Mendoza, Shyza Carmela L.

BS Criminology
CFLM1

INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS
 Ethics is a branch of philosophy which studies the principles of right and wrong of
human conduct. Right or wrong are qualities assigned to actions, conduct and
behavior.
 It comes from the Latin word “ETHOS” which means “CUSTOMARY, BEHAVIOR OR
MORAL”. The two words Latin- “ETHICUS” and Greek “ETHIKOS” have the same
meaning which is customary.
 Other definitions include: the science of the morality of man; study of human
motivation and ultimately of human rational behavior.

IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
1. INDISPENSABLE KNOWLEDGE- Moral Integrity is the only true measure of what man
ought to be. The most successful professional, is nothing unless he/she is morally upright.
2. Without moral perception, man is only an animal. Morality is the foundation of every
human society. Without civic morality, communities perish; without personal morality, their
survival has no value.
3. Without morality, man as rational being is a failure. When the moral foundations of a
nation are threatened, society itself is threatened.

HUMAN ACTS VS. ACTS OF HUMAN

HUMAN ACTS
 Actions performed by man,
knowingly and freely.
 Deliberate or intentional actions, or
voluntarily.
 Actions are the result conscious
knowledge and are subject to the
control of the will.
ACTS OF HUMAN
 Actions which happen in a man.
 Instinctive and are not within the
control of will.
 Biological and psychological
movements in man such as
metabolism, respiration, fear, anger,
love and jealousy.

POLICE BEHAVIOR
 POLICE OFFICER- is a public official with the extraordinary power to make arrest, who
performs the direct police services such as patrol, investigation, traffic control and
other public safety services.

CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND VALUES FOR POLICE OFFICER

 ETHICS- the science of the morality of human acts and rational human behavior.
 VAUES- qualitatively determined behavior which has a normative obligatory
character and presupposes the liberty of possible decision.
STANDARDS OF POLICE BEHAVIOR
1. ETHICAL STANDARDS- it is reflected in the code of conduct and ethical standards for
police officers, police creed, vision and mission, and international laws.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL STANDARDS- derived from the following:
a. GOAL- a general statement of purpose that is useful in identifying and mission of
the police.
b. OBJECTIVES- it is a more specific and measurable statement of purpose that is
related to goals.
c. POLICY- is a general statement that gives guidance to public officers about the
proper course of action.
d. PROCEDURE- identifies a method of series of steps to be taken when performing a
task or attempting to solve a problem.
e. RULE/REGULATION- is a specific statement that identifies required or prohibited
behavior by officers.
3. POLITICAL STANDARDS- come from the expectations of the community concerning what
is and is not appropriate police behavior.
4. LEGAL STANDARDS- are derived primarily from substantive and procedural criminal laws.

THE SIX MORAL VALUES

1. LOVE OF GOD- give God what is due to Him and develop the moral virtue of religion
through adoration, prayer and obedience.
2. RESPECT OF AUTHORITY- treats freedom with a sense of self determination and personal
responsibility, and as a social being, exercises intelligently obedience.
3. SELFLESS LOVE OF PEOPLE- respect human life, respect the human body, learn to give, to
give oneself, and to love.
4. TRUTHFULNESS- never telling what is not true (untruth) because it destroys the
foundation of social life which is based on mutual trust.
5. CHASTITY- respect the dignity of human sexuality by practicing chastity in marriage
through sexual love that is romantic, procreative, exclusive and lasting, or if unmarried, by
having no experience of sexual pleasure.
6. RESPONSIBLE DOMINION OVER MATERIAL THINGS- should not be dominated by it
(detachment) and should not share It with his fellowmen bearing in mind that the material
word is limited (scarce).

THE SIX WORK VALUES

1. INDUSTRIOUSNESS- a person wants to, looks for, keeps busy, and strives to work well.
2. SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY- what a person does is dependent on him and he puts his will
and intellect to his job (creativity/initiative) and is held accountable for it.
3. ORDER (SENSE OF TIME)- prioritizes the use of time, values his time, “first things first”
4. COLLABORATION- fosters teamwork and solidarity for unity.
5. DETERMINATION- a person possesses qualities of perseverance, patience and strength to
cope with obstacles, difficulties and trials.
6. SERVICE- performing duties or work for another, a person or an institution that brings
about benefits and/or results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A POLICE OFFICERS’S JOB
1. THE UNIFORM- it sets the officers apart, and it clearly identifies his/her status as a police
officer.
2. THE POWER- The uniformed police officer, with the sidearm, baton, citation book, and
other trappings of office, is a walking symbol of government power.
3. THE WORKING HOURS- Police officers work daily and “off duty” is not a right but a
privileges only, they also work weekends, holidays, and frequently must put in overtime in
emergency situations, and for court appearances.
4. THE DANGER- They deal with several issues, situations and problems.
5. THE DIRTY WORKS- The police deals with dead bodies, crimes, crime victims, criminals,
automobile accidents and other aspects of society that most of us would rather not think.

STRENGTHS OF THE MEMBERS OF PNP

1. SPIRITUAL BELIEFS- During times of great personal crisis and danger, they bravely forge
on, confident the Divine Providence will grant them protection and safety.
2. VALOR- They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake of their countrymen whom they
have pledged to serve.
3. PATRIOTISM- They manifest their love of country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag
and a vow to defend the Constitution.
4. DISCIPLINE- The discipline of PNP members is manifested by instinctive obedience to
lawful orders and thorough and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational
objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms.
5. COURTEOUS- PNP members are upright in character, gentle in manners, dignified in
appearance, and sincere in their concern to fellowmen.
6. WORD OF HONOR- PNP members’ word is their bond. They stand by and commit to
uphold it.
7. DUTY- PNP members perform their tasks with deep sense of responsibility and self-
sacrifice. They shall readily accept assignment anywhere in the country.
8. LOYALTY- PNP members are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as
borne by history and practice.
9. CAMARADERIE- The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police
organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members’ deep
commitment and concern for one another.

WEAKNESSES OF THE MEMBERS OF PNP

1. MISPLACED LOYALTY- The loyalty is on the fellow officers not on the government and the
people they serve.
2. CYNICISM- Police views all citizens with suspicion, weak, corrupt, and dangerous.
3. THE USE OF FORCE- The police sometimes embrace force for all situations wherein a
threat is perceived.
4. “THE POLICE AS VICTIMS” MENTALITY- This concept is based on the idea that the police
are victims of public misunderstanding and scorn, of low wages and self-serving
administrators.
5. PREFERENTIAL APPLICATION OF THE LAW- Decisions whether to enforce the law, in any
but the most serious cases, should be guided by what the law says and who the suspect is.
6. “THE POLICE AS UNTOUCHABLES”- A police officers should find a safe way to impose
punishment, including an arrest on fake charges.
7. REWARDS- Police do very dangerous work for low wages , so it is proper to take any extra
rewards the public wants to give them. One theory is that it is acceptable to accept any type
of reward as long as it was given wholeheartedly by an individual to a police officer. This
rationalization was even given a term: LAUGHING MONEY.
8. DUE PROCESS- It is only a means of protecting criminals at the expense of the law abiding
and should be ignored whenever it is safe to do so.
9. LYING AND DECEPTION- Lying and deception are an essential part of the police job, and
even perjury should be used if it is necessary to protect yourself or get a conviction on a
“bad guy”.

CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND VALUES FORMATION

 ETHICS VS. VALUES
ETHICS- the science of the morality of human acts and rational human behaviour
- Ethics is the capacity to determine right conduct and the knowledge of what
is right from wrong.
VALUES- qualitatively determined behaviour which has a normative obligatory
character and presupposes the liberty of possible decision.
- Values on the other hand, are the application of ethics.

IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS AND VALUES

 Ethics is an indispensable knowledge. Without ethical perception, “man is only an
animal. Without values, man as a rational being is a failure
 Ethics is only necessary knowledge

 “We are tempted to center everything on human happiness“

"Forgetting that man's greatness, perfection and happiness, his whole meaning in fact,
consist in transcending the commonly accepted human good" –JACQUES LECLERCA
 "At the bottom of our economic problems and political instability is the weakness
and corruption of the moral foundations of our society. We do need an economic
recovery program. We also urgently need a moral, intellectual and spiritual recovery
program." -SENATOR LETICIA RAMOS SHAHANI

THE SIX CORE VALUES

1. INDUSTRIOUSNESS – what a person wants to, looks for, keeps busy, and strives to work
well.
2. SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY- what a person does is dependent on him and he puts his will
and intellect to his job (creativity/initiative) and is held accountable for it.
3. ORDER (SENSE OF TIME) – prioritizes the use of time, values his time, “first things first”
4. COLLABORATION – fosters teamwork and solidarity for unity.
5. DETERMINATION – a person possesses qualities of perseverance, patience and strength to
cope with obstacles, difficulties and trials.
6. SERVICE – performing duties or work for another, a person or an institution that brings
about benefits and/or results.
SIGNIFICANCE OF VALUES AND ETHICS IN POLICE WORK
 Without an ethical perspective, a police officer becomes a tyrant. The tendency to
abuse his power over citizens increases exponentially the weaker his moral
foundations become. It has well-documented throughout the history of the world
that power corrupts, and that absolute power corrupts absolutely. It is the absence
of this ethical perspective which has been deemed as the primary reason why cases
of police misconduct are still occurring in the PNP.
 “The average citizen expects the police officer to have the wisdom of Solomon, the
courage of David, the strength of Samson, the patience of Job, the leadership of
Moses, the faith of Daniel, the diplomacy of Lincoln, the tolerance of the Carpenter
of Nazareth, the kindness of the Good Samaritan, and finally, an intimate
knowledge of every branch of natural, biological, and social sciences. If he
possesses all these qualities, then, he MIGHT be a good policeman.” –August
Vollmer (Father of Police Professionalism)

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

PREAMBLE

 We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to
build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our
ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence
and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

ARTICLE 1- NATIONAL TERRITORY

 The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas.
 The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
ARTICLE II- DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
 PRINCIPLES
 Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty
resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
  Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,
adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of
the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations.
 Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed
Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is
to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.
 Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the
fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by
law, to render personal, military or civil service.
 Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty,
and property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the
enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
 Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
 STATE POLICIES
 Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations
with other states, the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty,
territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.
 Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and
pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
 Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will
ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from
poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full
employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
 Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national
development.
 Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees
full respect for human rights.
 Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally
protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The
natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic
efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of
the Government.
 Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and
shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social
well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
 Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall
ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
  Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people
and instill health consciousness among them.
 Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of
nature.
 Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology,
arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social
progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
 Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall
protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
 Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
 Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector,
encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.
 Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and
agrarian reform.
 Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
communities within the framework of national unity and development.
 Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or
sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
 Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information
in nation-building.
 Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
 Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public
service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
 Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service
and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.
 Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts
and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving
public interest.

ARTICLE XIV- EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS
EDUCATION
 Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.
 Section 2. The State shall:

(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated

system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the
elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to
rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan
programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving
students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well
as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those
that respond to community needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training
in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.

 Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as
part of the curricula.

(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity,
respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical
development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen
ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological
knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.

(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion

shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and
high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or approved by
the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or wards belong,
without additional cost to the Government.

 Section 4.(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private
institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and
regulation of all educational institutions.
(2) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups
and mission boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is
owned by such citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino
equity participation in all educational institutions.
(3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions
used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt
from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence
of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by law.
Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively owned,
may likewise be entitled to such exemptions, subject to the limitations provided by
law, including restrictions on dividends and provisions for reinvestment.
 (4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants, endowments,
donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational
purposes shall be exempt from tax.

 Section 5. (1) the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and
conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational
policies and programs.

(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.

(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject
to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements.

(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional

advancement. Non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the
protection of the State.

(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and
ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available
talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and
fulfillment.

LANGUAGE
 Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be
further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other
languages.

 Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the
Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of
official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

 Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of

the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.

 The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall
serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

 Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

 Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be
translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.

 Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of

representatives of various regions and disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate,
and promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of
Filipino and other languages.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and
progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention,
innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training,
and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and
technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive systems
and national life.

 Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax deductions, to
encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research.
Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to
deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and
specially gifted citizens.

 Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of
technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest
participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based
organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology.

 Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be
provided by law.

ARTS AND CULTURE

 Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic
evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a
climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
 Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The State shall
conserve, promote, and popularize the nation’s historical and cultural heritage and
resources, as well as artistic creations.
 Section 16. All the country’s artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural
treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State which may
regulate its disposition.
 Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous
cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and
institutions. It shall consider these rights in the formulation of national plans and
policies.
 Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through
the educational system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and
other incentives, and community cultural centers, and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts
and culture.
SPORTS
 Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-
discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.

(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the
country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

ARTICLE XV- THE FAMILY

 Section 1. The state recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation.
Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total
development.
 Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family
and shall be protected by the state.
 Section 3. The state shall defend:
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious
convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition,
and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and
other conditions prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
(4) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning
and implementation of policies and programs that affect them.
 Section 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may
also do so through just programs of social security.

ARTICLE XVI- GENERAL PROVISIONS

 Section 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and
three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law.
 Section 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national
anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the
ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its
ratification by the people in a national referendum.

 Section 3. The State may not be sued without its consent.

 Section 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed
force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. It
shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.

 Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to
uphold and defend this Constitution.
 (2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist
consciousness of the military, and respect for people’s rights in the performance of
their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate remuneration and
benefits of its members shall be a prime concern of the State. The armed forces shall
be insulated from partisan politics. No member of the military shall engage, directly
or indirectly, in any partisan political activity, except to vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be
appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their
service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be
recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed
three years. However, in times of war or other national emergency declared by the
Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
 Section 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be
national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a
national police commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in
their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
 Section 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other
forms of assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their
surviving spouses and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due
consideration shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public
domain and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural resources.
 Section 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to increase the pensions and
other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.
 Section 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from
substandard or hazardous products.
 Section 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the full development
of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the
needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out
of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of
speech and of the press.
 Section 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be limited to
citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-
owned and managed by such citizens.
The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass
media when the public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or
unfair competition therein shall be allowed.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be
regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general
welfare.
Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per
centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens shall be allowed to engage
in the advertising industry.
 The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such
industry shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all
the executive and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the
Philippines.
 Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on
policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of
which shall come from such communities.

THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG

 During the Philippine Centennial celebration, a set of 10 flags were prominently
flown over every institution and government-owned buildings. This set of 10 flags
became popularly known as the EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG.
 According to the Manila Historical Institute and the National Historical Institute, the
set of flags, excluding the present-day flag, are rightfully called MGA BANDILA NG
REBOLUSYONG PILIPINO or THE FLAGS OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION.
 Another issue raised by historians is the fact that these flags merely represent a
fraction of the Katipunan battalions.

History of the Katipunan Flag (1892-1897)

 The First KKK (Kataastaasan at Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan—
The Highest and Most Honorable Society of the Sons of the Nation) Flag (1892) With
the establishment of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio requested his wife, GREGORIA
DE JESUS, and with the help of BENITA RODRGUEZ to create a flag for the society. De
Jesus created a simple red flag bearing the society’s acronym, KKK, in white and
arranged horizontally at the center of a rectangular piece of red cloth (locally called
KUNDIMAN). The color red represents the blood and courage of the Katipuneros
who stood ready to fight for freedom and shed their blood if need be. This was the
flag which was developed during the “First Cry of Nationhood” at the district of
North Manila in August 1896. This was the first official flag of the society. Early
Katipunan One-K Flag. In some areas, only one letter K was positioned on a
rectangular piece of red cloth.

Katipunan Councils- There are two prominent factions of the Katipunan led respectively by
Andres Bonificio and Emilio Aguinaldo. Both gained support from different sectors of the
Katipunan. Bonificio had his Magdiwang Council and Aguinaldo had his Magdalo Council.
 The MAGDIWANG COUNCIL had a sun with 16 rays. It uses similar red background of
the Katipunan flag. Some historians say that the number of rays is indefinite
however. This flag was believed to be the flag present when the Katipuneros tore
their cedulas upon their discovery.
 The MAGDALO COUNCIL FLAG also used the sun. It had a prehispanic “K”
superimposed on the center. The sun had 8 rays to represent the first eight
 provinces (Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Batangas, Laguna and Nueva
Ecija) that pledged its support to fight under Aguinaldo’s banner and to start the
Philippine Revolution.
The Revolutionary Government
 The leaders of the Katipunan decided to fight under Aguinaldo’s banner. Aside fom
being formally educated, Aguinaldo was winning his battles while Bonifacio was
struck by a number of losses. For this same reason, Aguinaldo’s flag was said to have
become the basis for the design of the new flag of the revolutionary government-
the Sun of Liberty. This same revolutionary government was responsible for ordering
the execution of Andres Bonifacio. Bonifacio was charged with treason for inciting
rebellion against the new government.
 The flag was approved on March 17, 1897 in Naic, Cavite.
“Sun of Liberty Flag” (March 17, 1897)
 The first official flag of the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo.
The first Filipino national flag. A red flag with a white sun of eight rays, symbolizing
the search of liberty. This was adopted by the revolutionary leaders at their assembly
in Naic, Cavite on March 17, 1897. It was a transformed version of the Aguinaldo-
Magdalo flag, with a mythological sun at the center.
 The last revolutionary flag represented the desires for independence of the Filipino
nation as a whole, rather than the Katipunan society alone, for the sun (nation had
replaced the KKK ass the center of their sign.

Battalion Flag (General Mariano Llanera’s battle Skull Flag 1896)

 One of the most criticized part of the proposed evolution of the Philippine flag is the
inclusion of three battalion flags of the Katipunan. According to many historians,
these flags never took the significance of a national symbol.
 The first flag was the flag of General Mariano Llanera who fought in the province of
Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija. His flag was most famously called
Bungo ni Llanera or Llanera’s Skull. Unlike most of the Katipunan banners, his was on
a black background.
 The black color of the flag was inspired by the hood worn for the camp of General
Mariano Llanera of Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, who earned for himself a reputation as a
brave and reckless fighter. “Let us fight to the finish”, was one of his favorite remarks
 The second flag is that of Pio del Pilar, one of Aguinaldo’s most trusted Generals. Due
to his many victories, his flag was famously called ANG BANDILA NG MATAGUMPAY
or THE FLAG OF THE VICTORIOUS. Superimposed on the famous red background was
a triangle (believed to be an equilateral triangle). Each corner of the triangle bears
the letter K and on the triangle’s center is a rising sun with eight rays.

War Camp of Katipuneros of Malibay, Pasay (1896)

 This battle flag had the MASONIC triangle on the left, with the MALIBAy KATIPUNERO
description over a red field. THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT (1897-1899) PIO
DEL PILAR’S RISING SUN FLAG (1896). A red flag with a white triangle on the left side,
became famous through Gen. Pio del Pilar of San Pedro de Makati, who used it up to
the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The triangular strip at the lfet side led the national flag
design. The flag was called BANDILA NG MATAGUMPAY and was first used on July
11, 1895.
  The third flag and last flag is the Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest general of the
Katipunan and fondly called as the boy general. His flag was the first to use three
colors (blue, red and black). The flag took its last stand against the Americans in Tirad
Pass, Ilocos Sur, defending the retreating armies of Aguinaldo. The upper red stripe
stood for the Katipunan color; the lover black was motivated by General Llanera’s
flag; and the blue triangle at the left indicates comradeship with the revolutionary
flag of Cuba, another colony of Spain which was also in revolt and like the
Philippines, it was in a state of revolution for independence from Spain. The flag took
its last stand against the Americans in Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, defending the retreating
armies of Aguinaldo.

