credit and Honor to the Priestly
Function, as weshall derive from it : And that we defire it more in respect of the Service ofthe
Gods, than for any Interest of our own, That whom we have hitherto reverenc'd privately, we
"
may henceforth have opportunities publickly to Worship.
Kk 2 But
 BOOK X.
258 The Roman History

But why plead I all this while, as if the Patricians alone were intirely Invefted with the Pri
viledge of Sacerdotal Dignities ? and as if we were not already inpoffeffion of one Honorable and
moft Principal Priesthood ? We fee the Decemvirs appointed for Celebration of Sacrifices, and In-
terpreting the Sibylline Verfes, for weading the Deftinies of our Nation ; the fame Perfons being
Chief Ministers at the Sacred Rites of Apollo, and other Ceremonies, are Commoners. And
as no Injury was done the Patritii, when in favor of the Commons the number of the Duumviri
or Superintendents of the aforefaid Mysteries, was augmented to Ten ; fo neither have they now.
any greater cauſe to complain, if the Tribune, a worthy and brave Man, bath addedfive places.
more of Augurs and four of Pontiffs, unto which Commoners may be nominated : Not to dif 21
poffefs you, Appius, but that Commoners may be affiftant toyou in Sacred Things, who are so high-
ly helpful toyou in Civils. Be not ashamed, 0 Appius ! to have thefame Perfon your Collegue in
the Priesthood, who might fitly be your Companion in a Cenfor or Confulfhip : To whom being C
Dictator, you might be Master of the Horfe, as well as he Master of the Horse when you hap
pen to be Dictator. The Patriti of Old refus'd not to admit into their Rank a Sabine Stranger,
Appius Claufus, or Claudius (I know not which his Name was) the very Top of your Kindred, B
you must not think much then to accept Us into the number of the Priefts, who bring with us not
a few Marks of Honor, nay, even all that you can boast of : You tell us, That the first Com-
moner that was made a Conful, was L. Sextius ; the first Master of the Horfe, Caius Licinius
Stolo, the first both Dictator and Cenfor, C. Marcius Rutilus ; we have heard you repeating a
thousand times the fame thredbare Allegations ; That to you, forfooth alone, belongs the taking of
the Aufpicia ; that you only are Gentlemen ; that you, and none butyou, ought tohave the Chief
management of Affairs both at home and abroad: Yet still I must tell you, the Commoners have re
always been as profperous hitherto as the Nobles, in any brave or difficult Undertaking, and I ea
doubt not but they ever will be fo. Did you never hear that the Patritii, did not drop down from 201
Heaven, but were at first establish'd by Humane Policy, being composed offuch as were able to
name their Father, that is to fay, Honeft Free-men, and no more ? I my felf can already
nominate my Father to have been a Conful, and shortly my Son will be able to alledge his Grand- Te
father of that Quality. The bottom ofthe Business is only this, That every thing must be denyed pl
us, and nothing obtained without tugging : The Patritians Defign is only to maintain a Faction, no
and contend, and regard not greatly what the end of the Dispute is. It is therefore my Vote, h:
That (to the good of you all, and the Weal- Publick) this Law bepaffed and established. C
IX.
The People prefentiy commanded the Tribes to be call'd to a Scrutiny, and it appeared, I
That without all doubt the Law would be accepted ; but that day was loft by the Interpofi-
tion and Negative of fome of the Tribunes : But on the Morrow, they were afraid to F
oppofe it, and then it pafs'd unanimoufly, and the New additional Pontiffs then Created
were, the Promoter of the Law P. Decius Mus, P. Sempronius Sophus , C. Marcius Rutilus,
fc
and M. Livius Denter : The five Plebeian Augurs, C. Genutius, P. Alius Patus, M. Minu-
cius Feffus, C. Marcius, and T. Publilius ; thus the number of the Pontiffs came to be Eight,
and of the Augurs Nine. The fame Year M. Valerius the Conful,procured the Law,Touch-
G
ing Appeals to the People, to be confirm'd. This was the third time fince the expulfion of
Kings, that Law had been establish'd, and always by the fame Family : The Caufe of re-
newingit ſo oft, I conceive might be, becauſe the power of a few of the Grandees and
Nobles was apt to be too hard for the Liberties of the Commons. The Porcian Law feems
Enacted only to fave the Romans skins, impoſing a grievous punishment on any that ſhould
Kill or Scourge a Citizen of Rome. The Valerian Law, which prohibited any man to be
Whipt or Beheaded, that made his Appeal, had no exprefs Penalty, but only declared, That
whoever fhould act contrary, the fame would be naughtily done, that feeming then as I
believe (fuch was the Modefty and Reverence of thofe Times) a fufficient Obligation and
Reftraint, whereas now a days, if a Man fhould threaten but his Slave at fuch a rate, he
would defpife it. The fame Conful manag'd the War againſt the Equians, who were
broke out in Rebellion, but there was little remarkable in it, for they had nothing left of
their Antient Fortune, but the ftoutnefs of their Stomachs. The other Conful Apuleius,
befieged the City Nequinum in Umbria, a place difficult of Accefs, as being fituate high,
and onthe one fide was a fteep Precipice, where now the River Narnia is, fo that it could
not be taken either by Affault or Mining ; but the Service uneffected, was refign'd over to
the new Confuls, M. Fulvius Patus, and T. Manlius Torquatus. "Tis related by Macer Lici-
nius, and Tubero, That all the Wards having chofen that year Q. Fabius, although he did
not pretend toit, He defired them to excuse him till a year when there were more Wars on foot,
for at prefent he could do the Common- wealth better Service, by bearing fome Civil Office in the
City : Thereby not concealing what he aim'd at, nor yet exprefly defiring it, and fo he
was made Edile of State, together with L. Papirius Curfor. But I dare not avouch this for
a certain truth, becauſe Pifo, a more antient Annalift, faith, That the Adiles of the
Chair that year were C. Domitius, Cn . F. Calvinum, and Sp. Carvilium Q., F. Maximus,
which firname of Maximus might, as I conceive, give occafion to the Error, whereupon
followed a Tale fuitable to that Error, jumbling the Elections of Ediles and Confuls to
gether. The fame year was a Luftrum, that is a general furvey and purging of the City
by
 DEC
. I.
of TITU LIV 259
S IUS .

by Sacrifices, held by P. Sempronius Sophus, and P. Sulpitius Averrio, and two Tribes more
were added to the reft, Anienfis and Tarentina. Thus much for the Affairs at Rome.
Much time had now been ſpent in a lingering Siege of the before-mentioned Town X.'
Nequinum, but at laft two of the Inhabitants, whole Houfes join'd to the Wall, undermined
the Ground as far as the Roman Out-guards, where coming forth, they defired to be carry-
ed before the Conful, whom they do affure, That they were ready to let in a party of Arm-
ed Men, if he pleas'd, into the City. This was an Overture not to be flighted, nor yet to
be credited without Caution. With one of thefe Renegado's (for the other was detain'd as
an Hoftage) two Scouts were fent by the fame Mine to difcover the Paffagé ; and upon
their return the Attempt appearing feazible, Three hundred Soldiers led by the Renegado
into the City, feize in the Night the Gate that was next, break it open, and let in the
Conful and Roman Army without any refiftance. Nequinum being thus reduced to the Ro-
man Obedience, a Colony, called Narnia from the Rivers name, was Planted there, to
ferve as a Frontier againſt the Umbrians : And the Army return'd to Rome with a good
Booty.
The fame Yearthe Tufcans were contriving to violate their Truce, but whil'ft they were
hammering feveral projects, they were for a while diverted by a vaft Army of the Gauls
making an Incurfion into their Country, but with Mony, (whereof they had good ſtore)
they endeavor'd not only to make the Gauls their Friends, but draw them in to affift them
against the Romans. This Alliance the Barbarians feeming not to refufe, they treat about
the Sum, which being agreed and paid, when all other preparations for the War were
ready, andthe Tufcans defired them to March, they peremptorily denyed, that they contract-
ed for any reward concerning a War against the Romans ; whatever they received, the fame
was allowed them only in confideration of their forbearing to plunder the Tufcans Country, and
not committing any Acts of Hoftility upon the People : Yet if the Tufcans were fo minded, they
hould still be ready to ferve them, but upon no other Terms, but being admitted into part of their
Territories, that at last they might have fome certain abode, and place of fettlement. The Peo-
ple of Etruria had feveral Diets or Councils about this Affair, but nothing was done in it,
not fo much that they were loth to part with their Lands, asbecaufe every body abhorred to
have people of a fuch a Savage Race for their Neighbors. So the Gauls being difinis'd,
carryed home a power of Mony, got without either labor or hazard : However, they at
Rome were ftartled at the noife of this Conjunction like to have been between the Gauls
and the Tufcans, and therefore were the nimbler in clapping up a Peace with the People of
Picenum.
XI.
T. Manlius the Conful had the charge of the Tufcan War alotted to him, who was
fcarce entred their Borders, when as he was exercifing his Cavalry, turning his Horfe fud-
denly in a full carrier, he was thrown off with a grievous Fall, whereof three days after
• he dyed. The Tufcans took heart at this Accident as a good Omen for their fide, That the
Gods had begun this War in their favour. At Rome ' twas fad news, as well for the lofs of fo
brave a General, as for the unfeaſonableneſs of the time when it fell out, fo that the Votes
of the firft Wards, which the reft followed, difcharged the Senate from nominating a
Dictator to hold the Election for a new Conful, and would needs beftow it themselves ;
and all of them pitch'd upon M.Valerius, who was the very Man that the Senate would
have Created Dictator. This Gentleman is ordered forthwith to repair into Etruria to the
Legions, and his coming kept the Tufcans in fuch awe, that none of them durft budge out
of their Works, their condition being no better than a Siege ; nor could the new Conful
provoke them to a Battel, though he wafted their Country, and burnt their Habitations
where-ever he came, fo that not only their fmall Villages, but Well-peopled Towns were
all in Flames, or yet fmoaking in Ruines. Whil'ft this War prov'd more tedious than was
expected, there came the Report of another, which confidering the mutual loffes of both
fides, was juftly more terrible : For the Romans had Intelligence privately given them by
the Picenes their new Allies: That the Samnites were upon a defign to take Arms and Rebel,
and bad tampered with them to join therein. The Picenes had the thanks of the Senate re-
turned for this Difcovery, which diverted a great part of the Fathers cares from Tuscany
towards the Samnites : Befides, the City was afflicted with a Dearth of Corn and Pro-
vifions ; nay, as thofe Write who will have Fabius Maximus to be Edile that year, it had
been reduced to the laft Extremity of Want, if that Gentleman had not prevented it, by
his care in providing, and prudence in difpofing of Corn, fhewing himſelf as diligent and
ufeful now at home in difpenfing of Victuals, as he had often been abroad in the Con-
duct of their Arms. The fame year there was an Inter-regency, but on what occafion does
not appear ; the Regents were Appius Claudius, and after him P. Sulpicius, who held the Ele-
ctions, and Created L. Cornelius Scipio, and Cn. Fulvius, Confuls.
To thefe new Confuls, at their beginning of the very Year,Ambafladors from the Lucanes XIL
addreffed themſelves, complaining, That the Samnites, because they could not on any Terms
inveigle them into an Affociation against the Romans, had with a formidable Army invaded
and laid waste their Country, and intended by Arms to force them to take Arms as they would
have them: Butthough the People of Lucania had beretofore too much fail'd in that refpect, they
were
 260 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X.

were now fully refolv'd to run all hazards and extremities, rather than offend the Roman name :
Therefore they did bumbly requeft the Fathers to take them into Protection, and to defend them
from the force and outrages of the Samnites ; That though their standing out a War with the
"Samnites, had already laid them under a neceffity of being true and firmly Loyal to the Romans,
get they were further ready, if it should be required, to give Hostages for their Fidelity. The
Senate, after a fhort debate, unanimoufly refolv'd to continue their League with the Lu-
canians, and fend Heralds to the Samnites, to demand fatisfaction, and require them to depart,
and withdraw their Arms out of the Territories of the Lucanians, Allies and Confederates of the
People of Rome. But as they were on their way, Meffengers from the Samnites met them,
declaring, That if they offered to address themselves to any of the Samnites Councils or Affim-
blies, they should not expect to depart again infafety, and therefore let them proceed at their peril.
This was no fooner heard at Rome, but the Senate Voted, and the People Decreed a War
against the Samnites. The Confuls divided the Provinces, Tuscany fell to Scipio's fhare,
and the Samnites to Fulvius, and each of them departed to his Charge . Scipio expected a
flow lingering Work on't, like laft Years Campaign ; but on the contrary, the Enemy in
Battel- array meets him near Volaterra, where they fought the better part of the Day with
great flaughter on both fides, and Night parted them before either could tell which had
the beft on't ; but next Day declared the Victory, and which Party was vanquifh'd, for
the Tufcans taking the advantage of the Night were march'd off: The Romans being drawn
up, and perceiving that the Victory was yielded them by the Enemies retreat, advance to
their Camp, and find it, though empty of Men, yet not of Booty, for they had quitted it in
fuch fear, at to leave much of their Baggage behind them. Then he retired with his
Army into the Falifean Territories, and leaving his Carriages at Falerii with a competent
Guard, marches with a flying Army to Forrage the Country, and deftroy it with Fire
and Sword ; vaft Booties are got from all Parts, and he left not only their Fields waft and
defart, but burnt down their Caftles and Borough-Towns : As for the greater and better
fortified Cities, into which fear had driven the Tufcans by heaps, he did not ftand to In-
veft them, becauſe he would not lofe fo much time as the Formalities of ſo many Sieges
would require. The other Conful Fulvius, fought a gallant Battel with the Samnites near
Bovianum, wherein he was Conqueror beyond difpute ; after which, he attack'd Bovianum
firft , and then Aufidena, and took them both by Storm.
XIII.
The fame Year a Colony was carryed to Carfeoli, to have an Eye over the Territories 2
of the Aquicole. Fulvius the Conful Triumphs over the Samnites. About the time of
Elections, Intelligence arriv'd, That the Tufcans and Samnites were making mighty Levies ;
That in all their Diets or Councils the Chiefs of the Tufcans were reproved for not engaging the
Gauls in the War, whatever it had coft them : Nor were the Magiftrates of the Samnites lefs
blam'd for expofing to the fury of the Romans that Army which they had provided against the
Lucanians, whom they ought first to have cut off, whereas now the Romans having their Afſift-
ance, as well as their own Forces, would be fo much the harder to be dealt with. Now though
there were feveral other gallant Perfons put in for the Confulfhip, yet this new Alarm
turned all the Peoples eyes upon Q. Fabius Maximus, fo far from ambitioning that Honor,
that as foon as he perceived their Inclinations, he openly refuſed it, asking, What they meant
to trouble him that was now an old Man, and had already gone through both all forts of Labors
and Fatigues for the Publick, and alfo all the Honors and glorious Rewards which are wont to
Sweeten thofe toils and dangers to Youthful minds ? That the vigor either of the Body or Mind
could not always continue the fame ; and befides, he had jealous apprehenfions of Fortune her felf,
left fome of the Gods should think her too partial, and more conftantly kind to him than the com-
mon course, and neceſſary viciffitudes of Humane Affairs will allow of; That he was now grown up
equal to the glories of his Ancestors, and should gladly behold others afpiring and mounting up to the
fame Illuftrious Height ; That as Rome bad always fufficient Encouragements and Honors for
brave and valiant Men, fo fhe never wanted excellent Perfens fit for the greatest Charges and
Preferments. This modefty added a greater edge to their Defires, which he thinking to
rebate by the Authority of the Law, caufed that Ordinance to be read , which Provides,
That no Man that has ferved Conful, fhall within the space of ten Years after, be chofen again to
the fame Office. But the fame could fcarce be heard for the noife of the People ; and the Tri-
4
bunes of the Commons, cryed out, That should be no Impediment, for they would prefently
prefer a Bill, That he should be exempted and diſpenſed with : Yet ftill he perfifted in his refufal,
demanding, To what purpose is it then to make Laws, when they shall be eluded by those very
Perfons that make them ? This is not to be rul'd by Laws, but to over-rule and govern the Laws
themselves at our pleasure. However, the People proceeded to a Scrutiny, and as every
Ward was called in, they all gave their Suffrages without any Hefitation, for Fabius. Then
overcome with this general Confent of the whole City, May the Gods (quoth he) approve,
O Quirites ! what you do, and are about ; but fince you will difpofe of me as you please, I hope
you will not deny me the favor of nominating my Colleague, and therefore make it my Request,
that you would pleafe to chufe for the other Conful, P. Decius, a Man that I have try'd, and
born Office with already very lovingly, and a Perfon worthy of your regards , and that incom-
parable Father from whom he is defcended : This was readily granted, and 2 Fabius and
P. Decius
DEC. I. TiruS
of TITU s LIVIUS 261

