CAT ONE

STUDENT NAME: IBRAHIM BOCHA OSMAN

INSTITUTION: ST. PAUL’S UNIVERSITY

INSTRUCTOR:

COURSE CODE: DMA102

COURSE NAME: QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES

DATE: 15th June, 2022

QUESTION 1A

Set theory is a mathematical concept that deals with the grouping of numbers that have

something in common. For example, a set consists of all even numbers and a set consists of all

odd numbers. A set of numbers that can be divided by ten is made up of all numbers that finish

in zero. Using and comparing sets allows the development of ideas and rules with nearly

limitless application potential, whether in mathematics or in other fields.

 Set theory, when applied to corporate operations, can help with planning and operations.

Accounting, management, operations, production, and sales are all examples of business

elements that can be organized into at least one set. There are more sets inside them. There are

warehouse operations, sales operations, and administrative operations, for example, in

operations. Sets can intersect in various instances, for as when sales operations intersect with the

operations and sales sets.

Businesses could find ways to save money and enhance profit by understanding sets

theory, its laws, and operations like unions, complements, and intersections. Businesses may

create the best deal by identifying the things they need and the people who can offer them. This

allows them to save money. Businesses can utilize set theory (intersection) to find the smallest

set of suppliers for all of their required inputs by classifying the inputs as one set and the

suppliers as another.

Question 1b

Complement set

The complement of a set is the set that includes all the elements of the universal set that are not

present in the given set. Let's say A is a set of all coins which is a subset of a universal set that

contains all coins and notes, so the complement of set A is a set of notes (which do not include

coins)

Equality of Sets

Equality of sets is defined as set A is said to be equal to set B if both sets have the same elements

or members of the sets, i.e. if each element of set A also belongs to each element of set B, and

each element of set B also belongs to each element of set A. Mathematically it can be written as
A⊂B and B⊂A. In other words, two or more sets are said to be equal sets if they have the same

elements and the same number of elements. For example, set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3,

4, 5}. Then sets A and B are said to be equal sets as their elements are the same and they have

the same cardinality.

Equivalent set

To be equivalent, the sets should have the same cardinality. This means that there should be one

to one correspondence between elements of both the sets. Here, one to one correspondence

means that for each element in the set A, there exists an element in the set B till the sets get

exhausted. If P = {1, 3, 9, 5, −7} and Q = {5, −7, 3, 1, 9,}, then P = Q. It is also noted that no

matter how many times an element is repeated in the set, it is only counted once. Also, the order

doesn’t matter for the elements in a set. So, to rephrase in terms of cardinal number, we can say

that: If A = B, then n(A) = n(B) and for any x ∈ A, x ∈ B too.

Subset

A subset is a part of a given set (another set or the same set). The set notation to represent a set A

as a subset of set B is written as A ⊆ B. For example, A is the set of natural numbers, and B is

the set of all whole numbers, then A is a subset of B because all natural numbers are present in

the set of whole numbers). We can understand it this way:

A = Set of natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, ....}

B = Set of whole numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

Since every element of A is in B, A ⊆ B.

QUESTION 2