 On May 28, 1898, days after the return of General Emilio Aguinaldo from exile in
HongKong, Filipino troops were once again engaged in a battle against Spain forces
in Alapan, Cavite. Half month later, on June 12, 1898, following the proclamation of
independence from Spain, the same flag was waved by at Aguinaldo’s residence in
Kawit, Cavite, as the Marcha Nacional Filipina played. Aguinaldo wrote about this
unique feature of the Philippine flag in a letter to Captain Emmanuel A. Baja dated
June 11, 1925.
 For 6 years, the Philippine Flag and other banners and emblems of the Katipunan
continued to proliferate. In response, the Philippine Commission, dominated by
Americans, passed Act No. 1697 or the Flag Law of 1907, which outlawed the display
of the Philippine Flag and replaced the country’s flag to the stars and stripes of the
United Stated of America.
 It took 11 years until the Philippine Legislature, finally in the hands of elected Filipino
representatives and senators, repealed the Flag Law, through the efforts of
Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison, and reinstated the Philippine flag as the
official standard of the nation. Modifications were made to Aguinaldo’s flag: The sun
no longer had anthropomorphic features, and its rays were stylized. This design
would be used from 1919 until the inauguration of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines in 1935.
 From 1919 to 1941 Flag day was celebrated on October of every year by virtue of
Proclamation No. 18, issued by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison in
commemoration of the day the Flag Law was repealed.

 Months after the inauguration of the Commonwealth, President Manuel L. Quezon

issued Executive Order No. 23, s. 1936, instituting the description and specifications
of the Filipino flag, which would remain in effect until the Second World War.
Throughout this period, the American and Philippine flags flew side-by-side.
 President Manuel L. Quezon, in 1941, moved the commemoration of Flag Day from
October to June 12. This marks the first instance that June 12, the date of
Aguinaldo’s proclamation, was commemorated.

The Second Republic and the Second World War

 Bombing attacks on the Philippines and the American naval base at Pearl Harbor
plunged the United States of America into war with Japan and the Axis powers.
President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 386, s. 1941, mandating all Philippine
flags to be flown with the red field on top to signify a state of war.
  Meanwhile, the Second Philippine Republic was established in the islands under the
auspices of the Empire of Japan, with Jose P. Laurel serving as president. The flag
was raised by former President Emilio Aguinaldo and General Artemio Ricarte during
the inaugural of the Second Republic on October 14, 1943. Laurel issued Executive
Order No. 17, s. 1943, which essentially brought back the Aguinaldo design of the
Philippine flag. This flag would eventually be displayed with the red stripe up in
1944, when the Second Republic declared that it was under a State of War.
 From 1943 until the end of the War in the Pacific, two versions of the Philippine flag
existed: the Commonwealth flag used by the Government-in-exile based in
Washington D.C., as well as by guerrillas in the islands, and the Aguinaldo flag used
by the Japanese-sponsored government. Following the surrender of Japan and the
liberation of the Philippines, the latter’s use would be discontinued with the
dissolution of the Second Republic.

 In the aftermath of World War II, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored
and with it the specifications of the Philippine flag in accordance with Executive
Order No. 23, s. 1936. On July 4, 1946, Philippine independence was recognized by
the United States, giving birth to the Third Republic of the Philippines. In ceremonies
held at what is now Luneta, United States High Commissioner to the Philippines Paul
V. McNutt and Philippine President Manuel Roxas lowered the American flag for the
last time and in its stead rose the Philippine flag to henceforth fly alone on Philippine
soil, except in military bases still held and occupied by the United States Armed
Forces. Starting May 1, 1957, the Philippine flag was raised beside the U.S. flag in
U.S. military bases in the Philippines.

The Present Flag

 The blue field stands for common unity and the noble desires of the Filipino people.
The white triangle with equal sides of the flag is symbolic of equality among men.
The white field stands for purity. The sun stands for the gigantic strides that have
been made by the Sons of the land on the road to progress and civilization. The eight
rays represent the first eight united provinces that revolted for independence. The
three stars are Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The red symbolizes the eagerness of
the Filipino people

 During Aguinaldo’s exile in Hongkong, he and Junta Patriotica or the Patriotic Council
devised was is to be known as the flag to represent the 1st Republic.
 The flag was sewn by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Natividad. It
was sewn at 353 Morrison Hill, Hong Kong.
 This same flag was the flag raised during the declaration of the Philippine
Independencein kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898.
 The flag retained dimensions of the Aguinaldo’s flag as well as the Mythological sun,
but without a face. Historians believed that the original flag used the red and blue
colors of the Cuban flag and was changed to the American colors since the American
colors where the only cloth colors available during the era.
 In 1936, the Philippines became a Commonwealth of the USA.
  By Executive Order, Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon specified the
dimensions of the flag which became the standardized specification of the flag
followed up to the present time.

The Cuban Flag

 Red stripe on top during the Philippine-American war
 The flag’s design spoke of the Filipino’s spirit and their deep longing for the country.
The white is for equality; the upper stripe of dark blue for peace, truth and justice,
the lower stripe of red for patriotism and courage.
 The Flag Law or Act No. 1696 (An Act to prohibit the display of flags, banners,
emblems, or devices used in Philippine islands for the purpose of rebellion or
insurrection) was passed on September 6, 1907. The US flag was used as the official
flag of the Philippines 1898-1946. There were numerous attempts to abolish the Flag
Law and finally on October 22, 1919, Act No. 2871 was passed abolishing the Flag
Law. On October 24, 1919, Proclamation No. 19 was issued establishing October 30,
1919, as a public holiday to be known as Flag Day.

 The blue was changed to Royal Blue in 1998 as a compromise to the argument
regarding the use of a Cuban Blue, American (or navy) blue and sky blue in previous
flags.
 The design of the new flag was decided by General Emilio Aguinaldo and the other
leaders after a great deal of discussion and study. The sketch was submitted to Mrs.
Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, who was living with her husband Don Felipe Agoncillo
at No. 535 Morrison, Hill Road, Hong Kong, where the other exiles lived.
 This patriotic woman was requested by General Aguinaldo to make the flag because
of her skill in sewing, which she acquired from her hometown of Lipa, Batangas and
her student days at the Colegio de Santa Catalina, Manila.