6.
P. Decius created Confuls by a general confent. The fame Year abundance of Perfon's
were profecuted by the Ediles, for holding greater quantities of Land than they ought to
do by Law, and generally they were found guilty and punish'd, whereby their immode
rate Avarice was for the prefent very much reftrain'd.
Whil'ft the new Confuls , Q. Fabius Maximus the fourth time, and P! Decius Mus the third, XIV,
were concerting their Affairs that one ſhould attack the Samnites, the other the Tufcans,
what Forces would be fufficient for each Province, and which of them would be moft
proper to manage each War; Ambaffadors from Sutrium, Nepete, and Falerii; advertiſe
them, That the States of Tuscany were now confulting in their Diets about a Treaty of Peace,
Whereupon they turned the whole bulk of the War upon the Samnites. For the readiet
provifion of Grain and Victuals, and that the Enemy might be the more to ſeek where the
Tempeft would firft fall upon them, the Confuls led their Legions into Samnium two .
different ways, Fabius through the Territories of Sora, and Decius along by the Sidicins.
Being come up to the Enemies Confines, both of them immediately fpread their Forces
to Forrage the Country ; yet warily fent out their Scouts before them, by whom they had
advice, That the Enemy lay in readineſs about a blind Valley or untoward Pafs near Tifernum,
defigning as foon as the Romans should be got into it, tofet upon them from the higher Grounds.
Fabius having difpofed of his Baggage in a place of fafety, under a fmall Guard, and given
his Soldiers notice, That a Battel was towards, marches in good order, directly to the a-
forefaid Ambufcade ; the Samnites then defpairing to do any good by furprize fince their
Deſign was diſcovered, and feeing the matter muft once at length come to an open difpute
and decifion, were thenfelves pretty willing to venture a pitch'd Field ; and fo defcended
into the Plain, and committed themſelves to Fortune, with greater courage than hopes.
Whether it were that they had there amafs'd together the utmoft ftrength they could make
from all parts, or whether the confideration that all was at ftake, infpired then with an
unufual Valor, certain it is, that even in fair fighting they held the Romans hard to it, and
put them into no fimall fright. Infomuch that Fabius feeing he could not make them
Hinch in any part, commanded two Colonels, M. Fulvius, and M.Valerius, that were with
him in the Front, to go to the Horfe, and tell them, That if ever the Commonwealth were
to be affifted by the Service of the Cavalry, they should this day ftrive to render the glory of their
Order invincible and eternal ; for now the Enemy bad stood the utmost shocks of the Infantry, and
no hopes left but in a brisk Charge from the Horfe ; and withal , he encouraged theſe two
young Gentlemen by name, both with commendations and large promifes of Reward. But
when neither this attempt of the Horfe could make any Impreffion , concluding, That
Artifice muft effect what down-right Force could not accompliſh, he orders Scipio, à Com-
miffary General, to retreat out of the Front with the Haftati, or Javelyneers, of the firft
Legion, and march them round about as fecretly as poffibly he could to the top of the
next Hills, and from thence on a fudden to fall upon the back of the Enemy. The Horfe
led bythe two Colonels, advancing before the Standards unexpectedly, difordered their
own Men as much as they did the Samnites, who received them gallantly and repulfed
them, fo that they were forced to fall back again behind the Enfigns, and troop'd out of
the Battel. This encouraged the Enemy; nor had the Fore- front been able, after fo te-
dious a Conflict, to fuftain their Violence, ftill encreafing upon confidence of a Vi-
&
tory, had it not been reinforc'd by the Confuls command with the fecond Battalions
coming up and relieving them ; who being fresh, put a stop to the braving Samnites, and
at the fame time the Enfigns opportunely appearing on the Hill behind, and a fhout from
thence, did not only terrifie them with a juft apprehenfion of danger, but the fame was
made far greater by a mistake : For both the Conful Fabius cryed out, That his Colleague
Decius was come, and all the Soldiers repeated the fame Note with the higheſt Joy : O
the other Conful ! the other Legions are yonder at hand ! An happy error to the Romans , but"
fatal to the Samnites, caufing them to be furprized with a Fright, and to run away as
faft as they could, left they should be hem'd in, and by theſe fresh Forces cut to pieces
now they were already weary and over-toil'd. The flaughter was not fo great as might be
expected from fuch a Victory, becauſe they difperfed themfelves every way in their Hight,
there being only 3400 of them flain, and almoſt 330 taken Priſoners, together with Three
and twenty Colours.
The Apulians had join'd the Samnites before this Battel, if the other Conful Decius XV.
had not intercepted and routed them at Maleventum There too there was more flying
than killing, for there were not above two thoufand of them flain ; and Decius making
no reckoning of that Enemy, advanc'd into Samnium , where the two Confular Armies
marching feveral ways, over-run the Country, and laid all waft before them for five
whole months together. Decius encamp'd at no fewer than five and forty, and the
other Conful at Eighty fix feveral places in Samnium during that Expedition, leaving be-
hind them not only the Monuments of their Rampires and Ditches, but other more no-
table marks of Defolation throughout thofe Regions. Fabius likewife took the City Ci-
metra, where there were taken Two thoufand four hundred armed Men, and flain Four
hundred and thirty, or near thereabouts. Therice by reafon of the approaching Elections,
he
 232 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X.

he haftned back to Rome ; and when at first all the Wards chofe him the faid Q. Fabius
to be again Conful for the next year ; Appius Claudius , a Perfon of Confular Dignity, and
one of the Candidates, but a Man hot and ambitious, not fo much for his own Ho-
nor, as that the Patricians might recover into their hands both the Places of the Con-
fulfhip, endeavored with all his own Intereft, and that of the whole Nobility, That he
might be Elected the other Conful with Fabius. When Fabius at firft began to excufe him-
felf with fuch kind of Arguments as he ufed laft Year, the Nobles flock'd about his
Chair in a full Body, intreating him, That he would pluck out the Confular Dignity from the
Plebeian dirt, and restore the antient Majefty both to the Office it felf, and the Patrician Fa
milies, to whom of right it appertain'd. Fabius, after filence made, with a kind of trim-
ming Oration qualified their Heats, telling them, That he would endeavor the People should
accept of the Names of two Patricians, if they would pitch upon ſome other Man befides himſelf;
for be would not now fuffer himself to be put in Nomination, fince the fame being against the
Laws, would be of very pernicious Example to after Times. So Lucius Volumnius a Commoner,
was chofen Conful with Appius Claudius, who ferv'd the fame Office together before : But
the Nobles ceafed not to reproach Fabius for refufing to accept for his Colleague, App.
Claudius, a Perfon for Eloquence, and dexterity in managing Civil Affairs ſcarce to be pa-
rallel'd.
XVI. The Elections thus over, the old Confuls were ordered to carry on the War in Samnium,
their Commands being continued for fix months longer ; fo that P. Decins in Quality of
Pro-Conful, proceeded to fpoil and harrass all parts, fo long till at laft he drove the Samnite
Army quite out of their Country ; who made for Tufcany, and thinking they mightin fuch
a Troop of armed Men, by intreaties intermix'd with threats, obtain what by fo many
Embaffies they had defired in vain, did demand to have a Diet or General Council of the
chief Men of Etruria to be conven'd; which being affembled, they Remonftrate, For how
many Years Space they had ftoutly disputed their Liberties with the Romans ; that they had tryed
all means, to fuftain if it were poffible, the whole weight of fo defperate a War with their own
proper fhoulders ; that they had also made proof of the Aids of the neighboring Nations, but to
little purpose ; that moreover, they defired a Peace of the Romans, when they were able no
longer to maintain the War ; that finding Peace with flavery more intolerable than the most
unprofperous War with freedom, they had been again neceffitated to take up Arms ; that now
the only hope they had left was in the Tufcans, as knowing them to be both for Men, Muni-
tion and Mony, the mightiest Nation of all Italy, and having for their next Neighbors the Gauls,
a People born to Arms and Blood-fhed, and fierce as well by their Natural Inclinations, as efpe-
cially in any quarrels against the Romans, whom they boast (and not untruly) to have been van-
quifh'd by their Arms, andforc'd tamely to ransom themselves and their City with Gold; that
nothing would be wanting if the Etrurians had but the fame brave Spirits, as Porfena and others
their Ancestors bad of old, they might then easily drive back the Romans out of all their ufurp-
ed Poffeffions on this fide the Tiber, and make them quit their defign of enslaving all Italy, and
be glad to defend themselves. That for their encouragement here was now a Samnite Army well
arm'd and paid, at their fervice, who would readily march along whitherfoever they would lead
them, though it were up to the veryWalls of Rome.
XVII . Whil'ft they were making thefe Rhodomontado's and preparations for Warin Etruria, the
Romans made havock of their Country at home ; for P. Decius underſtanding by his Scouts,
that they were gone, call'd a Council of War: And what, fays he, do we stand pidling
thus, ranging over empty Fields, and making Bon - fires of a few forry Villages ? Why should we
not fet upon their Cities and Walled Towns ? There is now no Army in Samnium to oppofe us,
or relieve them ; they are gone out of their own Confines, and voluntarily have inflicted banish-
ment upon themselves. All approving this Counfel, he comes up before Murgantia, a very
ftrong City, but fuch was the zeal of the Soldiers, both for the love they had for their
General, and the hopes of a greater Booty than in the Country Hamlets, that the very
firft day they made themſelves Maſters of it. There 2100 Samnites were taken, and a-
bundance of Pillage ; which that it might not clog and encumber his Army, Fabius af-
fembling his Soldiers, thus befpeaks them : Fie, Gentlemen ! Will you be content with this Vi
Etory, and this Plunder ? rather raife and extend your Hopes equal to your Courage and Gallan-
try ; All the Cities of the Samnites, and all their Fortunes and Riches therein, are yours, who in fo
many Battels have routed their Forces and beat them out of the Country. Therefore fell thefe
Prizes, and with good penny- worths invite Chapmen to follow yon as you march, I'llfoon find you
more Waresforyouto put off. Let's awayfrom henceftrait to the City Romulea thereyour pains will
not be fo great, but your poils far greater. So having fold their Pillage, they march on ea-
gerly to Romulea of their own accord, fpurring on their General to the expedition ; and be-
ing come there, without cafting up any Works, without uſing any Engines for Battery, in
fpight of all refiftance, they fly up to the Walls, and every man clapping up his Scaling-
Ladder, the Town in a Trice was taken and plundered, Two thouſand and three hun-
dred kill'd, and 6000 Perfons taken : The Soldiers here had a mighty Booty, which they
fold as they did the former. And though they had no reft given them, but were prefent-
ly led to Ferentinum , yet they march'd with the greateſt chearfulneſs ; but that prov'd a task
of
 DE C. I.
of TITUS LIVIUS . 263

