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( ) :
.

Muth ( 1961 )

. ( )
.

.
.

.
(ad hoc expectations)

( ) .

(Keynes, 1921)

(Merton, 1936) " "


.(Hicks, 1939)
. (novelty)
:
.1

.2

( )
.
.

Muth ( 1961 )

. ( )
.

.
.
.
(ad hoc expectations)

( ) .
.

:
.3
.4

.5

: :
(Keynes, 1921)
(Merton, 1936) " "
.(Hicks, 1939)
. (novelty)
"
. "

A :

B E
(Impossibilité) 0 D 1 (Certitude)
C
F

Bernard WALLISER, Anticipations équilibres et rationalité économique, Calmann-Lévy, :


France, 1985, p 15.

(1937-1936)

( )
) ² .[01]
(
( 20 ) .

. ( )
) (Hicks, 1939)

. (
" "
. «Deployment»

- –
.
Juxtaposition Merton 1936

Les " .
"effets pervers

" .
. Hayek "
Prophéties autoréalisatrices "
" .
"
.
-
: -
: :

.
:

Adaptive Expectations Static Expectations Hypothesis

.
Regressive

. Expectations

1971 Lucas 1961 Muth

Learning Hypotheses

Models Rational Learning Models

.Boundedly Rational Learning


Static Expectations Hypothesis 1.2

. [02]
.

(1937) .
.
:[03]

. ( ) ( )
.
.
Adaptive Expectations Hypothesis 2.2
[04]
Cagan (1956)

: [05] .
) )
:

ex post

: [06]
with

. n
x
.
(Unobservable)

. x

:
) Muth (1960-1961) (1
(« minimum mean square forecast error »

(MA(1) « » )
.
(systematic errors) (2
. (3
" .
« Naive model » : "
« Autocorrector model » « Regressive model »

.
Modigliani 1961 Muth

1954 Grunberg

.
Rational Expectations Hypothesis 3.2
.John Muth
" David Pell Patrick Minford

(Royal commission) Marshall (1887)


[07]
"

Marshall .
Robert Shiller . Marshall
[08]
. 1954 Grunberg Modigliani

Modigliani (1961) Muth


[09]
" Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements "

Robert E. Lucas 1961


[10]
1976 Barro, R 1973 Thomas J. Sargent 1976 1973 1972

Muth

Learning Hypotheses .

.
Learning Hypotheses 4.2
.
" " " "
[11]
« seriable »

.
. (representations)
[12]
(Trial-and-error : PESARAN (1989)

WALLISER (1983) elimination)


[13]
(essaie-erreurs)

( ) .

" .
. " Bateson

:
-
.
(Bayesian) -
.
(econometric) -
.( : )

. ( )

.
.
Rational Learning Model §

[14]
Private signals

.
Common knowledge

Taylor (1975) Brandenburger (1985) ,Townsend (1983) ,


: " " .Friedman (1979)

( ) PESARAN (1989)

Feedback

.
[15]
‘bounded rationality’ Simon

Boundedly Rational Learning Model §

(Processor)

.
Imperfect

( )
. ( )

.
.
.
Probability Limits

. .
:
" "
.

.
.
" " 1.3
:
.

.( )

.
: 2.3
" "
:

Bernard WALLISER, Anticipations équilibres et rationalité économique, Calmann-Lévy, France, :


1985, p 40.
( )
:( )
( ) ( )
.( ) ( ) ( )
.
.

( )

.
( )
:( )
1- Favereau O. Probability and uncertainty, after all, Keynes was right, Mimeo, 1983.
2- G.K. SHAW p20
3- The general theory
4- Cagan, P. (1956), the monetary dynamics of hyperinflation, in studies in quantity theory of money, Friedman,
M. (ed.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
5- DAVID p23
6- PESARAN, M. H. (1989), The Limits to Rational Expectation, Basil Blackwell Ltd, Oxford, UK, p17
7- Patrick Minford and David Pell, (1983), Rational expectations and the new macroeconomics, Martin
Robertson (ed), Oxford, UK, p 7.
8- Shiller, R.J. (1978), Rational expectations and the dynamic structure of macroeconomic models -a
critical review, journal of monetary economics, 4, p 1.
9- Muth, J.F. (1961), Rational expectations and the theory of price movement, Robert E. Lucas, Jr. And Thomas
J. Sargent, editor, Rational expectations and econometric practice, The university of Minnesota Press,
Minneapolis, USA, 1984, p 3-22.
10- Robert J. Barro (1976), Rational Expectations and the Role of Monetary Policy, Journal of monetary
economics, 1976, vol.2, North-Holland Publishing Company.
11- PESARAN, M. H. (1989), p 32
12- Ibid, p 33
13- Bernard WALLISER, Anticipations équilibres et rationalité économique, Calmann-Lévy, France, 1985, p 159.
14- PESARAN, M. H. (1989), p 34
15- STEVEN M.SHEFFRIN (1983), Rational Expectations, Cambridge Survey of Economic Literature,
Cambridge university Press, UK, p 01

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