R.A No. 8491- Flag and Heraldic Code of the

Philippines
An Act Prescribing the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-
Arms and Other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines

 SECTION 1. Short Title — This act shall be known as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of
the Philippines.”
 SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy – Reverence and respect shall at all times be
accorded the flag, the anthem and other national symbols which embody the
national ideals and traditions and which express the principles of sovereignty and
national solidarity. The heraldic items and devices shall seek to manifest the national
virtues and to inculcate in the minds and hearts of our people a just pride in their
native land, fitting respect and affection for the national flag and anthem, and the
proper use of the national motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices.
 SECTION 3. Definition of Terms — Whenever used in this Act, the term:
 a. “Military” shall mean all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines including
the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the
Bureau of Fire Protection;
b. “Festoon” shall mean to hang in a curved shape between two points as a
decoration;
c. “Flag” shall mean the Philippine National Flag, unless stated otherwise;
d. “Fly” shall mean the part of the flag outside the hoist or length;
e. “Symbol” shall mean any conventional sign which reveals man’s achievement and
heroism (for orders and decorations), identification, authority and a sign of dignity (for coat-
of-arms, logo and insignia);
f. “Half-Mast” shall mean lowering the flag to one-half the distance between the top
and bottom of the staff;
g. “Hoist” shall mean the part of the flag nearest the staff or the canvass to which
the halyard is attached;
h. “Inclement Weather” shall mean that a typhoon signal is raised in the locality;
i. “National Anthem” shall mean the Philippine National Anthem’
j. “Official Residences” shall mean Malacañang, and other government-owned
structures where the President resides, and other structures occupied by the Philippine
Consulate or Embassies abroad;
k. “Places of Frivolty” shall mean places of hilarity marked by or providing boisterous
merriment or recreation; and
l. “Institute” shall mean the National Historical Institute.
 SECTION 4. The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white and red with an eight-
rayed golden-yellow sun and three five-pointed stars, as consecrated and honored
by the people.
 SECTION 5. The flag shall be displayed in all public buildings, official residences public
plazas, and institutions of learning everyday throughout the year.

 SECTION 6. The flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night throughout the
year, in front of the following; at Malacanang Palace; the Congress of the Philippines
building; Supreme Court building; the Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila; Aguinaldo
Shrine in Kawit, Cavite; Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan; the Tomb of the
Unknown Soldier, Libingan ngmga Bayani; Mausuleo de los Beteranos dela
Revolucion; all International Ports of Entry and all other places as maybe designated
by the Institute. The flag shall be properly illuminated at night.

 SECTION 7. The flag shall also be displayed in private buildings and residences or
raised in the open flag-staffs in front of said buildings every April 9 (Araw
ngKagitingan); May 1 (Labor Day); May 28 (National Flag Day) to June
12 (Independence Day); last Sunday of August (National Heroes Day); November
30 (Bonifacio Day); and December 30 (Rizal Day); and on such other days as may be
declared by the President and/or local chief executives. The flag may also be
displayed throughout the year in private buildings or offices or raised in the open on
flag-staffs in front of private buildings: Provided, that they observe flag-raising
ceremonies in accordance with the rules and regulations to be issued by the Office of
the President.
 SECTION 8. All government agencies and instrumentalities, and local government
offices, government-owned corporations  and local government units are enjoined to
observe flag day with appropriate ceremonies. Socio-civic groups, non-government
organizations and the private sector are exhorted to cooperate in making the
celebrations a success.

 SECTION 9. The flag shall be flown on merchant ships of Philippine registry of more
than one thousand (1000) gross tons and on all naval vessels. On board naval vessels,
the flag shall be displayed on the flagstaff at the stern when the ship is at anchor.
The Flag shall be hoisted to the gaff at the aftermast when the ship is at sea.

 SECTION 10. The flag, if flown from a flagpole, shall have its blue field on top in time
of peace and the red field on top in time of war; if in a hanging position, the blue
field shall be to the right (left of the observer) in time of peace, and the red field to
the right (left of the observer) in time of war. The flagpole staff must be straight and
slightly tapering at the top.

 SECTION 11. If planted on the ground, the flagpole shall be at a prominent place and
shall be of such height as would give the flag commanding position in relation to the
buildings in the vicinity. If attached to a building, the flagpole shall be on top of its
roof or anchored on a sill projecting at an angle upward. If on stage or platform or
government office, the flag shall be at the left (facing the stage) or the left of the
office upon entering.

 SECTION 12. When the Philippine flag is flown with another flag, the flags, if both are
national flags, must be flown on separate staffs of the same height and shall be of
equal size. The Philippine flag shall be hoisted first and lowered last. If the other flag
is not a national flag, it may be flown in the same lineyard as the Philippine flag but
below the latter and it cannot be of greater size than the Philippine flag.

 SECTION 13. When displayed with another flag, the Philippine flag shall be on the
right of the other flag. If there is a line of other flags, the Philippine flag shall be in
the middle of the line. When carried in a parade with flags, which are not national
flags, the Philippine flag shall be in front of the center of the line.

 SECTION 14. A flag worn out through wear and tear shall not be thrown away. It shall
be solemnly burned to avoid misuse or desecration. The flag shall be replaced
immediately when it begins to show signs of wear and tear.

 SECTION 15. The flag shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. It shall be on
the mast at the start of official’office hours, shall remain flying throughout the day.

 SECTION 16. The flag may be displayed:

a. Inside or outside-a building or on a stationary flagpoles. If the flag is displayed

indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at the left of the observer as one enters the
room;
 b. From the top of a flagpole, which shall be at a prominent place or a commanding
position in relation to the surrounding buildings;
c. From a staff projecting upward from the window sill, canopy, balcony or facade of
a building.
d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a building to pole erected
away from the building;
e. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun and stars on top; and
f. Hanging in a vertical position across a street, with the blue field pointing east, if
the road is heading south or north, or pointing north if the road is heading east or
west.
The flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised, the flag
shall not be lowered.
 SECTION 17. The flag shall be hoisted to the top briskly and lowered ceremoniously.
The flag shall never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, flood,
water or other objects.
After being lowered, the flag shall be handled and folded solemnly as part of
the ceremony.

 SECTION 18. All government offices and educational institutions shall henceforth

observe the flag-raising ceremony every Monday morning and the flag lowering
ceremony every Friday afternoon. The ceremony shall be simple and dignified and
shall include the playing or singing of the Philippine National Anthem.

 SECTION 19. The office of the President upon the recommendation of the Institute

shall issue rules and regulations for the proper conduct of the flag ceremony.

 SECTION 20. The observance of the flag ceremony in official or civic gatherings shall
be simple and dignified and shall include the playing or singing of the anthem in its
original Filipino lyrics and march tempo.

 SECTION 21. During the flag-raising ceremony, the assembly shall stand in formation
racing the flag. At the moment the first note of the anthem is heard, everyone in the
premises shall come to attention; moving vehicles shall stop. All persons present
shall :.ace their right palms over their chests, those with hats shall uncover, while
those in military, scouting, security guard, and citizens military training uniforms
shall give :.-.£ salute prescribed by their regulations, which salute shall be completed
upon the last note of the anthem. The assembly shall sing the Philippine national
anthem, accompanied by a band, r available, and at the first note, the flag shall be
raised briskly. The same procedure shall be observed when the flag is passing in
review or in parade.