of greater difficulty; for both the Walls were ftoutly defended, and the Place as well by
Nature as Art ftrongly fortified, but the Affailants were now fo enur'd to, and eager af-
ter Plunder, that they furmounted all difficulties, and got poffeffion, having firft flain to
the number of Three thouſand of the Enemy about the Walls. The greatest fhare of Ho-
nor in winning theſe Cities, is in fome Annals afcrib'd to Maximus, that he took Ferenti-
num and Romulea, and Decius, Murgantia ; fome affign the glory thereof to the new Con-
fuls, others not to them both, but only to P. Volumnius, to whom, they fay, happened the
management of the Province of Samnium.
Whil'ft thefe Actions (by whofe Conduct foever it was) were perform'd in Samnium, the XVIII.
Romans are involv'd in a dreadful War like to be carryed on by the united Forces of feveral
Nations in Etruria, the principal Fomenter of which, was Gellius Ignatius a Samnite. The
Tufcans almost all in general had taken Arms, and drawn in their next Neighbors, the fe-
veral Nations of Umbria, into the Confederacy ; befides, Auxiliaries were hired from the
Gauls, who all came to a Rendezvous at the Camp of the Samnites Army. The news of
this fudden tumult arriving at Rome, after Volumnius the Conful was gone into Samnium,
with the fecond and third Legion, and Fifteen thousand of the Forces of the Allies, it
was thought fit, That Appius Claudius fhould forthwith depart thither alfo, followed with
the firft and third Legions, and Twelve thouſand of the Affociats, who encamped not far
from the Enemy. But more advantage was gain'd by his coming thither in time, whereby
fome People of Tuscany already inclinable to a Revolt, were kept in awe, than by any
thing wifely or fortunately atchieved by the Confuls conduct. Many Engagements he
ventured upon, but at unfeaſonable times, or in difadvantagious places, fo that the Enemy
took heart, and grew every day more formidable, and to that ill pafs were Affairs reduc'd,
that neither could the Soldiers confide in their General, nor the General much truft his
Soldiers. In three feveral Annals, I find, That Appius being in this bad condition, dif-
patch'd his Letters to his Fellow Conful, and fent for him out of Samnium ; but I know
not how to affert this, fince 'tis fo uncertain, that even the Confuls themſelves, and thoſe
too, the ſecond time conjoyn'd in that Office, fell into variance about it, Appius flatly de-
nying that he ſent any fuch Letters, and Volumnius as peremptorily averring that he was
fent for by Appius.
Volumnius had already taken three Caftles in Samnium, in which near three thouſand
were flain, and half as many taken Prifoners, and likewife had pacified the Seditions
of the Lucanians occafioned by the beggarly Rabble, and adjuſted all their Differences to
the greater content of the better fort, by the pains of Q. Fabius then Proconful, whom
he had fent thither with his old Army ; therefore leaving the other Proconful Decius, to
Forrage upon the Enemy, he himfelf with his Forces march'd directly into Tufcany to
his Colleague, and was there joyfully receiv'd by all but Appins himſelf, who had reafon
to be angry, if he were indeed confcious that he never wrote for him ; or if he had writ-
ten, was willing, out of an envious and ungrateful mind, to deny it, and diffemble that he
ftood in need of his Affiftance : For fcarce had they faluted each other after they met,
but he thus accofts him, How is it, Lucius Volumnius ! are all things well ? How go matters
in Samnium ? What makes you come out ofyour own Province ? Volumnius tells him, All was
very well and profperous there, but he came hither upon his Letters defiring him fo to do ; which
if they were counterfeit, and there were no occafion for him in Etruria , he would immediatly turn
his Enfigns and be gone : Marry, quoth the other, as fast as you please, here's no body will tarry
you, for 'tis very prepofterous that you, who perhaps are fcarce able to manage your own War, fhould
make your boasts that you quitted it, " and came bither to help others : To which Volumnius only
reply'd, Hercules turn all to the beft, I had rather lofe mylabor than that any thing should have
happened, whereby one Confular Army might not be fufficient to cope with all the Enemies in
Etruria.
The Confuls being thus ready to part, the Commiffaries and Captains of Appius's XIX.
Army flock about them; fome intreat their own General, That his Colleagues affistance, which
it could have been no disgrace to have fent for, might not be flighted now it was fo frankly offer-
ed ; but a greater number earneſtly befought Volumnius as he was turning away, That he
would not, by an unhappy conteft, betray the Commonwealth into an inconveniency ; that if any
lofs fhould happen, the blame would fall upon the Deferter, rather than the deferted ; that things
were now come to fuch a pass, that the honor or dishonor of the Tufcan War, fucceed it well
or ill, will reflect upon Volumnius ; for none would inquire after the harsh words of Appius that
provok'd him to go away, but after the ill fortune of the Army, the confequence of his going;
That he was indeed fent away by Appius, but ftill detained both by the Intereft of the Common-
wealth and the defires of the Army; for proof whereof, let him but make trial of the Soldiers af-
fections. Thus with Remonftrances and earnest Entreaties they drew both the Confuls as it
were against their wills, to hold a general Audience before the whole Army, where they
fell into longer Speeches, but to the fame effect with what they had fpoken before in the
prefence of a few. Now when Volumnius having the better Caufe, leem'd after a good
fashion, and with a greater readiness of Expreffion than ordinary, to anfwer the fingular
LI and
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VITA
The Roman Hiftory BOOK VII.
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and celebrated Eloquence of his Colleague , and Appius thereupon in a joking manner,
Trum
had faid, They were beholden to him, that of a dumb and Tongue-ty'd Conful, they hadgot an
eloquent one ; for he who in his former Confulship, especially for the first months , could Scarce open
his mouth, was now grown an Orator, and a shrewd Man at popular Speech-making : Volumnius
reparte'd, I wish with all my heart rather, that you had learn'd of me to fight valiantly, than I
of you to speak prettily ; however, I will makeyou a fair offer which fhall decide, not which ofus head !
is the best Orator (
for that the Common-wealth regards not ) but which is the ableft General ; Here erped
are two Provinces, Etruria and Samnium , take your choice of either of them , and I with my
own Army will manage the War in the other. But the Soldiers crying out, and defiring, That
they would both for the prefent attend the Tuſcan War, Volumnius perceiving their Inclinations, march
Since, faid he, Imistook in conftruing my Partners mind, I will not have yours to be doubtful or Tery I
obfcure, Let me therefore know by a Shout, Whether you would have me depart or tarry ? They nding
prefently fet up fuch a fhout for his ftay, that it raiſed the Enemy out of their Camp,
who fnatching up their Arms, drew out into the Field, and Volumnius gave order for the Te
Trumpets to found a Charge, and the Standards to advance. Appius, tis faid, ftood a
while in a kind of quandary, fince whether he fought or not, the honor of the day would
be given to his Colleague ; but afterwards, fearing his own Legions would follow Volum-
nius, if he himself fhould refufe to head them, he granted them the Signal, which they fo
eagerly call'd for. On neither fide were the Battels rang'd in very good order, for the with a
Samnites General, Gellius Egnatius, was abfent, being abroad a Foraging with a Party, and Pro
his Soldiers undertook to fight rather of their own head, than under any regular conduct ; 2001
and as the Roman Armies were not both laid up together, fo neither had they time enough were
to marshal them: For Volumnius gave the firft Charge, before Appins came near the Enemy, any t
fo that the Fronts were not equally attack'd, but as if Fortune had purpoſely chang'd the Th
Enemy which each was wont to engage , the Tufcans receiv'd Volumnius, and the Samnites the fa
(who stayed a while for their General ) entertain'd Appius. thenc
It is reported, That Appius in the very heat of the Conflict, holding up his hands to neral
Heaven fo as they might be feen, in the front of the formoft Enfigns, did make this Prayer, great
O Bellona! if thou shalt this day give us a Victory, I do now Vow to build thee a Temple. Which ceedi
words were no fooner pronounc'd, but, as if he had been infpired by that Goddefs of Free
War, both himfelf equalliz'd his Colleagues Virtue, and his Army that of their Leader : Perf
For as he now in all refpects excellently perform'd the part of a brave General, fo his ofI
Soldiers did ftrive with might and main, that the other Army fhould not prevent themin But
the Victory ; whereby they routed the Enemy, who was not able to bear the prefent fhock, lum
far more fierce than what they were wont to grapple with; but being defperatly prefs'd fore
upon and purfued, retreated into their Camp, where by the coming in of Gellius, with the
fome Sabellian Troops, the Fight for the time was renew'd, but they too being by and by givi
defeated, the Conquerors now ftorm their Works, and whilft Volumnius bears his Enfigns main
in at the Port ; Appius calling upon the Conquering Bellona, breaks through the Trenches Decr
and Rampire, and fo the Camp was taken and pillaged, there being a mighty booty, which mo
was all bestowed upon the Soldiers. Here were Seven thouſand and three hundred ofthe near
Enemy flain, and 2120 taken. he F
XX. Whil'ft both Confuls, and moft of the Roman Forces were thus intent upon Tuscany, an
new Troops are levyed in Samnium , to waft the borders of the Romans Dominions ; for
marching along through the Vefcines Country, they fell into Campania, and the Falern Ter-
ritories, where they committed abundance of fpoil : It happened that as Volumnius, with
large Marches was returning into Samnium (for the fix Months time added to the Com- 301
mand of Fabius and Decius, was now expired) he received Intelligence of this new Sam-
nite Army, and the havock they made in Campania, which turn'd him out of his wayto al
the relief of his Allies ; and being entered into the Fields of Calenum, both himſelfbeheld
the freſh Marks of that Devaſtation they had made, and the People informed him, That
they had got so much Plunder, Cattel, and other booty of all forts, that they could hardly march in
good order, infomuch that their own Captains had openly declared , that they must forthwith
march into Samnium to fecure their Spoils, and then return again for a fresh Expedition, rather
than to hazard an Army fo over-charg'd upon a Battel. Though this feem'd probable enough,
yet for more certainty he fent out a party of Horfe to take up fome of the Plunderers as
they were ftragling through the Fields ; by whom he understood, That their Army bay upon
the River Vulturnus, whence at the third Watch(that is about mid-night) they would advance
on their march for Samnium. Having now fufficient Intelligence, he makes after them,
and makes an halt at fuch a convenient diftance, as they might not perceive him, and yet
he might fall upon them as they went out of their Camp ; whither, a little before day, he
fent fome Scouts skill'd in the Ofcian Language ( the Samnites Mother-tongue) to fee what
they were doing. Thefe mingling with the Enemy (as was cafie to do in the night, and
that hurry they were in) understand, That the Ensigns were gone before, but very flenderly
guarded, That the Booty and its Convoy were just then fetting forwards ; That the whole Party
were but a kind of a baſe Crew and forry Fellows , without order or difcipline. The day now
began
DE C. I. of TITUS LIVIUS. 265

began to break, which was thought the fittest time to fall upon them, and accordingly the
Trumpets founded, and prefently they came up with the Enemy: The Samnites encum-
bered as they were, and few of them arm'd, began fome of them to double their pace, and
drive their prey before them ; others ftood still, uncertain whether they were beft go on,
or return into their Camp ; but whil'ft they delay, they are furprized and knock'd o'th'
head by the Romans, who were got over the Rampire. The Samnite Army, befides the un-
expected affault of their Enemy, was difordered by the revolt of a vaft number of Prifon-
ers whom they were carrying home ; for fome of them being loofe, unbound the reft,
caught up Arms out of the Fardles, and being confufedly intermingled in this running
march; made a more terrible havock than the Battel it felf ; and at laft performed one
very notable Exploit, for as Statius Egnatius (one of the Samnites chief Commanders) was
riding through the Ranks and encouraging his Men, they fet upon him, beat off the Troop
ers that attended him, hem'd him in, took him Prifoner, and on Horfe-back as he was,
carryed him to the Roman Conful. Upon which tumult the Samnite formoft Enfigns were
called back, and the skirmish, which was in a manner over, feem'd to be renewed, but
long they could not hold it : There were flain about Six thouſand Men, Two thousand five
hundred taken, and amongſt them four Colonels, and thirty Colours ; and (which moſt
of all over-joy'd the Conquerors) Seven thouſand and four hundred Priſoners releaſed,
with a mighty booty taken from their Friends, recovered, the Owners being fummon'd in
by Proclamation to come in and challenge, and receive their own ; and fuch things as had
no Owners appearing at the day appointed, were diftributed amongst the Soldiers, but they
were compelled to make fale thereof, that they might not have their minds running after
any thing but their Arms and their Duty.
This Inroad into Campania had fet their hearts a pit-a-pat at Rome, the rather becauſe at XXI.
the fame time they were told, That Etruria (after Volumnius's Army was withdrawn from
thence) had again taken up Arms, and not only drawn Gellius Egnatius the Samnites Ge-
neral, and the People of Umbria to joyn in their defection, but alfo hired the Gauls for a
great fum of mony to affift them: Alarm'd with this news, the Senate commanded all pro-
ceedings at Law to ceafe, and a levy to be made of all forts of Men, not only Youths and
Free-born Citizens, but likewife fome Regiments of the Elder fort, and of Libertines, or
Perfons newly Enfranchiſed, were lifted in every Ward ; the City to be put into a pofture
of Defence, and the Prætor P. Sempronius to have there the chief management of Affairs.
But they were in a great meaſure eafed of thefe difquietudes, by the Letters of Lucius Vo-
lumnius the Conful, giving an account how the Foragers of Campania were routed ; there-
fore in favor of the Conful, folemn Thanksgivings were ordered to be held for his fuccefs ;
the Courts of Juftice were again opened, after eighteen days Vacation, and the Thankf
giving Proceffions were joyfully celebrated. Then they took into confideration the pro-
viding of a Guard for defence of thofe parts which the Samnites had wafted, and it was
Decreed, That two Colonies fhould be Planted on the Veftine and Salern Coafts, one at the
mouth of the River Liris, called Minturne ; the other in the Veftine Forreft upon a Pass
near the Salern Territories, where ' tis faid a Greek City named Sinope, once ftood, but by
the Roman Colony called Sinueffa . It was referred to the Tribunes of the Commons, that
by an Act of the Commonalty P. Sempronius fhould be empowered to create Triumvirs for
conducting theſe Colonies to the refpective places : But much ado they had to find any
that were willing to enter their names to go thither, fuppofing they were indeed fent thi
ther, not fo much to enjoy Lands, as to lie in Garifon, fince they must be almoft always
upon their Guard amongst fuch inveterate Warlike Enemies. But from the care of thefe
Affairs the Senate was diverted, by the Tufcan War, whereof the rumor daily increaſed ;
as alfo Letters came thick from Appius, advertising, That by no means they should neglect
the motions of that Province, fince four feveral Nations had united their Arms ; the Tulcans,
the Samnites, the Umbrians, and the Gauls ; and were already encamped at two places, because
one could not contain fo vast a multitude. Hereupon, and becauſe the Election-days drew
nigh, L. Volumnius the Conful is recall'd to Rome ; who before he would fummon the feve-
ral Wards to give their Suffrages, affembled the people to an Audience, and difcours'd large-
ly before them of the Importance of this Tufcan War : That heretofore, when he and his
Colleague together manag'd it, ' twas such as one General nor one Army was fufficient : But now
' tis reported, the Umbrians, and a power of the Gauls are added thereto ; That they should re-
member they were that day to make choice of two Confuls against four Nations ; That for his
own part, were he not well aflured that the People of Rome would declare bim Conful, who
without difpute was the most able General of that Age, he would prefently nominate a Di
Etator.
None doubted but Q. Fabius would unanimoufly be chofen, who accordingly was pitch'd XXII.
upon by the Prerogative, and other principal Tribes, together with L. Volumnius : Fabius
made the like Apologies as he had done two Years before, but finding the fame not ac-
cepted, began to defire his old Colleague P. Decius, alledging, That he would be a prop to his
Age ; That he had found by experience in one Censorship and two Confulates which he had already
LI 2 born
 The Roman Hiftory Воок Х.
264

born with him ; That nothing could more tend to the fafety and prefervation of the Commonwealth,
than a good understanding between those that were intrusted with the Government ; That his mind
now grown old, would not so wellfuit with a new Partner ; and that he could more freely com-
municate his Thoughts and Councils to a Perfon, whofe humor and manners he had long been ac-
quainted with. The prefent Conful Volumnius (though himſelf before nominated) was fo
far from taking this as any affront, that he feconded the motion, and highly applauded
P. Decius, enumerating as well the advantages arising from the Agreement of Confuls, as the
mischiefs attending their jars and difcord in the management of Military Affairs , recounting bow 1
near they were to the very brink of destruction by the late differences between him and his Fellow- t
Conful App. Claudius ; and withal, admonishingDecius and Fabius to live together with one heart
and with one mind, telling them, They were both Perfons born for War, renowned for their mighty
Deeds, but regardless of fine Words, and unapt for brawling Controverfies, which fort of Wits
and Tempers, were naturally most fit for the Confular Dignity : But the crafty andfubtle Men, }
affecting the reputation of Eloquence and Skill in the Quirks of Law, fuch as App. Claudius
was, would best be employed as Lord Prefidents of the City, or chief Justices, or Pretors for the (
administration of the Laws. Thefe Speeches took up that day ; next morning, by the Con-
fuls order, Affemblies were held for the Election both of Confuls and Prætor ; the Con- 1
fuls, Q. Fabius and P. Decius ; the Prætor App. Claudius, all abfent : And L. Volumnius,
both by an Act of the Senate, and Ordinance of the Commons, was continued in his
Command for the ſpace of a Year.
XXIII. That Year happened many Prodigies, for averting their Prefages the Senate ordered t
Solemn Supplications to be held for two days together, where Wine and Incenfe for the
Sacrifices was allowed at the publick Charge, and the People, both Men and Women,
went in Proceffion and to their Devotions in great numbers. But that which rendred
this Solemnity more remarkable, was a Controverfie which happened amongst the Ladies
in the Chappel of the Goddess Pudicitia Patricia [or the Chaftity of the Noble Dames]
which ftood in the Beaft-Market by the round Temple of Hercules. The Noblemens
Wives would needs turn out Virginia the Daughter of Aulas, and not fuffer her to be pre-
fent at the Sacred Rites, becaufe, though fhe were a Noble-woman born, fhe had married
out of her Rank to Volumnius the Conful a Commoner : A few hard words (the bellows of
Contention) foon blew them up into a Flame ; as Women commonly are both impa- 19
tient of Affronts and quick in their Refentments : Virginia told them, That being a Noble- "
woman born, and of unspotted Reputation, Married when she was a pure Virgin, and but once,
The thought she had as good a right to refort to the Temple of Patricia Pudicitia, as the best of
them: And as for her Husband, fhe bad no reafon in the World to repent her Match, or be ashamed
either of him, or the brave Actions be bad done, or the high Dignities which he had honorably
born and difcharged. Thefe generous Words fhe feconded with as Heroick a Deed ; for in
the Long Street where the dwelt, fhe feparated a part of her Manfion-houſe, as much as
would handfomly ferve for a Chappel, and fet up an Altar therein ; and having invited
the principal Commoners Wives thither, and made her complaint to them of the unjuſt
and injurious Treatment fhe had received from the Patrician Dames: This Altar (quoth fhe)
do Idedicate to Pudicitia Plebeia [ The Chaftity of the Commons] and do exhort you all, That
as the Men, our Husbands, in this City contend which shall furpass the other in feats of Arms and
Military Glory, fo the Women with no less emulation, may strive to exceed each other in Modefty
and Chastity; and that ye will all endeavor, That this Altar may have the credit to be frequented
with more devout Reverence, and (if it be poſſible) of more chaft Dames, than that other of the
Nobility: And fo it fell out indeed ; This Altar from that day forward was reforted unto
with the fame Rites and Ceremonies (in a manner) as the other which was more antient,
fo that no Matrons, but fuch as were of approved Chastity, and but once Married, were
admitted to Sacrifice at the fame : But in procefs of time, this Religious Inftitution was
prophan'd, and the Altar haunted by fcandalous people, not only Matrons, but Women
of all forts, until at laft (the abufe caufing difufe ) it came to be altogether neglected and
forgotten. The fame Year the two Ogulnii, Cn. and 2. being Adiles of the Nobility,
Indicted feveral Perfons for Ufury and Extortion, who being fined, and their Goods levyed,
with the Mony they cauſed a Brazen Threshold to be made in the Capitol, and three Cup-
boards of Plate for Jupiters Chappel, and a Figure of Jove himſelf fitting in his Chariot,
drawn with four Eagles on the top of the Capitol : Moreover at the Fig-tree, called Ru-
minalis [where the Wolf gave Romulus and Remus fuck] they erected the Statues of the
two Children that were Founders of the City, pendant at the Teats of a Shee-Wolf
they alfo paved with Free-ftone the Foot- way from the Gate Capena, unto the Temple of
Mars. In imitation of whom, the Ediles of the Commons, L. Æmilius Pætus, and C.
Fulvius Curvus, did employ the Fines they had fet upon the Grafiers or Farmers of the
Cities Pafture-Lands, for fome offences, in exhibiting feveral fine Shows or Plays, and ſet-
ting up Golden Challices in the Temple of Ceres.
XXIV. Now Fabius the fifth time, and P. Decius the fourth, enter upon their Confulfhip,
Colleagues thrice in that Office, and once in the Cenforſhip, and not more famous for the
glory
 DE C. I.
of TITUS LIVIUS . 265

