ENGR.

JEFRIE TAGUBA ALINDAYU, RMP, MSCE

Department Head, Civil Engineering & Architecture
School of Engineering, Architecture & Information Technology
jalindayu@smu.edu.ph
DEFINITION:
TRUSSES
-a truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural elements. The
individual elements are connected at nodes; the connections are often assumed to be
nominally pinned. The external forces applied to the system and the reactions at the supports
are generally applied at the nodes. The main reasons for using trusses are:
•Long span
•Lightweight
•Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
•Opportunity to support considerable loads.
TRUSSES

TRUSS BRIDGE
-3 Dimensional System

ROOF TRUSS
-2 Dimensional System
TYPES OF TRUSSES
TYPES OF TRUSSES
PARTS OF TRUSSES

Gusset Plate- is a thick sheet of steel used for joining structural steel components. The gusset plate is
installed at the intersection of two or more adjacent beams, chords, or columns. It may be fastened to
each steel framing member using mechanical fasteners like bolts, or permanent bonds, such as
welding. The gusset plates serves as both a method of joining the steel together and of adding
strength and support to each joint.
TRUSS DETAILS
TRUSS DETAILS
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
1. Method of Joints- is a process used to solve for the unknown forces acting on members of
a truss. The method centers on the joints or connection points between the members, and it is
usually the fastest and easiest way to solve for all the unknown forces in a truss structure.

2. Method of Sections- is a process used to solve for the unknown forces acting on members
of a truss. The method involves breaking the truss down into individual sections and analyzing
each section as a separate rigid body. The method of sections is usually the fastest and easiest
way to determine the unknown forces acting in a specific member of the truss.

Recall Analysis of Trusses:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hn_iozUo9m4
FORMULAS
 If the member is in COMPRESSION
Design like Column

kLu 2
r Fy
Fa = 1 − ∗ Short/Intermediate Column
2Cc 2 FS
12π2 E
Fa= Long Column
kLu 2
23
r
∗ 2001 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒

 If the member is in TENSION

Fa = 0.60Fy

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝑭𝒂 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

EXAMPLE SOLUTION @ Joint E.
Required: Solve all Forces acting on the Truss @ Joint A.
B
B
B C
FAB FEB
2.5 2m
2m
D
FAE A
D A FEA = 30kN E
A 1.5m
E FED
E
1.5m 3m 60kN
40kN
40kN 60kN
(+⇡)ΣFy = 0 (+→)ΣFx = 0
2 FED+FEA = 0
(F ) − 40 = 0
2.5 AB FED+30 = 0
Equilibrium Equations FAB = 50kN
FED = −30kN
ΣFx = 0 FAB = 50kN(T)
FED = 30kN(C)
ΣFy = 0
(+→)ΣFx = 0
*Assume all forces in Tension(Going Away) (+⇡)ΣFy = 0
1.5
*(-) negative answer means wrong assumption (F ) + FAE = 0 FEB − 60 = 0
2.5 AB
1.5 FEB = 60kN
(50) + FAE = 0
2.5 FEB = 60kN(T)
FAE = −30kN
FAE = 30kN(C)
SOLUTION @ Joint B. @ Joint B.

B C B FBC C
B FBC C

FBA = 50kN FBA = 50kN FBD = 180.28

2.5
FBD 2m 2.5 2m
2m √13 √13
D A FBE = 60kN A FBE = 60kN
A D
E 1.5m E D 1.5m E 3m
3m
1.5m 3m
40kN 60kN
(+⇡)ΣFy = 0 (+→)ΣFx = 0
2 2 1.5 3
− (FBA) − FBE − (FBD) = 0 − (FBA) + FBC − (FBD) += 0
2.5 √13 2.5 √13
FAB = 50kN(T) 2 2 1.5 3
− (50) − 60 − (FBD) = 0 − (50) + FBC − (180.28) = 0
2.5 √13 2.5 √13
FAE = 30kN(C)
FBD = −180.28kN FBC = 180kN
FED = 30kN(C)
FBD = 180.28kN(C) FBC = 180kN(T)
FEB = 60kN(T)
EXAMPLE