 SECTION 22. During the flag lowering, the flag shall be lowered solemnly and slowly
so that the flag shall be down the mast at the sound of the last note of the anthem.
Those in the assembly shall observe the same deportment or shall observe the same
behavior as for the flag-raising ceremony.
 SECTION 23. The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning on all
buildings and places where it is displayed, as provided for in this Act, on the day of
official announcement of the death of any of the following officials:
a. The President or a former President, for ten (10) days;
b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, for seven (7) days; and
c. Other persons to be determined by the Institute, for any period less than
seven (7) days.
The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the
decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an
incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of
Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the Institute.
The flag when flown at half-mast shall be first hoisted to the peak for a
moment then lowered to the half-mast position. The flag shall again be raised briskly
to the peak before it is lowered for the day.
 SECTION 24. The flag may be used to cover the caskets of the honored dead of the
military, veterans of previous wars, national artists, and of civilians who have
rendered distinguished service to the nation, as maybe determined by the local
government unit concerned. In such cases, the flag shall be placed such that the
white triangle shall be at the head and the blue portion shall cover the right side of
the caskets. The flag shall not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the
ground, but shall be folded solemnly and handed over to the heirs of the deceased.
 SECTION 25. The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag:

Ako ay Filipino
Buong katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag
Na may dangal, katarungan, at kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos,
Makatao,
Makakalikasan, at
Makabansa.
Such pledge shall be recited while standing with the right hand palm open
raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from
making such pledge must nonetheless show full respect when the pledge is being
rendered by standing at attention.
 SECTION 26. The period from May 28 to June 12 of each year is declared as Flag
Days, during which period all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government,
business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes are enjoined to
display the flag.
 SECTION 27. The flag shall have the following proportions. The width of the flag, 1;
the length of the flag, 2; and the sides of the white triangle, 1.
 SECTION 28. The technical specifications shall be as follows:
The blue color shall bear Cable No. 80173; the white color, Cable No. 80001
the red color, Cable No. 80108; and the golden yellow, Cable No. 80068.
  SECTION 29. In order to establish uniform criteria in the making of our national flag
and to guarantee its durability by the use of quality materials, the following
standards and procedures shall be observed:
a. All requisitions for the purchase of the Philippine National Flag must be
based on strict compliance with the deisgn, color, craftmanship and material
requriements of the Government.
b. All submitted samples of flags by accredited suppliers offered for purchase
for government use shall be evaluated as to design, color and craftmanship
specifications by the Institute, through its Heraldry and Display Section, which shall
stamp its approval or disapproval on the canvass reinforcement of the flag sample
submitted. The samples shall be sent to the Institute by the requisitioning office, not
by the flag supplier; and
c. The Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) or the Philippine
Textile Research Institute (PTRI) of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) shall evaluate the quality of material of all flag samples and certify whether
the fabric for the blue, white, red and golden yellow colors, including the canvass
submitted, conforms to government requirement as to quality of the material. The
samples shall be submitted by the said office to the Institute.
 SECTION 30. All deliveries of the flags requisitioned by the government shall be
inspected by the requisitioning agency’s internal inspector and by the Commission
on Audit (COA) using the flag stamped approved by the Institute as reference.
 SECTION 31. In carrying out its responsibilities under Section 4 hereof, the Institute,
COA, the ITDI/PTRI shall prepare guidelines to be approved by the Office of the
President.

 SECTION 32. All government agencies and instrumentalities shall ensure that the
requirements under this Act with respect to the standards, requisitions and delivery
of the national flag are strictly complied with.

 SECTION 33. All departments, agencies, offices, and instrumentalities of the

government, government-owned or controlled corporations, local government units,
including barangays, shall include in their annual budgets the necessary outlay for
the purchase of the national flag.

 SECTION 34. It shall be prohibited

a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample, on or cast contempt any act or omission casting
dishonor or ridicule upon the flag over its surface;
b. To dip the flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute;
c. To use the flag:
1. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
5. For unveiling monuments or statues; and
6. As trademarks or for industrial, commercial or agricultural labels or designs.
d. Display the flag:
1. Under any painting or picture;
 2. Horizontally face-up. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
3. Below any platform; or
4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places
of vice or where frivolity prevails.
e. To wear the flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
f. To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisements, or
imprint of any nature on the flag;
g. To print, paint or attach representation of the flag on handkerchiefs, napkins,
cushions, and other articles of merchandise;
h. To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices of international organizations.
i. To use, display or be part of any advertisement of infomercial; and
j. To display the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.
 SECTION 35. The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang.
 SECTION 36. The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language
v/ithin or without the country. The following shall be the lyrics of the National
Anthem.
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.
Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y
Tagumpay na nagniningning;
Ang bituin at araw niya,
Kailan pa ma’y di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta,
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo;
Aming ligaya na ‘pag may mang-aapi,
Ang mamatay nang dahil sa ‘yo.
 SECTION 37. The rendition of the National Anthem, whether played or sung, shall be
in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe.
 SECTION 38. When the National Anthem is played at a public gathering, whether by a
band or by singing or both, or reproduced by any means, the attending public shall
sing the anthem. The singing must be done with fervor.
As a sign of respect, all persons shall stand at attention and face the Philippine flag, if
there is one displayed, and if there is none, they shall face the band or the conductor. At the
first note, all persons shall execute a salute by placing their right palms over their left chests.
Those in military, scouting, citizen’s military training and security guard uniforms shall give
the salute prescribed by their regulations. The salute shall be completed upon the last note
of the anthem.
The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere recreation, amusement or entertainment
purposes except on the following occasions:
a. International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a
representative;
b. Local competitions;
c. During “signing off” and “signing on” of radio broadcasting and television stations;
d. Before the initial and last screening of films or before the opening of theater
performances; and
e. Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute.
 SECTION 39. All officials and employees of the national and local governments, and
any agencies or instrumentalities thereof, including government-owned or
controlled corporations, privately-owned entities of offices displaying the national
flag and government institutions of learning are hereby directed to comply strictly
with the rules prescribed for the rendition of the anthem. Failure to observe the
rules shall be a ground for administrative discipline.
 SECTION 40. The national Motto shall be “MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO,
MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA.”
 SECTION 41. The National Coat-of-Arms shall have: Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure
and gules; a chief argent studded with three (3) mullets equidistant from each other;
and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight minor
lesser rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,”
inscribed thereon.

 SECTION 42. The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the arms as described in
the preceding section, but without the scroll and the inscription thereon.
Surrounding the whole shall be a double marginal circle within which shall appear
the words “Republika ng Pilipinas.” For the purpose of placing The Great Seal, the
color of the arms shall not be deemed essential but tincture representation must be
used. The Great Seal shall bear the National Motto.

 SECTION 43. The Great Seal shall be affixed to or placed upon all commissions signed
by the President and upon such other official documents and papers of the Republic
of the Philippines as may be provided by law, or as may be required bv custom and
usage. The President shall have custody of the Great Seal.