glory of their Actions, which was very great, than for that concord and good intelligence
which had always been maintain'd between them : And truly, I think it was rather the
fault of their feveral Ranks intermedling, than any propenfions of their own , that this
their loving Agreement was not perpetual ; for fo it happened, That the Patricians would
needs havethe Province of Tuscany affigned to Fabius, without putting it to the Lot ; and
the Commons were as earneft with Decius to bring the matter to that ancient courſe of
decifion. The difpute began in the Senate, where Fabius having the greateſt Intereft, it
was brought down to the People in the Common-Hall : where both of them, being Mar-
tial men, and ſtanding more upon deeds than words, they made no long Harangues, only
Decius faid, That it was an affront for another to gather the Fruit of that Tree which he had
planted; That he was the Man that first pierced the Ciminian Woods, and taught the Roman
Arms a paffage through thofe pathlefs and almost unpaffable Forrests : What did they mean fo im-
portunately to folicite him, a perfon of those years, to accept the trouble of the Office, if they refolu'd
to commit the conduct of that War to another? Did they intend to chufe him an Adverſary instead ofa
Companion in the Government ? Or did Decius repent of, or envy that fweet Harmony and Ac-
cord which hadbeen between them in three Offices ? For his own part, he defired no more than this,
That if they thought him worthy of the Province, they would fend him thither ; That as he bad
before left it tothe Senate, so he would now intirely refer himself to the People to difpofe of him as
they thought fit.
On the other fide, Decius complain'd of the Injury offered him by the Senate, telling
them , “ That the Fathers had all along endeavored with all their Intereft wholly to ex-
" clude Commoners from places of Truft and Honor : But after Virtue had fo far prevail'd
as not to be unrewarded, nor pafs without due preferment in whatſoever rank of Men
"fhe appeared, they now were ftudying tricks, not only to elude the fuffrages of the
66
People, but over-rule Fortune it felf, and reduce all things to the difpofal and good
66
pleaſure of their own Cabal. That all Confuls hitherto, had by the Lot divided the
" Provinces ; but now, contrary to cuftom, the Senate will by their abfolute Authority
46
affign a Province to Fabius without fuffering it by the Lot to be fairly determined :
" Now what's the meaning of this ? If it be out of refpect to Fabius, I freely confess he
" hath deſerved fo well both of the Publick and of my felf, that none fhall be more ready
" than I to advance his Glory, provided always, I am not made the Foil to fet it off with
" the greater Luftre ; that mine own Honor be not Eclipſed,to make his ſhine the brighter,
"nor his reputation built upon my difgrace. But where there are two feveral Wars de-
66
pending, but the one much more fharp and difficult than the other, and that fhall be in
46
an extraordinary way committed to the manage of one of the Confuls particularly,
"without fo much as trufting Fortune with the decifion : Who can doubt, but the other
" Conful is look'd upon as a Cipher, and reputed either needlefs, or unfit to be trufted in
fuch an important Service? 'Tis true, Fabius does glory in his Atchievements inTuscany,
" and he has reafon ; but P. Decius defires an opportunity that he may have fomething to
glory of in that Province likewife : And who knows but he may be able for ever to ex-
" tinguish thatunhappy Fire, which Fabius left behind him only rak'd up and cover'd, and
"which fo often hath fince unexpectedly broke forth in fresh Flames and Combuftions ?
" I have that deference to my Colleague in refpect of his venerable Age, and the Ma-
"jefty of his Perfon, that I can be content to furrender to him all Titles of Honor and
" Rewards of Virtue ; but when there is fighting in the cafe, and dangers to be under-
66
gone, I neither do , nor (by my good will) ever will give place to him, or any Man elſe
" whofoever: However, if I get nothing more by this conteftation of Right, I fhall at
" leaft fo far gain the point, that what belongs to the People they fhall difpofe of, rather
" than that the Senate fhould be gratified in their encroaching Pretenfions : And I do hearti-
66
ly pray Jove, and all the Immortal Gods, fo (and not otherwife) to give me a Lot as
good and honorable as my Colleague, if they will alfo vouchfafe to give me equal Va-
" lor, Conduct and Succefs in the management of the War: And furely, as the antient
" method of the Lot is in its own nature moft fair and indifferent, fo the contrary practice
66
may prove a very pernicious Prefident ; nor does it a little concern the Honor and Repu-
" tation of the People of Rome, to have it known, That her Confuls are fuch as either of
" them (not much material which) is fit and capable to manage the War in Tuscany.
Fabius only prayed the People, That before they gave their Suffrages, they would hear read the
Letters which App. Claudius the Prætor had lately written out of Tufcany, giving an account
of the prefent pofture of that Counery, and fo went out of the Hall. And the People as una-
moufly as the Senate, conferr'd the Charge ef Etruria upon Fabius, without putting it to
the Lot.
Mighty flocking there was now of almoft all the young Blades in the Town to the XXV.
Conful, and every one was ready to lift himſelf, fo fond they were of ferving under him ;
who told them, That he refolv'd only to levy Four thouſand Foot, and Six hundred Horfe : You
that will enter your felves to day or to morrow, I will take along with me ; but my care is not fo
much to have a great number of Soldiers, as to bring them home fafe and enrich'd with good
Booties.
 268 The Roman Hiftory Воок Х. D

Booties. Setting forth with a competent Army (in which he confided the more, be-
1 cauſe they were ſelect Men and Voluntiers, and not a multitude of raw Fellows or prefs'd Can
Men) he came to the Town Atharna, where App. Claudius the Prætor lay encamp'd, not
far from the Enemy. A few miles off from thence, the Fuellers (or Perfons fent out to N
provide Wood for the Army) with their Convoy, happened to meet him ; and feeing the To
Lictors marching before, and underſtanding it was Fabius the Conful, they were almoft
over-joy'd, and returned Thanks both to the Gods, and People of Rome, for fending them
fuch a worthy General : Then coming up to falute and welcome the Conful, he inquired,
Whither they were going ? who answered, to get Wood and Timber : Why, fays he, Is not your Mar
Campfortified ? they replyed, Yes, with a double Rampire and Trench, and yet they were still 10
terribly afraid. Well, well, quoth he, You have Timber enough, get you gone back, and down
with the Rampire as fast as you can : They did fo, and thereby at firft amaz'd not only the
Soldiers that were left behind in the Camp, but Appius himſelf, until they told him , They
did it by the exprefs Command af Fabius the Conful. The next morning the Army diflodg'd
from thence, and Appius the Prætor was difmifs'd and went to Rome : After this the Army Pam
had no ftanding Camp, for the Conful declared his Opinion, That it was not convenient for
an Army tolie long in a place, but that it was as well more Noble, as more Healthful for
them, often to change their Quarters : Their Marches were as long as the Seaſon at pre-
fent would permit, for the Winter was not yet altogether paſt. this
Early in the Spring, leaving the fecond Legion at Cluftum , which of old was called Con
Camers, and having appointed L. Scipio the Pro-Prætor to be Commander in Chief during
his abfence, he himself return'd to Rome, to confult and take further Meaſures touching times‫נן‬
U
the War, whether of his own accord, as having a profpect that it would prove hotter Ser- Over
vice than was commonly imagined ; or whether he were call'd home by an Order of the look
Senate, for there are Authors that relate it each way. Some would have it thought; that Vat
his return was occafion'd by Ap. Claudius the Prætor, who both in the Senate, and to the
People (as he had formerly done by his Letters) did continually augment the terror of the
I

7
Tufcan War, and reprefent it in moft hideous colours, " That one General, nor one Army ',
" would never be enough against four feveral Nations ; that it would be equally danger-
66 Cou
66 ous, whether jointly in a Bodythey gave Battel, or whether being feparated, they car-
ryed on the War in divers Quarters, 'twas impoffible one Man fhould be able to give
Um
" the neceflary Orders for all at once ; That he left there but two Roman Legions, and
and

DEPP
"that both the Horfe and Foot that came with Fabius were not full Five thouſand Men ef-"
66 th

4
“' fective ; that ' twas his Opinion the other Conful fhould immediatly be diſpatch'd into
Tufcany to his Colleague, and that L. Volumnius in the mean time fhould have the charge
rev

2
2
3
5
" of Samnium ; or if the Conful had rather go into his own Province, that then Volumnius,

3
8
" with a compleat Confular Army, fhould be fent into Etruria. This Difcourfe of the
the
Prætors had influenced a great part of the Houfe, had not P. Decius thwarted it thus :
66 thei
" That all things, in his Opinion, fhould be left free and intire to the Judgment of Fabius,
" until fuch time as he himſelf, if it might ftand with the Publick fafety, came to Rome,
" or at leaft fent one of the Commiffary- Generals, by whom the Senate may be truly
" informed of the State of the War in Tuscany, and what Forces and Commanders it
" would require .
XXVI. Fabius, when he came to Rome, both in the Senate and his Oration to the People, held
a middle tenor of Difcourfe, fo as he might not feem to over-magnifie, nor yet to un-
der-rate the report of the War, and to fhew them that in affuming another General, he did
rather indulge other Mens fears, than do it for any need either himſelf or the Publick had
thereof: But (fays he) if it be yourpleaſure that Ishall have a Coadjutor and Partner in Com
mand, How can I forget P. Decius the Conful, whom I have had fuch good Experience of ? Of
all Men in theWorld, there is none that I would rather have joyned with me ; for having Decius
with me, I will never think my own Forces too few, nor the Enemy too many : But if my Col-
league Decius be not inclinable to it, then I defire L. Volumnius may be my Affiftant. The de-
termination of all was left both by the Senate and the People , and by Decius himself, unto
Fabius : And when Decius had declared, That he was ready to go either to Samnium or Tuf-
cany, which his Partner pleafed, there was fuch general rejoicing and congratulations, as
if People did already in their minds prefage a Victory, and the Confuls feem'd marching
out to fetch home an affured Triumph, rather than manage a difficult and dangerous War.
In fome Authors, I find, that both Fabius and Decius went into Etruria at the very begin-
ing of their Confulfhip, without mention of parting their Provinces by Lot, or any of
thofe fquabbles between them which I have recited. But there are others that do not only
atteft the fame, but over and befides tell us how Appius the Prætor, accufed Fabius in his
abfence before the People with fharp Invectives, and behav'd himfelf very obftinately and
ftrangely to his face ; and of another difference between the Confuls, occafioned by De-
cius's infifting, that each fhould keep himfelf wholly to the Province alotted him. But
from the time that they both fet forwards upon the Expedition, the Story is clear and cer-
tain.
Before
DE C. I. of TITUS LIVIUS. 269

Before the Confuls were got quite to Tuscany, the Tribe of the Gauls, called Senones,
came in vaft multitudes as far as Clufium to attack the Roman Legion that lay there encamp-
ed. Scipio, who was their Commander in Chief, hoping to help out the fmalness of his
Numbers, with the advantages of the Ground, led his Army up to the Hill between the
Town and the Camp ; but (as often it happens in an hurry) having not fufficiently difco-
vered the Paffages before-hand, when he came near the top of the Hill, he found the
fame poffefs'd by the Enemy, who were got up to it another way. Thus was the Legion
charged , Front, Flank and Rear, furrounded and cut to pieces, fo that fome Writers affirm ,
there was not one left alive to carry tidings of their Defeat , and that the Confuls knew
nothing on't, until near Clufium they had a fight of fome of the Gallick Troops, carrying
in Triumphthe Heads of thoſe they had flain ; fome hanging at their Horfes Petronels,
others aloft advanced upon the points of their Spears, and they themselves chanting Songs
of Victory after their barbarous fashion : Yet fome fay, they were not Gauls, but Um-
brians that did this, and that the lofs was nothing fo great, for that L. Manlius Torquatus,
came feaſonably in to Scipio's affiftance, and obliged the Enemy when they thought them-
felves fure of the day, to fight it over again ; where he routed them, took many Priſon-
ers, and recovered all the Booty. But ftill, ' tis more likely that they were Gauls than Um-
brians that gave the Romans this overthrow, becauſe, as often at other times, fo efpecially
this Year , the City was in great dread and fear of the Gauls. Infomuch that befides the
Confuls marching out with four Legions, and a great Body of Horfe, all Romans, and
a thouſand Campanian Horfe drawn out on purpofe for that Service, and a power of La-
tines and other Allies, making a greater Body than that of the Romans : There were more-
over two other Armies brought into the Field, not far from the City, on that fide that
looks towards the Frontiers of Tuscany ; one in the Falifcan Territories, the other in the
Vatican ; Cn. Fulvius, and L. Pofthumius Megellus the Pro-Prætors, being ordered to keep
their ftanding Camps in thofe places refpectively.
The Confuls having pafs'd the Appennine, advanc'd near the Enemy in the Country of XXVII.
the Sentinats, and encamped not full four miles diftant from them ; who held frequent
Councils, and at laſt agreed to act ſeparately, and neither joyn in one Camp , nor engage
all at once in any Battel ; but that the Gauls fhould be united with the Samnites, and the
Umbrians with the Tufcans : They alfo appointed a day for a Battel, which the Samnites
and Gauls were to manage ; and at the fame time, the Etrurians and Umbrians to ftorm
the Romans Camp. But thefe refolutions were fruftrated by three Clufine Renegado's, who
came fecretly in the night to Fabius, and difcovered all the Enemies Counfels, whom he
rewarded and fent back, that from time to time as new Meafures were taken, they might
give him intelligence. The Confuls write to Fulvius and Pofthumius, that removing from
the feveral places where they were pofted, they fhould advance to Clufium, and with all
their Forces over-run, waft and deftroy the Enemies Country. The News of which Incur-
fion call'd home the Tufcans to defend their own Territories ; in whofe abfence, the Con-
fuls for two days together provok'd the Enemy to a Battel, but little was done either of
thofe days more than skirmishing, wherein fome were kill'd on each fide, and their Spirits
warm'd for the grand Encounter, rather than any tryal made of the main Chance. But ·
on the third day, into the plain Field they came with all their Forces. As the Armies ftood
in Battalia, a Hind chafed by a Wolf out of the Mountains, happened to run in the midſt
between them , where they took feveral ways ; the Hind to the Cauts (who kill'd her) the
Wolf tothe Romans, who opening their Ranks and Files, gave him clear paffage through
their Hoft : Upon which accident a Roman of the Forlorn-Hope, cryed out aloud, There
will the flight, there the flaughter be, where you fee Diana's Beaft yonder lie kill'd ; but here on
our fide, the Martial Wolf, having gon clear away with Victory, unwounded and untouch'd, does
fitly reprefent us and the Founder of our City, defcended of God Mars's race. The Gauls ftood
in the Right Wing, the Samnites in the left ; againſt the latter Fabius placed himſelf in
the Right Wing with the firft and third Legions ; and against the former, Decius, with the
fifth and fixth : For the fecond and third were in Samnium, under L. Volumnius the Pro-
Conful. At the firft fhock, the ftrength of either fide appeared fo equally ballanced, that
if the Tufcans and Umbrians had either fhew'd themſelves in the Field, or attack'd the
Camp, the Romans must needs in either place have received a great lofs and over-
throw.
But though Fortune had not as yet declared her felf in favor of either party, yet the xxvIII .
manner of the Fight was not alike in both Wings ; for the Romans, under Fabius , fought
rather defenfively than offenfively, and fought more to keep off, than charge the Enemy,
lingering out the Battel as long as they could, till it was very late in the day ; for the Con-
ful was fatisfied, that both the Samnites and Gauls were beft at the firft pufh, and therefore
it was enough to keep off that Fury in the beginning ; for the longer the Battel held, the
Samnites fpirits more and more would flag, and their Courage abate : That the Bodies of
the Gauls, were the leaft able of all others, to endure heat and long fatigues, and their
Courage would quickly be spent and languiſh ; for though in the On-fet they were more
than
 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X
270

