ne

he diier
theral

conductivity increases rather density increases enormously by

rathe
HALL steeply
eply as shown in Fig.
Fig 9.15.
94.HALL

i
EFFECT-DETERMINATION
When magnetic field is applied
a magnetic
OF
HALL COEFFICIENT
DEFFICIENT
ae isis dev
voltage perpendicular to a current carrving
developed across the specimen in a direction conductor or semiconductor, a
tic field. This
magnetic

called Hall voltage.

phenomenon is known as perpendicular to both the electric field
the Hall effect and
field and
and
the voltage
voltage developed
developea iss
THEORY

Consider a slab of
specimen subjected to an external
magnetic field Bz along the z-axis electric field E, along x-axis and a
as shown in
Fig. 9.16

Bz Applied magnetic field

Hall voltage Vy Ex Applied electric field

Fig. 9.16 Illustration of Hall effect

As a result of electric field E, a current J, flows in the direction of electric field. If the
clectrons of charge e cary the current then, their velocity v, is opposite to the current density J,
SO the magnetic induction B applied perpendicular to the current exerts a transverse magnetic
deflecting force (Lorentz force) on the electrons which causes the electrons to drift downward
to the edge of the specimen.
Consequently the lower surface of the slab becomes negative and upper surface
DEcomes positive. This excess of negative charges on the lower surface and the corresponding
CACess positive charges on the upper surface create a transverse electric field E, known as Hall
eld which opposes the transverse drifting electrons. Eventually an equilibrium is reached at
which the electrical opposing
force ek, due to accumulation of electrons becomes equal to the
magnetic dellecting force ev,B, and the drifting of clectrons are stopped. Thus the net force on
the electrons becomes zero.
Downward force experienced by electrons ev,B,
Force acting on clectrons in the upward direction
eEy -

At cquilibrium, downward force=

upward forcee
eby ev, B, or E, V, B,
=

The drift velocity v, of electrons is related to current density J, as

J, =nev, or v, J R
==
ne

E, R J B
=

where the factor R,, = is called Hall coefficient which is

negative for free electrons
ne
of -type semiconductors and positive for holes of P-type semiconductors.
 ollin minaluou o Hall
Expvunenlal

Coehfieieut

Mag full along z-anis

S-pre

A
r u t a s vrlf

VHall
B

N-Prte2

escupliou:
A h n Fheemen Kawing ew mm orole
OLol leuenal m tong is n X-clineitoa
placel
asShoun iu
fizuure. A magnelii fulol BzBx ds
apled
Splieet -olresisw. A Eutable euvent
allsweol dwlow dm hRPALLmen along
the n-
olwresliou uukiak he
varinbAe heolat.
cau
ubye lal
a acecl hetueew the -prtetial leacls
Tuo

a pum A ausl B whnk

Ceuneaoet b tha kgd
teusiTue oligitat
oligclat
 miww uettmetn o meoLLU te Hall uotlag

VHal
Expe meut
Halk vellage, Hall
&ymeasving h e Hall
se valoulatud. linee tke
aun
Coetaunt he meaguw

abeuut teuw mivo uett,

wltage is ouue t e
olifticulU obiue -bb he
Hall uettage ca u v "This
fthrmo elkalia efteats
onelopmuuut Tle dieetisro
behanging
elnenalict
Can he 7he
GaLw meagevtung
E
aud
euwveut no
n mrmaal
l
uutk nagnelii
ieloe
Hall ueltage
anel RURyed

vor oue uprapen alignmeut

An
can e elminalice by
electnooles, a u d
dvreolhin omagnelia fiets
mwring The
olifBeenee
he pteeliae
en 9neageureng
A amol B
hetuweu he ppuul

Calcullrerns
CiHaU coejticutut
lhe thiohnea
uhn, is
nee
Fy reieu

VyFy d (Ey-Ry Tz Br)

VyR zBz
 ince, R ne u d T, = T
Cuhere, i s the oreoltLh otthe Ppeeineu
ub stiluli Ru A
2

J in eg (
Vy ne bd
B
wial

Tu Bz
eb
-
FMew ()
VHall RH Lz Bz
RH
RH b.VHall
T Bz
Fyn Hapeeut h e eepneIRLEU

For Hel eoepficcene

 Tmponlanee fHall eol
tPplicalisus )
The g n t h e ehornge e a v n
dekenminrol
F e m Uhe n a g n l i p l e of Hall Coeffeerit
he nmdben e h a g e a r i l s A
uuit vrtume eaw deCaluulalea.
3 7ha mebilily ooharnge CarrnA8 As
Meaprel olÜreetty
E l e i c a l asualuetiuul, o zhe malirua
a n he delouminedt
T A s yesl s oeihmune uuhelher he
ue malueal s 9melal, Remieenolvclo
uulalon .

Fnsiw Tha hrnewleclge of meatetmlel

Hall hettage, the CnkaeLUr 9agelie

ulol e a u e Pmsvided Tke

masuel

Value of Hall Co eficwut f The malriae