Science Mr.

Ahmed Elbasha

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Prep.2
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First Term
Unit One – Lesson Three
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Main Groups in the Modern Periodic Table

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 1. Alkali metals [group (1 A)]

- They are located on the left side of the modem periodic table
- They are the first group of s-block.
General properties of alkali metals :
1. They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
2. Most of them have low density .

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• Lithium (Li) , sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements float on water surface as their

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densities are smaller than water density (1 gm/cm3) .
• Rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) elements sink in water as their densities are greater than
water density.

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3. They are mono-valent elements because they have only one electron in their outermost
energy levels .
4. They tend to lose their valency (outermost) electrons during the chemical reactions forming
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positive ions, each of them carries one positive charge .
5. They are active elements so, they are kept under the surface of kerosene or paraffin oil .
6. Their chemical activity increases as the atomic size increases.
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Where Cesium (Cs) is the most active metal (in the periodic table) as it has the
largest atomic size.
7. They are named alkali metals as their elements react with water forming
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alkaline solutions.

(G.R) Sodium and potassium are kept under the surface of kerosene.
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To prevent them from the reaction with moist air as they are active metals .
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(G.R) Sodium fires are not put off with water.

Because sodium reacts instantly with water and H 2 gas evolves which burns with a pop sound.

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 2. Halogens [group (7A)] :
- They are located on the right side of the modem periodic table
before the inert gases.
- They are elements of group 17 (7A) in p-block .

General properties of halogens :

1. They are mono-valent elements because their outermost energy levels have (7) electrons .

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2. They tend to gain one electron during chemical reaction and convert into a negative ion

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which has one negative charge .
3. They exist in the form of diatomic molecules (formed of two atoms) .
4. Their physical state is graduated from gas to liquid to solid

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5. They are active elements , therefore they do not exist in
nature in an elementary state but they are found combining with other elements forming
chemical compounds [except Astatine (At) , which is prepared artificially] .
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6. They react with metals forming salts
so , they are called halogens, which means "Forming salts"
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7. Each element replaces the element below it in its salt solution

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Properties of elements and their uses :
- Uses of elements depend on their properties .

1-Sodium
is used in liquid state as it is a good conductor of heat.
It is used also in transferring heat from inside the nuclear reactor to
outside to obtain vapour energy required to generate electricity.

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2-Silicon slides
are used in the manufacture of computers because they are

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semi-conductors which their conductivity of electricity depends on the
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3-Liquid nitrogen
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is used in preservation of the cornea of the eye because it has a low

boiling point (-196 °C.)
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4-The radioactive cobalt 60

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is used in food preservation because gamma rays which come out

from it prevent the reproduction of microbial cells without an effect
on human.
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