than Men, in the procefs of a Battel they were less than Women : Therefore he reſerv'd
his Soldiers fresh and in breath againſt that time when they ſhould begin to faint. Decius
more fierce, both by his Youth and natural Temper, charg'd the Enemy with all his Force
at the very firft, and thinking the Foot too flow, brought on the Cavalry to encreaſe the
fury of the Battel ; for mixing himſelf with a brave Troop of young Gentlemen, he begs
they would follow him in a Charge upon the Enemy ; That they would gain a double Honor
if the Victory began on the Left Wing, and by the Gallantry of the Horfe. Twice had they forc'd
the Gallick Troops to retreat, and the fecond time made them give ground a great way,
and were broke into the midst of them, when a new mode of fighting prefented it felf
the Gauls had certain Chariots or Waggons on which numbers of them ftood extraordinari-
ly armed, and with a ſtrange noife of the Horfes that drew them, and wonderful ratling
of the Wheels, ran full upon the Romans, and frighted their Horfes not enur'd to fuch M
uncouth noiſes : ſo that they who before were juft at the point of Victory, now fled as if
the Devil drove them, and both Men and Horfes threw down one another : In this con-
fufed Repulfe they difordered the Foot, and many of thoſe that fought in the Van were
trod to pieces, and their guts fquafh'd out either by the flying Horfes, or thefe Chariots ་
that purfued them, and forc'd their way through the midft of the Squadrons ; for the
Gauls feeing them in a confternation, prefs'd hard upon them, and would give them no
time to rally. Decius fail'd not to call out to his Men, Whither run you, Gentlemen ? Or what
hopes can you have in flight ? He endeavored all he could to ftop thofe that retreated, and
put thoſe that were fcatter'd, into order ; but feeing his Soldiers fo much daunted, that he
could by no means prevail with them to make head againſt the Enemy, calling upon his
Father Decius by name : Why, quoth he, do I defer that Fate which is now familiar to our
Family ? 'Tis the priviledge of our Race to be propitiatory Sacrifices for diverting threatned Dan-
gers from the Publick. Even now therefore will I offer up the Enemies Legions, with my ſelf,
80
to Dame Tellus and the Infernal Gods : Saying this, he commands M. Livius the Pontiff
(whom when he firft went into the Battel, he charg'd not to leave him) to pronounce
the Solemn Words by which he might Devote himſelf for the Roman Army. And fo ວ່າ :
with the fame form of Imprecation, and in the fame Habit as was uſed by his Father, ad-
and
ding this Prayer, That he might wherever he went, carry with him Terror and Flight, Blood
and Slaughter, and all the Wrath and Vengeance of the Gods in Heaven and Fiends in Hell ;
Ma
That he might infect the Banners, Ammunition and Armor of the Enemy with Curfes, and the
upd
utmost overthrow and defolation ; and that the fame place might be both their deftruction and bis
th
own: He fpurring on his Horſe, hurl'd himſelf amongſt the thickeft of the Enemy, where
the
with an heap of their Weapons he was immediately flain.
XXIX. Thenceforwards the Battel feem'd not to be manag'd by humane Force : The Romans tion

having loft their General, which is wont to others to adminifter fear and terror, prefent- mich
atth
ly ftopt their flight, fac'd about, and renew'd the Battel as refolutely as if but just then
they had come into the Field: The Gauls, and especially the croud, furrounding the Con- H
fuls Corps, as if they had left their Senfes, either ftood ftill, or flung their Darts from
OWI
them at random to no purpoſe, and were altogeiher ftupified, forgetting both to fight or
to fly. Onthe other fide, Livius the Pontiff, to whom Decius had left the Enfigns of his
Office, and made him Pro-prætor, cryed out as loud as he could, That the Romans had
already the Victory ; That by their Confuls voluntary death they had diſcharged all their ill luck ;
but as for the Gauls and Samnites, they were now deftinated to mother Earth and the Gods be-
low ; That Decius was plucking after him that Army which with himself was devoted to de-
ftruction, and all the Enemies Hoft full of nothing but terror and confternation. Whil'ft theſe
were thus renewing the Fight, Cornelius Scipio and C. Marcius came up with fresh Forces
from the Rear, fent by Fabius to the relief of his Colleague ; who being informed of
Decius's gallant end, it was a wonderful encouragement to them to run all hazards for
their Country. The Gauls ftood exceeding thick together, with their Targets before
them, fo that to cope with them at handy- ftroaks was to little purpofe ; the Roman Com-
manders therefore ordered the Darts and Lances that lay fcattered on the ground between
the two Armies to be gathered up, and flung at the Enemy, who now ftood like a Tor-
toife in his fhell impregnable : But thefe Darts and Javelins fticking in their Targets, and
many of them lighting upon, and with their fharp points piercing into their Bodies, that
Wedge-like Battalion began to fcatter, and many of them, though not wounded, did like
men amaz'd tumble upon one another. Thus various was the Fortune of the Romans Left
Wing. But on the Right, Fabius having as aforefaid lingered out the day, at laft, when
he perceiv'd that the Enemies fhouts grew fainter, their Charges weaker, and their Darts
and Javelins not lanc'd with the fame force and vigor as before, he commands the Ca-
ptains of the Horfe to wheel about from the Wings ; that upon a Signal given, they might
Charge the Samnites on the Flank : In the mean time, he by degrees advanc'd his Legio-
nary Foot, and made the Enemy give ground ; feeing therefore that they made no confi-
derable refiftance, and that 'twas plain they were wearyed out, then he brought up all his
Referves which he had kept freſh for fuch an opportunity, and at the fame time gave the
Signal
 Livius
DEC. I. . 271
of TITUS LIVIUS.

Signal to the Cavalry to fall on. The Samnites were not able to ftand the fury of fuch
an impetuous Charge, but fled in confufion to recover their Camp, running by the Batta-
lions of their Friends the Gauls, whom they left to maintain the Fight as well as they
could. The Gauls compacted themfelves in a clofe order, and ftood immoveable ; and there-
fore Fabius being advertis'd of the death of his Colleague, commands a Wing of Cam-
panian Horfe, confifting of almoft Five hundred, to withdraw out of the Conflict, and
wheeling about to Charge them in the Rear, and the formoft Divifions of the third Le-
gion to follow them ; and wherever the Horfe fhould diforder the Enemy, they were to
fecond them. Whil'ft he himself having first vow'd a Temple to Jupiter the Conqueror, and
all the poils of the Enemy,purfued the Samnites to their Camp, where he found all on an heap,
and in the greatest confternation imaginable under the Rampire ; for the Ports were fo
narrow that they could not all get in at once: They that were fhut out by the throng, made
an offer to renew the Fight, and there Gellius Egnatius the Samnites General was flain, but
they were quickly cut off or beat into the Works, which after a fmall skirmish were alfo
taken bythe Romans, and then the Gauls furrounded and cut to pieces. There were kill'd
that day of the Enemies Five and twenty thousand, and Eight thoufand taken Priſoners.
Nor was this glorious Victory purchafed without Roman Blood, for of P. Decius's Army
there fell Seven thouſand,and Fabius loft Twelve hundred. The Spoils of the Enemy were
all heap'd up together, and burnt as a Sacrifice to Jove the Victor. The Conful Decius's
Body could not that day be found, being covered with the Carcaffes of the Gauls ; but
next day it was difcover'd, and brought to the Roman Camp, with a general lamentation
of his Soldiers : Whole Funeral Obfequies, Fabius, fetting all other Affairs afide for the
time, cauſed to be Celebrated with the higheſt Honors and Applaufes.
About the fame time likewife Cn. Fulvius the Pro- Prætor had as good Succefs in Tuscany XXX.
as could be wifh'd ; for befides the vaft damage done the Enemy byover-running and plun-
dering the Country, he fouted them in a pitch'd Battel, where of Perufines and Clufines,
above Three thouſand were flain, and twenty Colours taken. As the Relicks of the Sam-
nites Army fled through the Territories of the Pelignians, they were by them intercepted,
andflaughtered, fo that of Five thoufand there was fcarce a thoufand left. This Battel
fought in the Sentinates Country, was certainly a great Action, and defervedly famous if a
Man keep ftrictly to Truth, and make no more on't than 'twas ; but fome have Romanc'd
upon it, and fay, That the Enemy had Forty thouſand three hundred and thirty Foot, Six
thousand Horfe, and a Thouſand War-Chariots, including the Umbrians and Tufcans, whom
they will have to be in this Fight ; and that they may encreaſe the Roman Forces propor-
tionably, they add to them L. Volumnius, the Pro-Conful, and his Army. But in moft Chro-
nicles, the honor of this Victory is afcribed only to the two Confuls ; for Volumnius was
at that time managing the War in Samnium, where, having forc'd the Enemy to take the
Hill Tifernum , nothing difcouraged with the diſadvantage of the place, he pursued and ut-
terly routed them. Q. Fabias leaving the Decian Army in Tuscany, march'd back with his
own Legions to Rome, and Triumph'd over the Gauls, Tufcans and Samnites, the Soldiers
following him with their rude Military Catches, wherein they did not more celebrate and
applaud the Victory of Fabius, than the noble Death of Decius, equalling the Glories of
the Son in all refpects, publick or private, with the Renown of his Father, who expofed
himself in the fame manner for the good of his Country not many years before. In lieu
of the fpoil, the Soldiers had given them Eighty two pieces of Mony apiece, and every
one a Campaign Coat and Tunick ; no contemptible Military Reward in thofe days.
But for all thefe notable Victories, neither the Samnites nor the Tufcans would yet be
quiet; for as foon as the Conful was gone with his Army, the Perufines began to Rebel,
and the Samnites in feveral Parties came down to forrage and ranfack the adjacent Pro-
vinces ; fome into the Territories of Veftin and Formianum, and others into ferniac, and
the Banks of the River Volturnus. Against whom Appius Claudius the Prætor was fent
forth with the Army which Decius lately commanded. " Fabius himfelf undertook to cha-
ftize the Tufcan Rebels, and killed Four thouſand and five hundred of the Perufines, and
took One thouſand feven hundred and forty of them Prifoners, who were forced to pay
Three hundred and ten Affes [ that is, about Forty fix fhillings and ten pence] apiece, for
their Ranfome : All the rest of the Booty was diftributed amongst the Soldiers. The
Samnite Forces being hard purfued by App. Claudius one way, and by L. Volumnius the o-
ther, rendezvouz'd altogether in the Territory of Stella ; and there alfo Claudius and Vo-
lumnius join'd their Troops. A fharp and cruel Fight it was on both fides ; the one enraged
against thofe that had fo oft rebelled, and the other now grown defperate and refolv'd to
run all hazards : Of the Samnites Sixteen thousand and three hundred flain ; of the Romans,
Two thousand feven hundred.
This Year fo profperous in Mititary Affairs, was by reaſon of Peftilence very dolefom, XXXI.
and mens minds much perplex'd with Prodigies ; for 'twas reported, that in divers places
it rain'd Earth,and in the Army of App. Claudius feveral Soldiers were blafted with Lighten-
ing, therefore the Books of the Sybils were confulted. The fame Year 2. Fabius Gurges,
Mm the
 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X
272

the Confuls Son, fin'd certain Matrons convicted and condemned before the People of
Adultery, and with the Mony caufed the Temple of Venus to be built, which ftands near
the Circus, or grand Racing-place. The Samnite Wars ftill continued, which have already
fill'd the most part of our laft four Books, for the fpace of Six and forty years, from the
Confulfhip of M. Valerius and A. Cornelius, who were the firft that carried the War intothat
Country ; and not to repeat the alternative overthrows and fatigues of both Nations, by
which yet their ftout Courages were nothing daunted ; let it fuffice to fay, That although
thefe Samnites the very laft Year, both in the Sentinate Fields, and amongst the Pelignians,
and at Tifernum and Stella, were miferably fhattered and defeated with their own proper Le-
gions, and likewife joyn'd with others their Confederates , by four feveral Roman Armies,
under four diftinct Commanders in Chief; and though they had loft the braveſt General
of their Nation, and faw their Allies, the Etrurians, Umbrians and Gauls, in the fame for-
lorn condition with themſelves, and that they were no longer able to fubfift either with
their own Forces, or any Auxiliaries from abroad ; yet for all this they would not give
over the War, fo little did they repent them of defending their Liberties , though un-
fuccefsfully, and chofe rather to be daily vanquish'd, than not daily try for a Victory. And
who is it that will not be wearied in writing or reading fo tedious a War, which never wea-
ryed thoſe that manag'd it ?
The next Confuls after Q. Fabius and P. Decius, were L. Pofthumius Megellus, and M.
Attilius Regulus, who were both ordered to take charge of Samnium, becauſe ' twas report-
ed the Enemy had prepared three compleat Armies ; one for Etruria, another to Forrage
Campania, and the third to defend their own Frontiers ; but fickneſs detain'd Pofthumius at
Rome : Attiliusmarching out in all haft with the Army, that he might furprize the Enemy
in Samnium before they had taken the Field (for fo the Senate had given direction) found
them ready on the way to meet him, as if it had been defign'd ; fo that he could not
enter into, much lefs forrage the Samnites Country ; as on the other fide he ftop'd them
from going thence into the peaceable Territories of the Roman Allies. Being Encamp'd
near together, what the Romans, fo often Conquerors, fcarce durft attempt, the Samnites
ventured upon (fee how defpair puſhes Men on to extremities) even to attack the Romans g
in their Camp. And though this rafh Enterprize fucceeded not, yet it was not altogether to
in vain. There chanc'd to be a foggy Mift, which continued a good part of the day fo V
thick and palpable, that it hindered all Profpect, not only from the Rampire at a diftance, n
but alſo thofe that were near together could fcarce fee one another : The Samnites taking .
the advantage thereof, before it was full day, and that too fo overcaft, came up to the Ro- C
mans Corps-du-guard at the entrance of the Camp, who were too fecure and negligent ; a
and being thus furprized, had neither the Courage, nor were ftrong enough to refift them.
So that on the back fide of the Camp,they rufh'd in at the great Port called Decumana, and
took the Queftors Tent, the Queftor himself, L. Opimius Panfa, being there flain, where-
upon on every fide the Alarm was given.
XXXIII. The Conful raifed with this Tumult, commanded two Companies of the Allies (one
of Lucanians, the other Sueffans) who were next at hand, to guard the Head- Quarters, and f
leads up fome Leginory Bands that had fcarce yet got on their Armor, along the principal 4.
Street of the Camp, and fet them as well as he could in order. They knew the Enemy
rather by their Out-cries, than that they could fee them ; nor could they guefs at their num-
ber. This made them at firft retreat, as doubtful of their Fortune, and reciv'd the Enemy
into the middle of the Camp ; but then the Conful cryed out, and ask'd them, If they
meant to be turn'd out of their own Fortifications, and afterwards make a new work on't to re-
coverthem ? Whereupon they firft ftop'd, fet up a fhout, and preſently advanc'd, and charg'd
the Enemy, whom they drove back with as much terror as they came in, and beat them
clear out at the Gate, and beyond the Works, but did not think fit to purfue them any fur-
ther, for fear of an Ambufcade, the weather being fo dark and hazy. Glad that they
had rid them out of the Camp, they kept themſelves within their Trenches, having kill'd
near Three hundred of the Enemy : Of the Roman Out-guard and Sentinels, and thofe
about the Queftors Tent, there were flain One hundred and twenty. This bold adven-
ture proving not altogether unſucceſsful, raiſed the fpirits of the Samnites, fo that they
would not fuffer the Romans to remove their Camp any further into the Country, nor fend
out any Parties for Forrage ; whereupon they were forced to retire into the peaceable
Quarters of their Friends about Sora for Provifions. The noife of thefe unwelcome Oc-
currents (repreſented much worſe than in truth they were) at Rome caufed L. Pofthumius
the Conful, though he had fcarce recovered his Health, to depart from thence, having
by an Edict appointed all his Soldiers to come to a Rendezvous at Sora. Himfelf now
dedicated unto the Goddels Victoria that Temple, which he ordered to be built when he was
Curule Edile, with the mony raifed out of the Fines of feveral Perfons convicted of mif-
demeanors. Then he march'd his Army from Sora towards Samnium to the Camp of his
Colleague ; but the Samnites finding themſelves uncapable of making Head against two
fuch Armies, diflodg'd and retreated, and the Confuls taking feveral Courfes, proceed
to harrass the Country, and attack the Cities of the Enemy.
Pofthumius
DEC . I. of TITUS LIVIUSs.
. 273