B 180kN C

50kN 180.28kN
60kN

A
30kN E 30kN D

FAE = FEA = 30kN(C) FAB = FBA = 50kN(T)

FED = FDE = 30kN(C) FEB = FBE = 60kN(T)

FBD = FDB = 180.28kN(C) FBC = FCB = 180kN(T)

DESIGN
B 180kN C 𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝: Check the adequacy of the truss using
a 50 x 50 x 10mm Equal − Leg Angles.
180.28kN Properties:
50kN 60kN A = 905mm2
rx= 14.62mm
A ry= 14.62mm
30kN E 30kN D

Tension max: 180kN Pactual Pall = Fa(Area)

Pall = 148.8 N/mm2 (905mm2 )
𝐅𝐚 = Allowable Axial Compressive Stress
𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐍
Fa = 0.60Fy
Fa = 0.60(248)
The member is Safe if:
Fa = 148.8MPa 𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑃 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

P𝐚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐤𝐍 > 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐍

Therefore, Not Safe!
DESIGN • Compression Index

B 180kN C 2π2 E 2π2 200,000 MPa

Cc = =
Fy 248MPa

50kN 180.28kN 𝐂𝐜 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟕

60kN 𝑘𝐿𝑢
246.62 > 126.17 ; 𝑟
> 𝐶𝑐 ; Long Column
A
30kN E 30kN D • Fa = Allowable Axial Compressive Stress
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Compression max: 180.28kN Pactual Fa= kLu 2
; Fa= ; Fa = 16.93MPa
23 23 246.62 2
r
pin
Pall = Fa(Area)
L = √13
Pall = 16.93 N/mm2 (905mm2 )
k=1
𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝐤𝐍
pin
The member is Safe if:
• Slenderness ratio 𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑃 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
kLu 1.0 13 x 1000mm
Major Axis, = = 246.62
rx 14.62mm P𝐚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝐤𝐍 > 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝐤𝐍
Minor Axis,
kLu
=
1.0 13 x 1000mm
= 246.62
Therefore, Not Safe!
ry 14.62mm
RECOMMENDATION: INCREASE THE SECTION
*Try to use Double Angle
Pall = Fa(Area)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝: Check the adequacy of the truss using Pall = 148.8 N/mm2 (3,445.15mm2 )
a L4 x 3 x 5/16 Double Angles. 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐍
Properties from ASEP:
A = 3,445.15mm2
rx= 26.92 mm
ry= 44.20 mm The member is Safe if:
𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑃 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Tension max: 180kN Pactual
P𝐚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐤𝐍 < 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝐤𝐍
𝐅𝐚 = Allowable Axial Compressive Stress Therefore, Safe!
Fa = 0.60Fy
Fa = 0.60(248)
Fa = 148.8MPa
RECOMMENDATION: INCREASE THE SECTION • Compression Index
*Try to use Double Angle 2π2 E 2π2 200,000 MPa
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝: Check the adequacy of the truss using Cc = =
Fy 248MPa
a L4 x 3 x 5/16 Double Angles.
𝐂𝐜 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟕
𝑘𝐿𝑢
Properties from ASEP: 133.94 > 126.17 ; > 𝐶𝑐 ; Long Column
𝑟
A = 3,445.15mm2
rx= 26.92 mm
• Fa = Allowable Axial Compressive Stress
ry= 44.20 mm
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Compression max: 180.28kN Pactual Fa= kLu 2
; Fa= ; Fa = 57.41MPa
23 23 133.94 2
r
pin
Pall = Fa(Area)
L = √13
Pall = 57.41 N/mm2 (3,445.15mm2 )
k=1
𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝐤𝐍
pin
The member is Safe if:
• Slenderness ratio
𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑃 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
kLu 1.0 13 x 1000mm
Major Axis, = = 133.94
rx 26.92mm
P𝐚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝐤𝐍 < 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝐤𝐍
Minor Axis,
kLu
=
1.0 13 x 1000mm
= 81.57 Therefore, Safe!
ry 44.20mm
 FINALS-SEATWORK 1

The truss is shown. Use the method of joints or method of sections in the analysis of truss.

Check the adequacy of the truss using a L 50 x 50 x 8 angles.

• Properties from ASEP
A = 741mm2
rx = 14.82mm
ry = 14.82mm