Oral Communication
smile.
COMMUNICATION
➢ A process of sharing and
conveying messages or
information from one person to
another within and across
channels, contexts, media, and
cultures (McCornack, 2014).
➢ The act of transferring
information from one person to
another person or a group.
➢ Involves at least one sender, a
message, and a receiver; but
communication is more than just
a transmission of information.
➢ It requires success in
transmitting or sending a
message.
➢ There is a wide variety of
contexts and situations in which
communication can be
manifested; it can be a face-to-
face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group
discussion, a meeting or
interview, a letter
correspondence, a class
recitation, and many others
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1) Sender or Speaker
- The source of information
or message
- The one who initiates the
message that needs to be
transmitted.
- He sends the message
that may be in different
forms such as pictures,
symbols, postures, -
+4gestures, or even just a
- After generating the idea,
he sends it in such a
manner that can be
understood clearly by the
receiver
2) Message
- The information, ideas, or
thoughts conveyed by the
speaker in words or in
actions
- Refers to the information
intended to be
communicated by words
as in speech, letters,
pictures, or symbols.
- It can be verbal or non-
verbal. It is the content the
sender wants to convey to
the receiver.
3) Encoding
- The process of converting
the message into words
actions, other forms that
the speaker understands
- It is the process of
expressing the idea into
appropriate mediums.
- It may be verbal or non-
verbal.
- The sender may put the
message into a series of
symbols, words, pictures
or gestures.
4) Channel
- The medium or means,
such as personal or non-
personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which
 encoded message is
conveyed
- It refers to the medium or
passage through which an
encoded message is 7) Feedback
passed to the receiver.
- It may be transmitted
through face-to-face
communication, telephone,
radio, television,
memorandum, or
computer.
5) Receiver
- The recipient of the
message, or someone
who decodes the message 8) Context
- Refers to whom the
message is meant for.
- He plays a significant role
in the communication 9) Barrier
process like the sender.
- He needs to comprehend
the message sent. 10) Noise
- His translation of the
message received
depends on his/her
knowledge of the subject
matter of the message,
experience, and
relationship with the
sender.
6) Decoding
- The process of interpreting
the encoded message of
the speaker by the
receiver
- It means translating the
encoded message into a
language that can be
understood by the
receiver.
- After receiving the
message, the receiver
interprets it and tries to
understand it.
- The reactions, responses,
or information provided by
the receiver
- It refers to the response of
the receiver to the
message sent to him/her
by the sender.
- Ensures that the message
has been effectively
encoded and decoded
- The environment where
communication takes
place
- The factors that affect the
flow of communication
- The factors It is a
hindrance to
communication.
- This can take place at any
step in the entire
communication process.
- There are various types of
noise.
- Examples of physical
noise are loud music, an
irritating sound of an
engine of a machine, or a
classmate who talks to you
while the teacher is giving
a lecture.
- The second type of noise
is physiological – when the
body becomes the
 hindrance to
communication such as
headache, toothache, or
hunger.
- The third type is
psychological noise that
refers to qualities in us that
affect how we
communicate and interpret
others such as prejudice
and any feeling that can
interfere with
communication. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
- Noise is considered as a
barrier to effective - Refer to how people use
communication. language for different purposes.
- May appeal to the heart/emotion
Nature of communication of your memory.
1) Communication is a process
2) Communication occurs between Control or regulate
two or more people (the speaker
and receiver) Regulate - simply means to control.
3) Communication can be The very purpose of communication is
expressed through written or to control a certain behavior then you
spoken words, actions can tell that it demonstrates regulation
(nonverbal), or both spoken function.
words and nonverbal actions at
the same time Social interaction - aims to establish
social relationships or bonds
Process of communication between individuals.

Motivation - appeal to the mind for the

very purpose of changing one’s
belief or desire in accomplishing
something.