Poftbumius invefted Milionia, and firft endeavored to carry it by Storm, but afterwards
by approaches, and bringing Engines of Battery cloſe up to the Walls, with which having
made fome Breaches, his Soldiers entred ; yet from ten in the Morning, till two in the
After-noon, the Fight continued very fharp and doubtful in all parts of the Town, but
in the end the Romans became Mafters of it ; of the Samnites there were flain Three thou-
fand two hundred, and Four thouſand two hundred taken, befides other Booty. Next,
the Army march'd to Ferentinum, but the Inhabitants, with all that they could either drive
or carry, had in the Night quitted the Town at the Poftern- Gate ; fo that when the Con-
ful in the Morning had drawn up his Men expecting to have met with the fame reſiſtance
as he had at Milionia, he admired at that ftrange Silence in the Town, and that he ſaw
neither Men nor Arms on the Walls, or any of the Works, and kept back the eager Sol-
diers from ſcaling the deferted Walls , left they fhould fall into fome Ambuſh ; therefore
he commanded two Troops of Horfe of the Latines, to skirt round about the Out- works
for difcovery, who finding a Gate or two wide open on one fide, and apparent tracks of
the Enemies Nocturnal flight, and that the City was wholly abandoned, brought back
the news thereof to the Conful, who thereupon leading a Party thither, ordered five
Horfe-men to enter the Town, and if they faw all fafe, three of them to ſtay there, and
the other two to return ; who informing him, That they could perceive nothing but filence
and folitude, he with fome light- arm'd Regiments went into the Town, charging the reft
in the mean time to pitch their Tents and fortifie a Camp. The Soldiers that went in,
fell preſently to breaking open of the Doors, and found only a few aged People, or fuch
as were fick and weak, left behind with Lumber that was too heavy to be removed ; and
by the Prifoners they understood, that not only the Inhabitants of that, but of ſeveral o-
ther Towns, were all with one accord fled and gone ; that their own People went away
in the beginning of the Night, and they verily believed he would find the reft of the Towns
thereabouts quitted in like manner ; which proved very true, and the Conful poffefs'd him-
felf of thofe forfaken Places.
The other Conful M. Attilius met not with fo eafie a War ; for having drawn his Le- XXXV.
gions to Luceria, which he understood was befieged by the Samnites, the Enemy came forth
to encounter him upon the Frontiers , with a rage equal to their ftrength; the Fight was
various and doubtful, but the iffue more fatal to the Romans, as well becauſe they were
now not wont to be baffled, as for that they found more of their Men kill'd and wound-
A
ed in their diforderly Retreat, than in the Combat it felf. Thefe dreadful confiderati-
ons they were not fenfible of, till after they were got into their Camp, which if they had
apprehended during the Conflict , the lofs and overthrow had undoubtedly been much
greater. They pafs'd over the Night very uneafily, as fearing the Samnites would ftorin their
Camp, or at least that they must be obliged in the Morningto engage again with thoſe who
had already worſted them. But though the Enemies lofs was lefs, their Courage was not
greater, for at break of day they were very defirous to get away without renewing the
Combate : But there was but one paffage,and that lay juft by the fide of the Romans Leaguer,
fo that when they were come into it, they feemed as if they were marching to rights to
attack that Camp ; whereupon the Conful commanded his Men to arm , and follow him
without the Rampire, and to his Lieutenants, Colonels, and Captains of the Affociated
Forces, he gave the neceffary Orders, who all promiſed punctually to execute the fame as
far as ' twas poffible, but withal told him, That the Soldiers hearts were down ; that they had
Scarce flept a wink all night , for the pains of their own Wounds, or the dismal groans of their
Comrades that lay a dying ; That if the Enemy had approach'd the Camp before it was day, fo
daunted they are, they would undoubtedly have fled from their Colours, and it must be onlyfhame
that can now keep them from running away, for otherwise they are already as bad as beaten. The
Conful hearing this, thought it beft to go about amongst them in Perfon, and ſpeak to
and encourage them, and when he faw any backward to betake them to their Arms,
check'd them thus : Why loiter ye, Gentlemen ? and go fo coldly about your buſineſs ? The Ene-
my will certainly come into the very Camp and cut our Throats, if we do not march out and re-
pulse them, you must presently be forced to fight at your Tent-doors, if you will not manfully
defend your Out-works ; and whoever shall naked and unarmed attend the Enemies coming, must
affuredly dye for it, or (which is worse) endure flavery as long as he lives. Whil'ft thus he
rebuk'd and reproach'd their Fears, they flatly anfwered, That they had enough and too much
of Tefterdays work ; That they had no ftrength, nor fcarce Blood left, and the Enemies appear in
greater numbers now than before. Whil'ft they were thus bandying of Words, the Enemy ap-
proached, and being now at a lefs diftance, fo that they could have a more certain pro-
fpect , becauſe the Samnites had their Baggage with them ( as defigning not fo muchto fight
as to march off) the Romans concluded they brought with them ftakes and pales to raife a
Palizado round about their Camp, and fo meant to block them up : Then the Conful
cry'd out upon them for fhame, to fuffer this moft vile difgrace, from a pittiful cowardly
Enemy : What (fays he) fhall we let them empale and coop us up ? and will you chufe rather to
perish for hunger with Infamy, than to fall by the Swords point ( if Fate will have it fo) with
Mm 2 Gallantry
 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X.
274

Gallantry and Honor ? The Gods defend the Roman name from fuch dastardly bafeness ! Let
each man do as be shall think beft becomes him: The Conful M. Attilius (though not a Soul
fhould follow him) refolves alone to Charge the Enemy, and thinks it much better to fall bravely
amongst the Samnites Standards, than live to fee the Romans besieged in their Camp. This
refolution of the Conful, the Lieutenant-Generals and Colonels, the Cavalry and princi-
pal Centurions, all applauded, fo that at laft for very fhame the common Soldiers began
to handle their Arms, but after an heartless faſhion, and as flowly did they march out of
the Camp ; not thick and cloſe united, but in a long broken Train, with heavy chear, and
looks that would better have become a Rout than a Charge, they fac'd the Enemy, who
were much in the fame condition, as hopeleſs and dead-hearted as themſelves. For as foon
as they diſcovered the Roman Enfigns, a whiſper ran amongſt the Samnites from Van to
Rear, That the Romans were come out to intercept their Pallage (the only thing they always
feared) fo that there was now no means left to efcape, no, though they would run for't, but they
muft either dye on the spot , or cut their way through the thickest Squadrons of the Enemy : Pre-
fently they flung all their Baggage together on an heap in the midft of their Army, and
drew upin Battalia.
XXXVI.
There was now but a very ſmall ſpace between the two Armies, and each flood ex-
pecting when the other would fall on, neither of them having any ftomach to fight ; fo
that they had parted without a ſtroke ftruck, but for fear which foever firft fhould march
away,the other would attack him with advantage. Thus between willing and unwilling,at laft
a kind of a dull fight was begun with a faint halloo fhout, nor did a Man advance a ftep.
To warm and quicken the work, the Roman Conful fent out fome few Cornets of Horle
from their main Body, to Charge the Enemy, who being for the most part knock'd off
their Horfes, or otherwife difordered, Parties came out apace both from the Samnites Hoft
to kill thofe that were fallen, and from the Romans to relieve them . Here the Skirmiſh
grew pretty hot, but the Samnites advanced forwards in greater numbers, and plyed their
Blows more luftily ; and befides, the affrighted Horfes flying backwards, trod to pieces
many of the Foot that came to their refcue, who beginning to fly, fet the whole Roman
Army upon the run, and the Samnites plaidupon their backs as they fled ; feeing this, the
Conful wheeling about with his Horfe, rode before to the Camp-Gate, where he planted a
good Guard of the Cavalry, charging them, that whoever came thither, were he friend
or foe, Samnite or Roman, they fhould immediatly diſpatch him. And threatning the fame
Severities, he fet himſelf againſt the Soldiers that were running towards the Camp : Whi-
ther away, Sirrah ? (cries he to each Soldier he met) you shall here meet with Men and Arms
to oppofe your Cowardize as well as in the Field ; as long as your Conful lives, bere's no entring
the Camp without Victory : Take your choice therefore, whether you will fight with the Enemy, or
with your Fellow-Citizens. Whil'ft the Conful thus entertain'd them, the Horfe came round
about, threatning them with the naked points of their Spears, and command them at their
peril to face about. Fortune was not wanting in this Extremity to the Confuls courage,
for it happened, that the Samnites did not follow the Chafe fo hard, but he had both ground
and time enough to rally his Men, and bring about his Standards to face the Enemy : Then
they began to hearten on one another to try the other Bout ; the Captains fnatch'd the
Colours, and themſelves advanc'd and flouriſh'd them to encourage their Men, telling
them, The Enemy was butfew in number, and weary as well as they, and befides, came against
them now in diforder and a coufufed march. Amongst the reft, the Conful lifting up his
hands to Heaven, with a loud Voice that the Soldiers might hear him, vows a Temple to
Jupiter Stator (Jove the Stayer) if the Roman Army fhould cease their flight, ftand to it bravely,
and in this fecond Charge defeat the Samnites. Thence-forwards they endeavored on all hands,
both Commanders and Soldiers, Foot and Horfe, to reinforce the Battel with their utmoſt
efforts ; nor was the favor of the Gods (as it feems) wanting to take pity on the Roman
Name at that Juncture, fo quickly the Dice turn'd, the Enemies in a moment beat back
from the Camp, and reduc'd to the fame fpot of Ground where the Fight firft began:
Where, bythe great heap of their Fardles and Baggage, they were ftop'd in their retreat,
and for fear of lofing their Gear, caft themfelves in a Ring to defend it ; but whil'ft the
Roman Foot charg'd them in the Front, their Horfe were got about, and fell upon in the
Rear, fo that they were cut to pieces in the middle, or taken Captive : For the number
of the Prifoners was Seven thouſand three hundred, who were all forced to pafs naked un-
der the Gallows, and fo releaſed ; the number of thoſe flain out-right, amounted to Four
thoufand eight hundred. Nor had the Romans much caufe to boaft of their Victory, for
the Conful taking a review of his Army, found that he had loft in theſe two days, Seven
thousand and three hundred Men.

During thefe Occurrences in Apulia, the Samnites with another Army, attack Interamna,
a Roman Colony fituate on the High Road to Latium, and though they could not win the
Town, they plundered the Country round about it, and as they were driving away a vaſt
Booty as well of Cattel as of People, whom they had taken, they chanc'd to be met with
by the Victorious Conful in his return from Luceria, and loft not only their Prey, but
marching
 C.
DE c. I.
of TITUS LIVIùs. 275

marching ftraglingly and in diforder, were moft of them cut to pieces. The Conful
march'd to Interamna, where he made Proclamation for all perfons to come and receive their
Goods recovered from the Enemy ; and leaving his Army there, he himself repair'd to Rome
to hold the Elections : He put in for a Triumph, but that honor was denied him, as well
becauſe he had loft fo many thoufand Men, as becauſe he had releafed the Prifoners only
upon their paffing under the Gallows, without holding them to Ranfom, or fome harder
Articles.
The other Conful Pofthumius, finding no work for his Arms in Samnium, carryed his XXXVII .
Army into Tuscany, where firft he wafted the Fields of the Volfinians, and when they came
out to defend themfelves, fought with them almoft under their own Walls ; Two thoufand
and two hundred being flain, the reft fheltered themſelves in the City, being fo near.
Thence he advanc'd to the Territory of Rofellum, where he not only harrafs'd the Coun-
try, but also took the City, and therein above Two thouſand People, befides almoſt
Two thouſand men flain before the Walls : But ftill the Peace that Year obtain'd in Tuf-
cany, was more honorable and of greater advantage than all thefe fucceffes of War : For
three of the moft confiderable States, viz. The Volfinians, Perufians, and Aretians, (the
principal People of all that Country) made Overtures for Peace ; and having upon an
agreement to allow his Soldiers fo much Corn and Cloaths, obtain'd the Confuls leave
to fend their Agents to Rome for that purpofe, obtain'd a Truce for the term of Forty
years, each City paying down for a prefent Fine, the fum of Five hundred thoufand
Affes [ about One thonfand five hundred fixty two pound ten fhillings, fterling.] For theſe
exploits, the Conful claiming a Triumph, rather for fafhion-fake, than that he could hope
to obtain it ; fome of the Senators objected against him, That he did not fet out from the
City fo early as he ought to have done ; others, that he left Samnium, and went into Tuscany
without Orders ; fome becaufe they were his Enemies ; fome becauſe they were the other
Confuls Friends (to whom it would be fome fatisfaction that his Colleague was put by
that Honor as well as he) all for fome reafons or other were againft his Triumphing;
whereupon in an Huff he thus exprefs'd his Refentments to the Senate : Though I have a
very great Deference and Veneration, Confcript Fathers ! for the Majesty and Authority of this
Houfe, yet I shall not fo far regard it, as to forget that I am Conful : As by the right of my.
Place I manag'd thefe Wars ,fo having happily concluded them ,fubdued both the Samnites and Tuf-
cans, and obtained Victory and Peace, by thefame Right will I Triumph without asking your leave ;
and fo in an heat flung out of the Senate. Amongst the Tribunes of the Commons there
was variance, fome threatning to oppofe their Negative, That he fhould not . Triumph in
this manner as had never yet been practifed, and muſt be a very ill prefident ; others of
them were for favoring and promoting his Triumph : After much ado, the matter was
brought before the People in Common-Hall ; where the Conful being fummoned, after he
had Remonftrated how heretofore the Confuls L. Horatius, and Marcus Valerius, and of
late his own Father C. Marcius Rutilius, when he was Cenfor, had all Triumph'd not by
the Authority of the Senate, but by the Ordinance of the People ; he added, That be
also would have moved the fame to the People, but that he knew there were fome of their Tri-
bunes fuch Slaves to the Nobility, as they would have obstructed the Bill : Asfor bimfelf he did,
and ever would account the will and favor of the People agreeing together, to be as good as any
formal Commands. And the next day, by the intereft of three Tribunes against the op-
pofition of feven, and againſt the general Refolution of the Senate, he did celebrate a
Triumph, and the People joyfully folemnized the honor of the day. 1
But it must be noted, That the actions of this Year are very uncertainly and variouſly
related ; for Claudius writes, That Pofthumius after the taking of a few Cities in Samnium,
was routed and put to flight in Apulia, and himſelf wounded, and glad to take shelter
with a few others that efcaped in Luceria. And that the profperous Actions in Tuscany were
atchiev'd by Attilius, and that he was the Man that Triumph'd. Fabius on the contrary
fets down, That both the Confuls managed the War in Samnium, and at Luceria ; and that
one of the Armies was thence drawn into Tufcany, but mentions not which Conful it was
that Commanded it. He alfo tells us, That before Luceria there was great flaughter on
both fides, and that in that Battel it was, that a Temple was . vowed to Jupiter Stator,
as Romulus did of old ; but all this while, there had been no Temple actually erected, but
only a Fanum [that is, a place fet out and confecrated, whereon to build a Temple. ] But
now this Year, the Commonwealth becoming a fecond time obliged to perform the fame
Vow, Religious Reverence moved the Senate to Decree and Order, that a Temple fhould
there be built accordingly.
The next Year, fucceeded both a moft excellent Conful L. Papirius Curfor, a perfon xxxvIII .
Illuftrious, as well for his Fathers Glory as his own, and alfo a mighty great War, and
fuch a fignal Victory as never any to that day had obtain❜d the like over the Samnites, ex-
cept it were L. Papirius his Father ; and as it fell out, they had made juft the like pom-
pous preparations, and gaudy Armor now as then : But at this time, they moreover fought
to conciliate the favor of the Gods to their party, by initiating their Soldiers in a ſtrange
kind
 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X.
276