 SECTION 44. Any government entity, including the military, may adopt appropriate

coat-of-arms, administrative seals, logo, insignia, badges, patches, banners and
initiate awards, citations, orders or decorations, as may be authorized by the
Congress or the Office of the President.

 SECTION 45. Such hearldic devices and items shall be filed with the Institute for
recording and evaluation as to precedence, design, customs and traditions. The
institute shall promulgate the corresponding rules and regulations which shall be
submitted for approval to the Office of the President or to Congress.
 SECTION 46. All government offices including the military are hereby ordered to
purchase all heraldic items and devices from manufacturers accredited and
authorized by the Institute. Such items and devices shall be subject to inspection by
the purchasing agency’s internal inspector and the COA representative using the
design and specifications approved by the Office of the President or by the Congress,
through the Institute.

 SECTION 47. No government official or employee shall accept any orders or

decorations from any foreign government without the consent of Congress, and
without the prior evaluation and documentation of such order or decoration by the
Institute.

 SECTION 48. Failure or refusal to observe the provisions of this Act; and any violation
of the corresponding rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President shall,
after proper notice and hearing, be penalized by public censure which shall be
published at least once in a newspaper of general circulation. The Department of
Education, Culture and Sports and the Commission on Higher Education, upon the
recommendation of the Institute and after the proper notice and hearing, shall cause
the cancellation of the recognition of permit of any private educational institution
which fails or refuses to observe the provisions of this Act for the second time.

 SECTION 49. The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) and the
Commission on Higher Education shall ensure that the National Anthem, as adopted
by law, shall be committed to memory by all students of both public and private
educational institutions, and performed during the flag ceremony conducted in
accordance with the rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President. In
addition, they shall make available the vocal, piano or band scores of the National
Anthem, as adopted by law, to all private and public schools, as well as he general
public.

 SECTION 50. Any person or judicial entity which violates any of the provisions of this
Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos
(5,000.00) not more than Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00), or by imprisonment
for not more than one (1) year, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion
of the court: Provided, That for any second and additional offenses, both fine and
imprisonment shall always be imposed: Provided, That in case the violation
is commited by a juridical person, its President or Chief Executive Officer thereof
shall be liable.

 SECTION 51. The Institute shall issue the necessary-rules and regulations to

implement the provisions of this Act within ninety (90) days after effectivity. The
Institute shall submit its rules and regulations to the Office of the President and the
Congress of the Philippines.

 SECTION 52. The Institute shall also be responsible for the strict enforcement of the
provision of this Act. It may call upon any government department, agency, office, or
government instrumentality, including government corporations and local
 government units, for such assistance as it may deem necessary for the effective
discharge of its functions under this Act.

 SECTION 53. Separability Clause— If any provision, or part hereof, is held invalid or

unconstitutional, the remeinder of this Act not otherwise affected shall be valid and
subisting.

 SECTION 54. Repealing Clause – Any law, presidential decree or issuance, executive

order, letter of instruction, administrative order, rule and regulation contrary to or
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed, modified, or amended
accordingly.

 SECTION 55. Effectivity — This Act shall be effective fifteen (15) days from the date of
its publication in Official Gazette or in at east two (2) newspapers of general
circulation.

The Filipino Heritage

 HERITAGE- is the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and
culture. Most important, it is the range of contemporary activities, meanings, and
behaviors that we draw from them. Heritage includes, but is much more than
preserving, excavating, displaying, or restoring a collection of old things.
 FILIPINO HERITAGE- a collection of objects from the Philippines that reflect the
cultural heritage of the Filipino people.
 WHY IS FILIPINO HERITAGE IMPORATNT- It gives us an irrefutable connection to the
past – to certain social values, beliefs, customs and traditions, that allows us to
identify ourselves with others and deepen our sense of unity, belonging and national
pride.
 WHAT ARE THE EXMPLES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE- Cultural heritage includes
tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and
artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge),
and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity).

LIST OF HERITAGE SITE OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
Location: Davao Oriental/Type: Natural
This mountain in Davao Oriental is home to 1,380 threatened and endemic species
of animals and plants. One exciting thing about visiting Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife
Sanctuary is the sightings of rare animals such as the Philippine eagle, the flying fox, tarsier,
and civet. . Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is an important environmental
treasure and the only heritage site in the region.
2. Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva – Miag-ao, Iloilo
Location: Miag-ao, Iloilo/Type: Cultural
It is among the best examples of the “fortress baroque” style in the country. Built of
local yellow-orange sandstone, the church stands on the highest elevation of the town and
was completed in 1797.  The church withstood typhoons and earthquakes and was burned
twice: first was during the revolution against Spain in 1898 and the second was during the
Philippine-American War. Filipino master carvers incised the church’s entire surface. The
church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva is one of the best examples of the fusion of the
western Baroque style embellished with Filipino folk motifs.
3. Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion – Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur
Location: Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur/ Type: Cultural
• Built in 1765, the church of Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion exhibits a monumental
brick facade and reinforced walls to protect it against earthquakes. Its key features
include an 85-step stairway that leads to a carving of the Virgin Mary atop a tree,
and a bell tower which was added in 1810.
4. . Paoay Church (Church of San Agustin) – Paoay, Ilocos Norte
Location: Paoay, Ilocos Norte/ Type: Cultural

Church of San Agustin or Paoay Church is known for its extravagant coral-block
buttresses and ornate stone finials and is among the 5 examples of tangible cultural
heritage in the Philippines. The construction of this world heritage site began in 1604
and was completed in 1710. Its coral stone bell tower, standing at some distance
from the church, was finished in the second half of the 18th century. 

5. Church of San Agustin in Manila – Intramuros, Manila

• Location: Intramuros, Manila/ Type: Cultural

• Exhibits its remarkable features such as retablos (altars) of high Baroque style and
wall buttresses separating crypto collateral chapels. What makes this world heritage
site unique is its ceiling paintings in the tromp l’oeil style.

6. Historic City of Vigan

• Location: Ilocos Sur/ Type: Cultural

• Established in the 16th century, Vigan is the best-preserved example of a planned

Spanish colonial town in Asia according to UNESCO. One of the reasons for its
inclusions in the cultural heritage sites in the Philippines is that its architecture
reflects the coming together of cultural elements from elsewhere in the Philippines,
from China and from Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that have no
parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia.

7. . Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park 

• Location: Puerto Princesa, Palawan/ Type: Natural

• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park is one of the world’s most
impressive cave systems. What makes it to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Philippines is its uniquely and impressive features of spectacular limestone karst
landscapes, pristine natural beauty, and intact old-growth forests and distinctive
wildlife.

8. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park 

• Location: Palawan/Type: Natural
 • One of the most remarkable heritage sites in the Philippines is the Tubbataha Reefs
Natural Park. Most people consider this UNESCO World Heritage Site as every diver’s
dream as it covers 130,028 hectares, including the North and South Reefs. 

• Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is one of the Philippines’ best diving spots where you
can see over 350 species of coral and almost 500 species of fish. The reserve also
protects one of the few remaining colonies of breeding seabirds in the region.

9. . Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

• Location:Ifugao Province/Type: Cultural

• Among the world heritage sites in the Philippines, the Rice Terraces of the
Philippine Cordilleras have such a powerful presence that makes them one of the
most outstanding places in the country. It also shows the harmony between
humankind and the environment.

THE FILIPINO LANGUAGE

• Filipino or Wikang Filipino, locally is the national language (Wikang pambansa/

Pambansang wika) of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English,
as an official language of the country. It is a standardized variety of the Tagalog
language, Tagalog is the first language of 24 million people or about one-fourth of
the Philippine population as of 2019, while 45 million speak Tagalog as their second
language as of 2013. Tagalog is among the 185 languages of the
Philippines identified in the Ethnologue.[

• 12 MAJOR LANGUAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1.Tagalog 2. Kapampangan 3. Pangasinense 4. Iloko 5. Bikol, 6.Cebuano 7.Hiligaynon
8.Waray 9.Tausug 10. Maguindanaoan 11. Maranao, and; 12. Chabacano
BACKGROUND HISTORY

 There was no single common language across every cultural group in the Philippine
archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, although chroniclers of
the time noted that the kings or chiefs of small polities normally spoke five
languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua
tagala, was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in
1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomas Pinpin in Pila, Laguna.

 Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American
colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of
the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided
that:
 The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a
common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until
otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages.

 On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine

Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of
National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with
making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which
was to be the base for a standardized national language.

 The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937

recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30,
President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of
Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of
the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language.

 The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation.On
December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of
the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors:

 Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood language in all

the Philippine Regions.

 It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, as Visayan or Bikol are.

 Its literary tradition is the richest of all native Philippine languages, the most
developed and extensive (mirroring that of the Tuscan language vis-à-
vis Italian). More books are written in Tagalog than in any
other autochthonous Philippine language but Spanish, but this is mainly by
virtue of law.

 Tagalog has always been the language of Manila, the political and economic
center of the Philippines during the Spanish and American eras.

 Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the

revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog.

 On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No.
570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official
language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of
independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang
Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian Lope K.
Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the
national language.The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the
Tagalog-Based National Language.
Filipino Food, Music and Sport
 The Philippines' beaches and mountains have long outcompeted the local food for
the favors of tourists, but that's no reason to pooh-pooh Filipino cuisine outright.

 A product of centuries of trade and colonization, Filipino food combines influences

from Spain, China, India and the Malay kingdoms to create something entirely
unique. Sure, it may not have the diversity or complexity of food from
Singapore or chow from Thailand, but it's remains a compelling look into the local
culture – and thus worth trying.

FILIPINO FOOD
 Filipino food is Malay, as the indigenous dishes are. It bears the marks of Chinese,
Spanish/Mexican, and American influence. The dishes from these cultures were not
copied verbatim, but adapted, indigenized, Filipinized. The result is this wealth
of sinigang, siopao-siomai, adobo, relleno, salad, barbecue. Filipino food is a
repertory.
 Common condiments like fish sauce, dark soy sauce, native vinegar, and cream-style
shrimp paste are mixed with herbs including ginger, garlic, chili peppers,
peppercorns, onions, tomatoes, cilantro, and kalamansi lime to bring the flavors up a
few notches.

 One of the more popular Filipino dishes among foreigners with Pinoy friends (due to
its customary presence in Filipino birthday parties) is pancit (noodles), of which
pancit guisado is perhaps the most well-known variant. This noodle dish is served as
a symbol for long life, hence an essential at birthday feasts
 Sinigang’s versatility makes it a truly great dish for all. When Anthony Bourdain
unabashedly proclaimed the Filipino Lechon “the best pig ever”, it gained a global
reputation overnight. Lechon, derived from the Spanish word for “roasted suckling
pig”, is probably the most popular dish of the country.

FILIPINO SPORTS
 The governing agency for sports in the Philippines is the Philippine Sports
Commission which was created in 1990 while the Games and Amusements Board is
the government's regulatory body for professional sports in the country.
 The Philippine Olympic Committee (POC), a private entity is the sports body which
represents the Philippines in international sports competition sanctioned by
the International Olympic Committee including the Olympic Games
 The Philippines has numerous traditional sports that were popular before the
colonial era and after the colonial era. Among these are archery, arnis, horse-riding,
fling sports, wrestling sports, dart sports, track sports, and traditional martial arts.

PNP Patriotism and Nationalism

  Patriotism of the PNP- The PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They
manifest their love of country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to
defend the Constitution.
 Values of Patriotism- Patriotism' is about political allegiance (and, of course, loyalty),
commitment, and dedication. In briefest compass, it means love of one's country or
nation and is one of the oldest political virtues.
Examples of Patriotism
• Participating in the representative democracy by registering to vote and voting in
elections.

• Volunteering for community service or running for elected government office.

• Serving on juries.

• Obeying all laws and paying taxes.

 Nationalism- A devotion and loyalty to one's own country. Nationalism is the belief
that your own country is better than all others. ... Patriotism is a healthy pride in
your country that brings about feelings of loyalty and a desire to help other citizens.
Nationalism is the belief that your country is superior, without question or doubt.

Development of Nationalism
The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles, who now regard
themselves as "Filipino". It was brought to its advent by three major factors:
1) economy,
2) education and
3) secularization of parishes.
These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism.

Elements of Nationalism
• cultural. traditions that are unique to a specific ethnicity.
• Six Elements of Nationalism. cultural, religious, ethnic, territorial, language,
historical.
• religious. majority of population practices certain religion.
• ethnic. generally similar phenotype in people.
• territorial. ...
• language. ...
• historical.

Types of Nationalism
• Expansionist nationalism.

• Romantic nationalism.
 • Language nationalism.

• Religious nationalism.

• Post-colonial nationalism.

• Liberal nationalism.

• Revolutionary nationalism.

• National conservatism.

Characteristics of Nationalism
• One Nation. An idea of a common government always implies in a nation. ...

• Group Feelings. ...

• Distinction. ...

• Defined Territory. ...

• Common Interest: Existence of same common interest shared by all is also one of the
most important features of nationalism.

• General Picture of State.

Elements of Nationalism
the members of the party must have a shared history and culture, a single,
common language spoken by the greater majority of the population, a geographic location
that can be directly related to that nation.

Nationalism and Patriotism

nationalism emphasizes a unity of cultural past with inclusion of the language and
heritage, patriotism is based on love towards people with a greater emphasis on values and
beliefs.