Emotional Expression - simply wants

to express emotion or strong feelings
because of a particular situation or
happening.
Information dissemination - focuses
on transferring information. Its very
purpose is to simply pass information or
ideas for the benefit of knowledge or
one’s awareness.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Is the use of sounds and words to
express yourself, especially in
contrast to using gestures or
mannerisms.
- May be both spoken and
written.
Appropriateness- language used
should be appropriate
Brevity- simple yet precise
Clarity- clearly state the message
Ethics- words should be carefully
chosen
Vividness- find way to charm your
audience with use of words
Communication is about passing
information from one person to
another. This means that both sending
and receiving of messages are
equally important.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Is the transfer of information
through body language, facial
expressions, gestures, created
space, and more.
For example: smiling when you meet
someone conveys friendliness,
acceptance and openness.
Kinesics
- comes from the root word
kinesis, which means
“movement”.
- Refers to the study of hand, arm,
body, and face movements.
- Specifically outlines the use of
gestures, head movements and
posture, eye contact, and facial
expressions as nonverbal
communication.
Gestures
- There are three main types of
gestures: adaptors, emblems,
and illustrators. (Andersen,
1999)
1. Adaptors: touching behaviors
and movements.
- scratching , twirling hair, or
fidgeting with fingers.
- Coughs or throat-clearing
sounds.
- Play with the straw in their
drink or peel the label off a
bottle of drinks.
2. Emblems: are gestures that have
a specific agreed-on meaning.
- Can be still or in motion.
- Ex. circling the index finger
around at the side of your
head says “He or she is
crazy”, or rolling your
hands over and over in
front of you says “Move
on.”
3. Illustrators: most common type
of gesture and are used to
 illustrate the verbal message they
accompany.
- Largely involuntary and
seemingly natural gestures
flow from us as we speak
but vary in terms of
intensity and frequency
based on context.
Facial Expression
- Refer to the muscles around the
nose and use of the forehead,
brow, and facial mouth to convey
meaning.
- Can convey happiness, sadness,
fear, anger, and other emotions.
Our faces are the most expressive
part of our bodies.
Eye Contact
- Provides turn-taking signals when
we are engaged in cognitive
activity, and helps establish
rapport and connection, among
other things.
The face and eyes are the main point of
focus during communication. Along with
our ears, our eyes take in most of the
communicative information around us.
Chronemics
- Refers to the study of how time
affects communication.
Time can be classified into several
different categories, including biological,
personal, physical, and cultural time.
● Physical time - refers to the fixed
cycles of days, years, and
seasons. (affects our mood and
psychological states)
● Personal time - refers to the ways
in which individuals experience
time. The way we experience
time varies based on our mood,
our interest level, and other
factors.
● Cultural time - refers to how a
large group of people view time.
Proxemics
- Refers to the study of how space
and distance influence
communication. (to see that
space, communication, and
relationships are closely related.)
- Space influences how people
communicate and behave.
- Public, social, personal, and
intimate distance.
Haptics
- Refers to touch behaviors that
convey meaning during
interactions.
- Include functional-professional,
social-polite, friendship-warmth,
and love-intimacy.

Paralanguage
- Vocalics refers to the vocalized
but not verbal aspects of
nonverbal communication.
Speaking rate,
Pitch
Volume
Tone of voice
And voice quality.
Environment Appearance- refers to
appearance of environment place
Reinforce the meaning of verbal
communication which allows us to
emphasize particular parts of a
message, or can contradict verbal
messages.
CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Linear Communication
- Is one-way
- Focuses on the transmission of a
message to a receiver who never
responds or has no way of
responding to the information
conveyed.
Interactive Communication
- Is a two-way communication
process where a response is
given after a message is sent.
- The recipient of the action
intentionally or unintentionally
gives feedback associated with
the information received.
Transactional Communication
- Shows a circular process of
interaction between the persons
involved in the communication,
with each one actively
participating and sharing ideas
with one another.
- Feedback is freely given and
deliberately to one another or to
all members participating in the
communication transaction.
- The sender and the receiver may
simultaneously exchange roles
as communicators.
- The noise or barrier to
communication is also taken into
consideration for it may directly
or indirectly affect the smooth
flow of communication.
1. Face to face conversation-
richest medium, best for
persuasive, bad-news and
personal messages
2. Telephone- best choice when
two people cannot meet irl
3. Video chat- best for group
interaction
4. Email- best for routine messages
5. IM- short online messages that
doesn't require intermediate
feedback
6. Letter- eternal message that
require formality
7. Memo- to distribute interoffice
information
8. Blog- share ideas in wide
internet
9. Report- deliver considerable data
10. Wiki- provide repository for digital
info’s that can be changed