kind of Oath adminiftred with certain antient, but dreadful Rites and Ceremonies : For
having made a general levy throughout all Samnium, with a new Law, That whosoever of
Age fit to bear Arms, fhould not appear at the Rendezvous according to the Generals Edict, or
afterwards fhould depart without Licenſe, ſhould forfeit bis Head to Jupiter as accurfed. The
place of Rendezvous was appointed at Aquilonia, where the whole ftrength of Samnium
met together, to the number of Forty thouſand fighting Men. In the midit of the Camp
there was a plat of Ground fenc'd in with Hurdles and Boards, and covered over with
Linnen Cloth, about Two hundred foot fquare : There a folemn Sacrifice was celebrated,
and Service faid out of an old Book with a Linnen cover, by one Ovius Paccius the Prieft,
a very old Fellow, who avow'd that he deriv'd that Sacred Form from the antient Reli-
gion of the Samnites, which their Anceſtors had made ufe of, at fuch time as they fecretly
contrived to feize upon Capua, and take it from the Etrurians. The Sacrifice being dif
patch'd, the General caufed the Marfhal to call in fuch as were moſt noble and renown-
ed for their Quality and Valour, who were brought in one by one. There was befides other
facred Furniture, which might ftrike Mens minds with a Religious awe, in the middle of
this place fo covered on all parts, an Altar, and certain Sacrifices lying flain, and divers
Captains ftanding round with their drawn Swords : The Soldier was brought up to the
Altar, rather as a Sacrifice himſelf, than a partaker of the Oblations, and was firft fworn
to keep fecret all that he fhould there fee or hear ; and then was forc'd alſo to take an Oath,
compofed after the manner of a Charm, with moft bitter Imprecations and Curfes against
bis own Life, his Family and all his Race, unless he should go into the Battel wherever his Com-
manders should lead him ; or if either he himself should at any time fly out of the Battel, or not
prefently kill any other whom he should fee give ground or like to run away. Some at firft re-
fuling to take this Curfe were Beheaded upon the Altars, and their Bodies lying amongſt the
flaughtered Carcaffes, were a warning to the reft to conform. All the principal Perfons
having bound themſelves with this Deteftation ; ten of them were particularly nominated
C
by the Commander in chief, who every one were charged to chufe himfelf a Comrade,
· and they likewife to take others to them man by man, until they compleated the number
of fixteen thousand, which were called the Linnen Legion, taking that name from the
covering of that place where the Samnite Nobles were firft fworn ; theſe had brave Arms
beſtowed upon them, and crefted Helmets, that they might feem taller than the reft.
There was another Army confifting of Twenty thousand Men and upwards, who neither
for able Bodies, nor paft Services in the Wars, nor uſeful Armor, came fhort of the Linnen
Brigade in any refpect. This great multitude and ſo ſtrong, Encamped themſelves not far
from Aquilonia.
C
XXXIX. The Confuls fetting forth from the City, firft Sp. Carvilius, who had the Command
of the old Legions which the former Conful M. Attilius left at Interamna, advances with
I
them into Sammium ; and whil'ft the Enemy was thus bufie in their Superftitions and fecret
Confultations, took the City Amiternum, where were flain almoft Two thouſand eight
hundred People, and Four thouſand two hundred and feventy taken. Papirius having
levyed a new Army (for fo the Senate had ordered) ftorm'd Duronia, where though he
took not ſo many Prifoners as his Colleague, yet he kill'd more in the Conflict . At both
R
places there was very rich Booty. Thence the Confuls proceeded to over-run the Coun-
try, eſpecially about Atinium ; Carvilius march'd to Cominium, and Papirius to Aquilonia,
where the whole Power of the Samnites was Pofted. There for a while they were neither
altogether idle, nor very (martly engaged, but ſpent their time in beating up of Quarters,
Picqueering, and Skirmishes, provoking one another, rather than coming to a clofe Fight;
for whilft ever and anon they began, and as quickly gave over, the event even of thofe h
petty Rencounters was put off from day to day. The other Roman Army lay twenty
miles off, yet though the other Conful was abfent, he was frequently confulted with ; Car-
vilius being more intent upon the Affairs at Aquilonia, whereon the main Chance of the
War depended, than about the Town of Cominium which he then befieged. L. Papirius
having by this time got all things ready for a Battel, fent a Currier to his Partner, That
he refolved (if the Aufpices prov'd favorable) to engage the Enemy next Morning, and
therefore 'twas fit he fhould attack Cominium with all his Forces, to divert any affiſtance
from thence : The Meflenger returned at Night, and brought word, That his Colleague
did well approve of thofe Refolutions. Then Papirius drew his Army together, and
made an Oration in the Head of them, wherein he difcours'd at large touching the na-
ture of this War in general, and of the Enemies prefent Preparations, more gaudy in
fhew and for oftentation, than effectually of any real Advantage : For (he told them)
" That it was no plumed Crefts that gave the deadly Wounds ; the Roman Lances would
66
66 eafily pierce their painted and gilded Shields ; That this gay Army, glittering with their
white Coats, would foon be dyed of a Crimfon hue, when they came to handy- ftroaks ;
" That much fuch a Gold and Silver Army of Samnites was utterly defeated to the laft
" Man by his Father, and prov'd more honorable Spoils to the Conqueror, than fafe
" Armor to themſelves ; That perhaps 'twas the Deſtiny of his Name and Family. to be
" chofen
 DE C. I. of TITUS LIVIus . 277

" chofen Generals against the Samnites greatest Efforts and Preparations, and that they
were born to bring away thofe Spoils which might be an ornament to the publick Build-
ings of the City ; That the Immortal Gods would doubtless be prefent to revenge Leagues
" fo often defired, and fo often violated: For if we may lawfully guefs at the Divine
" Pleaſure, they were never more adverfe to any Army, than to this, which being pol-
"luted with the intermingled Blood of Beafts and Men, had doubly devoted themſelves to
" the wrath and vengeance of Heaven, dreading on the one fide the Gods which are
"Witneffes of their Treaties with the Romans ; and on the other fide,the Curfes of that late
"Oath which they have taken directly contrary to thole Treaties ; an Oath which as they
"took perforce, fo the memory thereof muft needs be odious to them, fince it makes
"them perjured, and no lefs afraid of the Gods, and one another, than of their Ene-
" mies.
Having declared thefe things (which he came to know by the relation of fome Defert- XL.
ers) unto his Soldiers, who were already of themſelves fufficiently enraged againſt the
Enemy ; they being all confident of Divine Affiftance,as well as trufting on their own valor,
unanimoufly cry out for a Battel, were vex'd that it was put off till the Morrow, and re-
pined at that delay of one Night as too long. About Midnight Papirius having received
Letters from his Colleague, got up when all was filence, and fent to the Sooth-fayers to
take the Prefages, whether or no it might be lucky to fight the next day. There was not
any fort of Men in the Camp but were eager for a Battel ; all degrees, high and low, Ca-
ptains and Soldiers, were enflamed with the fame defires, which zealous ardour reached
even thofe that had the charge of the Aufpices ; for though the Chickens would not peck,
yet the Chick-mafter ventured rather to falfifie the token by a lye, than to put off the
Engagement, and therefore fent the Conful word, That they fell to their meat so greedily,
that with their hafty feeding, the Corn fell from their Bills and rebounded again, which they
called Tripudium Soliftimum, and in their Learning counted it the beft fign of Success that
was in the World. The Conful hereupon joyfully declares, That the Aufpices were excellent
good, and that they should go on under the conduct and favor of the Gods , and fo puts out the
fignal of Battel.
As he was marching into the Field, a Renegado acquaints him, That twenty Regiments
of the Samnites (for they were in all about forty) were gone towards Cominium, of which
he preſently fent to advertiſe his Colleague ; then cauſes the Standards to be brought forth
with all expedition, Pofts his Referves in proper places, and affigns to every one his
Charge. L. Volumnius led the Right Wing ; L. Scipio the Left, and the other Lieutenant-
Generals, C. Caditius and C. Trebonius, had the conduct of the Cavalry. He ordered Sp.
Nautius to take off the Pack-Saddles from the Mules, and to mount fome Companies of
Light-arm'd Foot that used to ferve in the Wings, on their backs, and with all speed,
fetching a compafs, to feize a certain Hill that lay in view, and inthe heat of the Con-
flict to thewthemfelves from thence, raifing as great a cloud of duft as poffibly they could.
Whil'ft the General was thus bufie, there arofe a fquabble amongst the Chicken-Mafters,
or Sooth-Sayers, about the Prefages of the Day, which being over-heard by fome of the
Roman Horfe, they looking upon it as a matter of confequence, told Sp. Papirius the Con-
fuls Nephew, That there was fome doubt or queftion about the Aufpice. The Youth, born
in those days when there were no Atheiſts, or deſpiſers of Religion and the Gods, having
further enquired into the matter (becauſe he would not certifie any thing groundless) gave
notice thereof to the Conful, who answered : I commend your piety and diligence, however
be not difmayed, but rather fight more heartily and use thy best endeavor ; as for him that has
charge of the Aufpice, if he have made a wrong Report , Let the punishmentfor his violating of Reli-
gion light upon his own head ; for my part the Tripudium which was certified, I take to be agood
andfufficient Omen of Success to me and the People of Rome. Then he commanded the Centu-
rions to place the Chicken-Prophets in the Forlorn-Hope. At the fame time the Sam-
nites advanced their Enfigns, and their Army in excellent equipage followed fo glorious,
that even the fight of the Enemy was a pleafing and magnificent Entertainment ; be
fore any fhout made, or that they came to Charge, a Javelin darted at random lighted up-
on the chief Chicken-Fortune-teller, and ftruck him dead before the Enfigns, which be-
ing told the Conful, The Gods (faith he) you fee are prefent in the Field, and the guiltyWretch
has his due reward : Whil'ft he was fpeaking theſe words, a Raven fet up her Throat juft
before him, at which lucky Augury the Conful rejoyc'd, and affirmed, That the Gods never
did more evidently appear in Mens affairs, or give plainer Demonftrations of their favor. And
immediately commanded the Trumpers to found a Charge, and the whole Army to fet up
a lufty Shout.
The Battel was fierce and terrible, but managed upon very different motives; the Ro- XLI
mans rush'd on animated with rage, and hope, and an ardent eagerness of Fighting ; but
the Samnites for the most part by neceffity, and the charms of Superftition, were forced
even almoſt against their wills, to make refiftance rather than attack the Enemy ; nor
would they ever have ftood the Romans firft Charge, having for many Years been cow'd
with
A
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The Rom
a Hiſtor BOO X.
278

with conftant Overthrows, but that a more prevailing fear imprinted on their minds, did 0
retain them from flight : For they had continually before their Eyes the whole Parade of
that fecret Sacrifice, the armed Priefts, and promifcuous flaughter of Beafts and Men ;
the Altars ftain'd with humane Blood, the dreadful Execrations, and that furious Oath,
wifhing Plagues and Curfes on their Kindred and Pofterity ; tyed with thefe Magical chains
they kept indeed the Field, but ftill were more afraid of their own Companions than of
the Enemy. The Romans prefs'd on from either Wing and the Main- Body with all ima-
ginable fury, and butchered them at pleafure whil'ft they ftood thus as it were aftoniſh'd
with a double dread of Gods and Men : The refiftance they made was finall and faint, and
nothing but pure fear kept them from running away. So that by this time execution was
done upon them up to their very Standards, when on a fidden there appeared at a diſtance
on one fide of them, a great cloud of Duft, as if fome mighty Army had rais'd it with 20
their march; for Sp. Nautius (Octavius Metius fome call him) who had the Conduct of
the Alarian Bands before-mentioned, purpofely made a far greater duft than could be ex-
pected from fo fmall a number, by caufing his Regiment of the Black-Guard, as they fat C
on their Mules, to trail after them thick boughs of Trees ; their Arms and Enfigns in the 201
Front first appeared as it were through a duskifh Light, but the duft behind them rifing to
higher and thicker, feem'd to reprefent a great Body of Horfe flanking an Army of Foot, T
and deceived not only the Samnites, but the Romans too : And to keep up that uſeful 10
Error, the Conful fo loud that even the Enemy might hear him, cryed out, That Comi- Da
nium was taken, and his Victorious Colleague was come ; That now they fhould use their utmoſt
endeavors to compleat the Victory before the other Army fnatch'd the Honor of it out of their hands.
Thus he fpake ashe gallop'd to and fro amongst the Ranks, and at the fame time com-
manded the Colonels and Captains of the Foot to widen their Files, and make room for
the Horfe. He had before given Orders to Trebonius and Cadicius, that when they ſhould
fee him flourish his Spear over his head, they ſhould advance with the Cavalry, and as hard DU
as they could drive Charge the Enemy. All things were punctually put in execution ac-
cording to Order, the Files opened to the Right and Left, and the Horſe thundered out Ba
upon the Enemy, and broke into the middle of their Main- Body, difordering their Ranks
which way foever they turn'd their Force ; Volumnius and Scipio bravely feconded them
with the Infantry, and whil'ft they were thus difarray'd, beat down all before them . Then
the Linnen Brigade went to pot, and fell under the fury both of the Gods and Men ; the
fworn and unfworn fled both alike, and no longer feared any but the Enemy. Their
Foot, as many as eſcaped in the Battel, were beat into their Camp at Aquilonia ; their
Noble-men and Horſe got to Bovianum ; the Foot were by the Foot purfued, and the Horfe th
by Horfe ; the two Wings feparated themſelves, the Right marching up to the Samnites
Camp, and the Left to the Town : Volumnius was fomewhat the nimbleft, and foon made
R
himself Mafter of the Camp ; Scipio had an harder task to win the City, not that they had
greater Courage , being all alike dif-heartened with their Over- throw , but becauſe
Walls will better keep out Affailants, than a plain Trench and Rampire ; and befides, from
the Courtine they had an advantage to fhour down Stones upon them fo faft, as none could
endure it. Scipio confidering that it would prove a tedious piece of Work, unless he could
carry the Town at this firft Heat, whil'ft they within were in a fright, and before they
could recollect their Spirits, ask'd his Soldiers, If they would fuffer this disgrace, to fee the
Camp bravely won by the other Wing, and themfelves Conquerors too as well as the others, to be
Shamefully repulfed from the City ? They all teftifying their Refolutions to the contrary by a
loud fhout, himſelf clapping his Target over his Head, march'd foremoſt up to the Gate,
and all the reft following him in that pofture, by main force they broke into the City, and
knocking down thofe Samnites that were about the Gate, made themſelves Mafters of the
Walls, but durft not venture up into the middle ofthe City, being fo few in number.
XLII. The Conful at firſt knew nothing of all this, but was bufie in bringing the Main-Body
of his Army to an orderly Retreat, for the Sun was now almoft down, and Night coming
on apace, made every thing feem dangerous and fufpicious even to the Victors themfelves ;
but when he was advanced further, he faw on his right hand the Enemies Camp taken , and
on the left, heard a confufed Cry and Tumult in the City, as compofed of the mix'd cla-
mors of Men fighting, and People in a fright, for it happened at that inftant the Conflict
was at the Gate. Upon this, he rides up nearer, and at laſt diſcovered his own Men up-
on the Walls, and that his Work was not yet at an end, fince by a few Mens rash adven-
turoufnefs, there was an opportunity of performing an excellent piece of Service, where-
upon he recalled the Forces that were retreating, and caufed them with Banners diſplayed
to enter the City, where near the Gate they took up their Quarters, becauſe the Night
came on fo faft, and before Morning the Enemy had deferted it. There were flain that
day of the Samnites, Thirty thouſand three hundred and forty ; taken, Three thouſand eight
hundred and feventy, and ninety leven Colours. ' Tis Recorded, That never any General
was more chearful and pleaſant than Papirius during this Battel, whether it were of his
own natural Difpofition, or upon affured confidence of Victory ; 'twas upon this ſtrength
of
DE C. I. of TITUS LIVIU S. 279

