DCI

Types of UPS
Standby

Explain the offline and online UPS with block diagram, working
and advantages and disadvantages? (10+10)

12/13/2022
Room Layout
Explain TIA-942 room standard for data center design? (10 to 15
mark)

Important question
Define building management system. How does it work. Explain
with a general concept diagram of BMS?
Why do we need a building management system? --- Ans in point
Why do we need an energy management system?
Compare EMS and BMS?
Automated football comment system.
Personality Prediction System
Discuss the key parameter (at least 5) that are required for building
data center. (10 marks)

-Reliability: Reliability means ability of the system to perform its task

and function under stated conditions for a specified time. While
designing a data center, reliable components should be used like power
supplies, cooling units, servers, storage units, network, etc.

-Availability: Availability refers to the time or proportion of time for

which a system is available and operable. It is represented by ratio of
system uptime to total time:

Availability = System Uptime / Total Time (Uptime + Downtime)

While designing a data center, high availability of servers, storage,

network, application, power and cooling units, etc. should be considered.
Based on requirements, clustering, load balancing, redundant systems
need to be designed.

-Scalability: Scalability is closely related to capacity and growth plans.

Based on these two parameters, infrastructure and facility is designed
which is scalable over years and can be adjusted smoothly. Servers,
Storage, Network, power, cooling etc. should have provision for
scalability. Scalability can be Horizontal or Vertical Scalability.
Horizontal Scalability implies adding more and more separate
independent systems to service the increased load. Vertical Scalability is
adding resources within the box to cater to increased workload.

-Redundancy: Data center redundancy refers to a system design where

critical components such as UPS units, cooling systems and backup
generators are duplicated so that data center operations can continue
even if a component fails. For example, a redundant UPS system starts
working when a power outage happens. In the event of downtime due to
hazardous weather, power outages or component failures, data center
backup components play their role to keep the whole system running.

-Protection (fire, surge, security): Having a proper security system is

critical to a data center. Because it houses all your enterprise data and
applications, a breach could mean disaster for your business. Availability of a
enterprise-grade DDoS Protection service should be taken advantage of to
mitigate risk of DDoS attacks. Data centers should use software and
technology that protect your assets, but they should also have strong physical
security. Your center should have proper locks, surveillance, and depending
on the size, even on-site security personnel.

Discuss the component of data center.

A data center is a physical facility that organizations use to house their
critical applications and data. A data center's design is based on a network
of computing and storage resources that enable the delivery of shared
applications and data. The key components of a data center design include

1. Server: To be able to handle your workloads and data storage, data

centers must have large volume servers. Servers are essentially
computers without the peripherals (think: Monitor and keyboard)
that manage computational workloads. These servers work in tandem
through high-speed networking connections to achieve desired
outcomes.
2. Racks: You need to be sure the data center you select to store that
data is impregnable since you are aware of the value of your data.
Racks should be one of the data center's initial lines of defense. These
structural structures, which are often built of steel, host IT equipment
inside the data center. Recall the servers we spoke about earlier? In
order to protect these computers from physical harm, racks are
essential. Make careful to find out about the data centers’ rack storage
capacity as you evaluate them.
3. Network connectivity infrastructure: Any provider of data centers
must give a variety of connectivity choices. Organizations
collaborating with data centers can choose their suppliers by offering
a variety of sources. Make sure to find out whether a possible data
center has a strong network connectivity infrastructure because it is
essential to the ongoing success of our procedures.
4. Security measure: If a data center is going to function correctly, the
last piece of the jigsaw is security. They are all hotbeds for private and
personal information. Data centers that are well-maintained use a
range of security measures, including 24-hour monitoring, closed-
circuit video, biometric identification, and more. The physical and
virtual parts of data center security are both equally important. When
selecting a physical security data center site, several factors are to
consider.
5. Cooling and airflow system: The cooling system in a data center is
more important than the power supply. As a result, it must handle all
computing, colocation servers, and networking equipment. If
adequate ventilation systems, cold or hot corridors, and raised floors
are not in place, the IT equipment in a data center might quickly
overheat. This would impair the system and negatively influence the
entire functioning of the data center. Every dependable data center
must ensure that its gear is kept cool and its operations are working
correctly.
6. Power: Data centers, according to many experts, are all about power.
The numerous hosting services and computer systems demand a
constant supply of power. All data centers require additional power
sources to ensure high uptime and server performance. Without a
consistent supply of power, it could not perform at its optimum.
Therefore, data centers put enormous importance on a reliable power
supply.

1. Today, raise floor is still an important element in many new data

centers. But why? What is it cause, what does it do?
 A raised floor is a data center construction model in which a slightly higher floor is
constructed above the building's original concrete slab floor, leaving the open space
between the two floors for wiring or cooling infrastructure. The raise floor is done when
designing or redesigning your data center, you’ll need to choose between raised flooring
and slab flooring before you can make other decisions. While raised floors may not be the
right solution for every data center, they can provide a number of powerful advantages
when used and maintained properly. Here are several raised floor benefits to consider for
your data center.
 Future scalability: Raised flooring systems are modular in design, meaning you
can rearrange floor tiles individually and add more perforated tiles as necessary. If
more cooling power is needed you can easily install overhead cooling systems
unobstructed by cabling, since raised floor data centers typically store wiring
under the floor tiles.
 Enhanced cooling: Another benefit of raised flooring is its ability to handle higher
heat densities. To keep servers cool and prevent the problems that come with
overheating, data centers with raised floors place perforated floor tiles in cold
aisles. These tiles allow for controlled airflow management and effective cooling.
 Cost effective: Raise floor helps us to minimize the fan in which reduce less cost
in data center. They conserve energy use.
 Conserved material: with the raise of floor, it does not required a new wall, room
or structure to house cooling equipment inside data center.

The uses of raise floor in data center are:

2. Why are enterprise development accelerating in the age of cloud?

Could you identify at least 3 reasons for these cases. (10+5)
3. Explain Plenum Feed and Plenum Return with figure.

Ans: In building construction, a plenum (pronounced PLEH-nuhm, from Latin

meaning full) is a separate space provided for air circulation for heating,
ventilation, and air-conditioning (sometimes referred to as HVAC) and typically
provided in the space between the structural ceiling and a drop-down ceiling. A
plenum may also be under a raised floor. In buildings with computer
installations, the plenum space is often used to house connecting communication
cables. Because ordinary cable introduces a toxic hazard in the event of fire,
special plenum cabling is required in plenum areas.

Fig:1.1 Plenum Space

In “Plenum Feed, Plenum Return”, it is absolutely necessary that the cabinet has
doors and that they can be sealed airtight. By contrast, the floor must be sealed
on the warm side and be open on the cold side. These solutions are suitable for
power of approximately 15 kW. A potential drawback with Contained Cold Aisle
and Direct Feed/Room Return technologies is that the hot exhaust is introduced
into the facility. A potential drawback with Contained Cold Aisle and Direct
Feed/Room Return technologies is that the hot exhaust is introduced into the
facility. Generally, this should not pose a problem as long as the layout of the data
center takes this into account. However, in certain very high-density applications,
it may be desirable to completely separate the hot exhaust. CONTEG's Hot
Plenum Return Kit addresses this requirement by using a vertical chimney at the
top rear of the rack directly connected to a hot plenum at ceiling height. The hot
air is removed from the plenum by CRAC units, cooled again, and delivered back
to the room. The rack is equipped with a front-vented door, so the cold air can
easily enter the rack space, where it is sucked in by the installed equipment.