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
Four categories of communication
barriers
Physical Barriers
- The natural or environmental
conditions that act as a barrier in
communication in sending the
message from sender to receiver.
Examples: people talking too loud, noise
from a construction site, loud sound of a
karaoke, etc.
Psychological Barriers
- Called mental barriers
- Refers to social and personal
issues of a speaker towards
communicating with others.
Examples: trauma, shyness / lack of
confidence, depression, fear / stage
fright
Cultural Barriers
- Pertains to communication
problems encountered by people
regarding their intrinsic values,
beliefs and traditions in conflict
with others.
- People’s culture affects the way
they communicate and relate to
others.
Examples: different beliefs, traditions
and customs, manners of dressing,
speaking.
Linguistic Barriers
- Pertains conflicts with regard to
language and word meanings.
- Because words carry denotative
and connotative meanings, they
can sometimes cause confusion
and misunderstanding.
- Meaning of words and symbols
also vary depending on culture.
Examples: difference in language,
accent and dialect, use of jargon and
slang, speech defects or language
impairments.
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of
barrier when he classifies noise into
three kinds: External, Internal and
Semantic noise.
External Noises
- are the “sight, sound and other
stimuli that draw people’s
attention away from intended
meaning.”
Examples: noise from vehicles, singing
in the neighborhood, visual aids in front
of the classroom, the dog barking and
the sound of airplanes.
Internal Noises
- are the “thoughts and feelings
that interfere with meaning.”
Examples: confrontation with a friend,
fear of speaking in front of the class,
racial prejudice.
Semantic Noises
- are the “alternate meanings
aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”
 - a word may have another
meaning in the minds of the
students.
- This is affected by the language
in which they grew up and the
culture in which they are
exposed.
Examples: incorrect grammar, using
excessive technical jargon, using
idiomatic expressions.
STRATEGIES TO AVOID
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
1) Be a positive thinker
- Positivity welcomes good
vibes and your outlook in
life is also positive.
- Positive thinking creates
positive energy.
2) Use appropriate language
- “I’m sorry and “Thank you”
- You should know what
slang, jargon, informal or
formal words are and you
should know when, where,
and how to use them
appropriately.
3) Give and accept feedback
- Keep an open mind and
avoid overreacting
emotionally to a message.
Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed
the 7Cs of Effective Communication in
their book Effective Public Relations.
1. Completeness
- Complete information is
needed before sending a
message.
- Learn to answer the WH-
questions.
2. Conciseness
- Message is short and
concise (direct to the
point)
3. Consideration
- Consider the background
of the receiver (mood,
race, status, gender, and
among others)
4. Concreteness
- Message is factual
- Message is in real-life
situations
5. Courtesy
- Respect one’s culture,
background, and personal
attributes.
6. Clearness
- Message is simple, clear,
and specific.
- “We express not to
impress”
7. Correctness
- Correctness in language
use and grammar adds
credibility.
- Being aware of our
mistakes will help us learn
more.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS
1) Intrapersonal
- Refers to communication
that centers on one person
where the speaker acts
both as the sender and
receiver.
- Self-talk
- Internal dialogue with
yourself
- Improves the quality of our
lives
- Affects our performance
- Influences our
communication with others
- Makes a deep impact on
our personality
Examples: meditation, reflecting /
contemplating and analyzing something,
thinking of surprising someone
JOHARI WINDOW
2) Interpersonal Communication
a. Dyad communication
- Means two
- More intimate
- Direct and vocal
- Gives immediate
response
b. Small group
- 3-12 members
3) Public Communication
- Refers to communication
that requires you to deliver
or send the message
before or in front of the
group.
- Heart of the economy,
society, and politics.
Examples: graduation speeches, public
speaking contests (debate / oratorical
contests), virtual graduation / any virtual
event that involves many people.
4) Mass communication
- Refers to communication
that takes place through
television, radio,
newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, internet
and other types of media.
Examples: students journalist, admin in
facebook page or any social media
platform.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. Intimate
- Style is private
 - Occurs between or among
(close family members,
couples, and chosen
individuals)

2. Casual
- Style is common among
peers and friends
- Jargons, slang, or
vernacular language are
used
Ex. Group discussion/ brainstorming

3. Consultative
- This style is the standard
one
- Known as professional
discourse
- A spontaneous interaction
that observes semi-formal
conduct and is the most
operational among all
other styles
Ex. talking to a counselor or psychiatrist

4. Formal
- Used in formal settings
- This is one-way
Ex. meetings, speeches (with a large
group of individuals)

5. Frozen
- “Frozen” in time and
remains unchanged
- Mostly occurs in
ceremonies
Ex. Preamble of Constitution, Lord’s
Prayer, Allegiance to the country or flag