of mind that he would not be diverted from fighting by the controverted Aufpice ; and in
the heat of the Conflict, when others are wont to make Vows of building Temples to the
Immortal Gods, he only Vow'd, That if he defeated the Enemies Legions, he would prefent
Jupiter Victor with a Cup of Metheglin, before himself tafted a drop ofſtrong Wine. Which
Vow the Gods accepted, and turn'd the ill Prefages to good.
Theother Conful had no lefs fuccefs at Cominium ; for drawing up all his Forces by break XLIII.
of day to the Walls, he invefted it quite round, and fet ftrong Guards at all the Gates to
prevent any Sallies. But juft as he was about to give the Signal for a general Affault, the
Meffenger from his Brother Conful in a great fright, brought word, That twenty Cohorts
of the Enemy were upon their march to relieve the City, which made him for a while defer the
Storm, and draw off part of his Forces. For immediatly he diſpatch'd the firſt Legion,
and twenty Cohorts of the Wings , and Horfe, under the Command of D. Brutus Scava, to
meet this Party of the Enemy, with orders to ftop or divert their march wherever they
fhould find them, and if need were, to fight them rather than fuffer them to come up to
Cominium . This care being taken, he commands the Scaling-Ladders to be fet to the Walls
round the Town, and feveral parties in cloſe Order, with their Targets over their heads,
to make up to the Gates, fo that at once the Gates were burft open, and the Walls mounted :
The Samnites, that had fome hopes before to keep off the Enemy, when they faw them
now in poffeffion of their Walls, that there was no longer any fighting at a diſtance with
Darts and Lances, but they must come to Handy-ftrokes, concluded, that they who from
below had got upon the Walls, would then more eafily defcend, and be too hard for them
upon even ground, who could not withstand them with all the advantages of their Works ;
they therefore quitted their Towers and Bulwarks, and were beat up to the Market-place,
where for a while they tryed their utmoft Fortune, but at laſt flung down their Arms, and
Fifteen thousand and five hundred furrendred themſelves at difcretion to the Conful ; the
number of the flain amounted to 4380.
Thus went things at Cominium, and at Aquilonia, but between both places where a third
Battel was expected, no Enemies were to be found ; for that Detachment of the Samnites,
upon the Romans drawing up in Battalia, were re-called, when they were, but feven miles
from Cominium, and fo came not in to either of the Battels ; but being arrived about twi-
light, within fight of Aquilonia on one hand, andtheir Camp on the other, and from each
place hearing a mighty Clamour, they made an hault, wondring what the matter might
be ; but by and by the Camp being fired by the Romans, gave them certain notice oftheir
Parties defeat, fo that they durft march no further, but lying down where they were in
their Arms, fpent a reftless night, wishing for, and yet fearing the approach of day. As
foon as 'twas light, being yet uncertain whether to bend their courfe, they were put to the
Run by the fight of a party of Horfe, who had been upon the purfuit of the Samnites.
that in the night ftole out of the City, and fpying this multitude lie in the open Field
without Trenches or Out-guards, were coming up to Charge them : They were alfo feen
from the Walls of Aquilonia, and thence feveral Regiments of Foot were making at them ;
but they came not up time enough, and the Horfe only cut off about 280 in the Rear,
the reft efcap'd, but in great Confternation, to Bovianum, leaving abundance of Arms ſcat-
tered behind them, and eighteen Colours.
The joy of each Roman Army was encreaſed by the good fuccefs of the other. The XLIV.
Confuls, by mutual confent, gave their Soldiers the Plunder of both Cities, and when
they had ranfack'd the Houſes, ordered them to be fet on fire; fo that on one and the
fame day, both Aquilonia and Cominium were laid in afhes, and the Confuls with mighty
Congratulations on either fide, joined their Forces. There in the Head of both Armies,
Carvilius beftowed large Commendations and Rewards on fuch of his Men as had figna-
lized themſelves by any ſpecial Action : And Papirius, who had been engag'd in variety
of Service in the Field, and the City, and the Camp, gave Bracelets, and Coronets of
Gold, to Sp. Nautius and Sp. Papirius his own Nephew, and to four Centurions, and one
whole Band of Haftati or Javelyneers. To Nautius for his expedition and dexterity in ter-
rifying the Enemy with a fhew of a great Army ; to young Papirius for his gallant Service
with the Horfe, both in the Battel, and in purfuing the Samnites, when in the night they
got out of the City ; and to the Centurions and Haftati, becauſe they were the first that
took the Gate, and mounted the Wall of Aquilenia. To all the Horſe-men, becauſe they had
behav'd themſelves very well, he gave Bracelets and little Horns of Silver.
In the next place a Council of War was held, to confult, Whether both or either of
the Armies fhould yet be withdrawn out of Samnium, and it was refolved, That the more ir-
recoverably to fupprefs the Enemy, they should with the greatest vigor improve their Victories, fo
as they might be able to deliver up the Country entirely fubdued to the next Confuls : Andfince
there was now no Army of the Enemies that durft appear in the Field, they had no buſineſs left but
to affault their Cities andfortified Towns, the taking of which, would both enrich their own Soldi-
ers, and empoverish the Enemy, befides the multitudes of them that must there be either flain or
taken Prisoners. Therefore having by Letters given the Senate an account of their Pro-
Nn ceedings,
 280 The Roman Hiftory BOOK X.

ceedings, the Confuls divided their Armies ; Papirius advancing to befiege Sepinum, and
Carvilius to invest Volana.
XLV . Theſe Letters from the Confuls were read with the higheſt Joy imaginable, as well in
the Senate, as before all the People in the Common-Hall ; and this Publick Rejoycing was
celebrated with Proceffions and Thanksgivings for the space of four days together : For in-
deed this Victory was not only of great Importance in it felf to the Romans, but alſo came
very feaſonably, for it happened, that juft at the fame time tydings arrived, That the
Tufcans were in Rebellion, and People began to ponder in their minds how they fhould do
to quell them, if any thing fhould happen amifs in Samnium, where both the Confuls, and
all the Roman Forces were now engaged, which heartned on the Etrurians to this Infur-
rection . Ambaffadors from fome of the Roman Allies were introduced by M. Attilius the
Prætor into the Senate, complaining, That their Territories were wafted with Fire and
Sword by their Neighbors the Tufcans, because they would not relinquish the Roman Intereft ;
therefore they did befeech the Fathers, to defend them from the Out-rages of thefe common Ene-
mies: To whom Anfwer was return'd, That the Senate would take care, that their Allies fhould
have no caufe to repent them of their having continued faithful, and that very speedily they should
fee the Tulcans in as wretched a condition as the Samnites. Yet had they not proceeded with
fuch Expedition against the Tufcans, but that News came, the Falifcans, who for many
Years had been firm Friends, were now revolted and join'd with them. The near Neigh-
borhood of this Nation quickned the Senate to fend Heralds to demand fatisfaction ; which
being not given, by the Authority of the Senate and Command of the People, War is De-
clared against the Falifcans, and the Confuls ordered to caft Lots which of them ſhould
remove with his Army out of Samnium into Tuscany. Carvilius had already taken from
the Samnites three Cities, Volana, Palumbinum, and Herculaneum ; Volana in few days time,
Palumbinum the fame day that he came before the Walls, but at Herculaneum he was forc❜d
to fight two fet Battels, with doubtful Succefs, and more lofs fuftained on his fide than on
the Enemies. Then he Entrench'd himſelf, and fhut them up within the Walls, and at
laft affaulted the Town and took it. In theſe three places there were taken or flain to the
number of Ten thoufand People. When the Confuls came to fort the Provinces, Tufcany
fell to Carvilius, at which his Soldiers were pleafed, who could not well endure any longer
the fharpness of the Weather in Samnium. Papirius at Sepinum had an harder tug on't ;
he was forc'd to encounter the Enemy oft-times in Pitch'd-Battels, continual Skirmishes,
and frequent Sallies, fo that 'twas neither a meer Siege, nor an even War in the Field, for
the Samnites did not ſo much defend themſelves with their Walls, as their Walls with their
Bodies and their Arms ; but in the end, by theſe daily Conflicts he reduc'd it to a juft Siege,
and partly with Batteries, and partly by main force, took the City, where the enraged
Soldiers committed great flaughter, there being 7400 cut to pieces, and not full 3000 that
had Quarter: The Booty, which was very confiderable, becauſe the Samnites had brought
all they had into a few Cities, was diftributed amongſt the Soldiers.
XLVI. The Ground was now all covered with Snow, and there was no enduring longer abroad
in the Field ; therefore the Conful march'd his Army out of Samnium , and coming to
Rome, a Triumph was Decreed him by a univerfal confent ; and accordingly he did Tri-
umph before he went out of his Office, withas great State and Magnificence as thofe days
could afford. The Horſe and Foot appeared in the Cavalcade adorn'd with all their Prizes
of Honor : Many a Civic Garland was worn that day by fuch as had faved the Lives of
their Fellow- Citizens ; many that firft mounted the Enemies Rampire, and others that
were formoft in Scaling their Walls, were diftinguifh'd by their feveral Badges and Crowns.
The Samnites fpoils made a gallant fhow, and the People took great delight in comparing
them with thoſe brought home by his Father, wherewith the publick Buildings were beau-
tified. Divers noble Priſoners, famous for their own or their Anceſtors actions, were led
along in Chains, and amongst the reft there was a vast quantity of Brafs Bullion, railed
by the ranfom of Priſoners, amounting to Two millions five hundred thirty three thouſand
Affes in weight [about 25006 l. 13 s. 4 d. fterling] and of Silver taken in the feveral Cities,
1330 pounds weight, and upwards [ amounting to 39901. of our mony.] All this mony,
Brafs and Silver, was carryed into the common Treaſury, and nothing of the whole Booty
given to the Soldiers ; which as it caufed much diſcontent and envy,fo the fame was encreafed
amongst the common People, becauſe they were charged with a Tax to pay off the Soldi-
ers ; whereas if the Conful in a vain-glorious humor had not brought thefe Sums into the
Chamber of the City, the fame would have been enough both to have rewarded the Army,
and fatisfied their Arrears. Moreover, before he went out of his Confulfhip, he Dedi-
cated the Temple of Quirinus, which his Father being Dictator had Vowed, for that he
humfelf made any fuch Vow in the heat of the Battel, I find not in any ancient Au-
thor; nor could he in fo fhort a time have finish'd it : This Temple he garnish'd with the
Enemies Spoils, whereof there was fuch abundance, as not only fuffic'd to deck up the
fame, and the Town-Hall, but great quantities of them were divided amongſt, and ſent
unto their next Allies and Colonies to beautifie their Temples and publick Buildings.
After
DE C. I. 281
of TITUS LIVIU S.

After the Triumph, the Army took up Winter-Quarters amongst the Veftins, becauſe thoſe
parts were liable to be infefted by the Incurfions of the Samnites.
In the interim , the other Conful Carvilius in Etruria, firft fate down before the City
Troilus, and for a great fum of mony gave leave for 470 of the richeft Burgers to depart
thence whither they lift, the rest of the Rabble fell into his hands after he had ftormed the
Town. After which he took in five very ftrong and well fortified Caftles. Here were .
flain of the Enemy 2400 , and almoft 2000 taken Prifoners : The Faliſcans then coming to
a Treaty, he granted them a Truce for a Year, upon paying down One hundred thou-
fand Affes ( 312. 10 s. fterling) and paying off his Soldiers for that Year.
After thefe fignal Succeffes he came home to receive the honor of a Triumph, which
if not fo glorious as his Colleagues for his Actions in Samnium, yet adding his Services in
Tuſcany, he might juftly boaft an equal merit. He brought into the Exchequer of Brafs
mony, Three hundred and ninety thousand pieces [637 l. 15 s. 7 d. fterling ] and with the
reft built a Chappel to Sors Fortuna(or good Fortune) near the Temple dedicated to the fame
Goddeſs by King Servius Tullus. Out of the Booty he gave his Soldiers 102 Affes [6s. 5 d.
ob. fterling] apiece, and twice as much to each Centurion and Trooper, which was fo much
the more gratefully accepted, fince his Colleague had been fo nigardly as to give his Men
nothing. And indeed, fo much was this Conful in the Peoples favor, that (' tis faid) he
protected his Lieutenant L. Pofthumius, who being Indicted by M. Cautius, a Tribune of
the Commons, put off the Judgment by alledging his Command in the Army, and that
during his abfence they could not proceed to a definitive Sentence.
The Year being now expired, the new Tribunes of the Commons entred upon their XLVII.
Office ; but they not being duly elected, five days after others were chofen in their ftead.
The fame Year a Luftrum or general Survey of the City, was held by P.Cornelius Arvina,
and C. Marcius Rutilus the Cenfors, and there were aſſeſſed 262322 Roman Citizens. Theſe
were the fix and twentieth Cenfors fince that Office erected, and this the nineteenth furvey
that had been taken. The fame Year, and never before, divers Perfons that had done
good Services in the Wars, fate in the Publick Theaters to behold the Roman Plays with
Wreaths and Garlands of Flowers upon their Heads, and then too came up the faſhion,
borrowed from the Greeks, to honor thoſe with Palm-branches that won the Prizes at thoſe
folemn Sports. The Curule Adiles that exhibited theſe Sports, having fined the Grafiers
that held City-Lands for defrauding the Publick, did with the Mony, new pave the Road
from Mars's Temple to the Beaſt-Market. L. Papirius held the Court for electing of Con-
fuls, and chofe Gurges the Son of Q. Fabius Maximus, and D. Junius Brutus Scava ; and
Papirius himself was made Prætor. The many Profperities of this Year were ſcarce able
to ballance one Affliction, which was that of the Peftilence, fo grievous both in the City
and Country, that it was look'd upon as an immediate Judgment from Heaven : The Sa-
cred Books of the Sibyls were confulted to know when the Gods would be pleas'd to put a
period to this Calamity, or what remedy there might be for it ; where 'twas found, That
the God Efculapius must be fetch'd from Epidaurus to Rome : But fo involved they were in
Wars, that nothing could this Year be done in it, fave only, that one day was folemnly
obferved in honor of, and fupplications to the ſaid Æfculapius.

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