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MATH 16 – COMPLEX NUMBERS, MATRICES & DETERMINANTS Problem 3. What is the polar form of 8 + 4𝑖?
A. 4√5∠250 B. −4√5∠270 C. 4√5∠270 D. 4√5∠−250
COMPLEX NUMBERS
A Complex Number is a combination of a real number and imaginary numbers. C. Operations of Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. If 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 and
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑, these operations are defined as follows

The j-operator C.1 Addition/Subtraction

It is a constant which when multiplied to a quantity will rotate by 90° counterclockwise without Add:
changing its magnitude. We now simply say that the j-operator is the imaginary unit and define it by 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑗(𝑏 + 𝑑)
the property 𝑗 2 = −1. Using the imaginary unit, we build a general complex number out of two real
numbers. From the definition 𝑗 2 = −1, this can be generalized as: Subtract:
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) − (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑) = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + 𝑗(𝑏 − 𝑑)
a. j4n+1 = j b. j4n+2 = −1 c. j4n+3 = −j d. j4n+4 = 1
C.2 Multiplication
Problem 1. Evaluate: 𝑖 667 (a) Using rectangular form:
A. 𝑖 B. −1 C. – 𝑖 D. 1 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑗𝑏) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑗(𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑)

Problem 2. Simplify: 𝑖 1994 + 𝑖 1996 (b) Using polar form:

A. 𝑖 B. −1 + 𝑖 C. 1 D. 0 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑟1 ∠ 𝜃1 )(𝑟2 ∠ 𝜃2 )𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑟1 𝑟2 ) ∠ (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

Theorem on Complex Numbers C.3 Division

If (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) = 0, then 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑦 = 0. Using rectangular form:
𝑧1 (𝑎+𝑗𝑏) (𝑐−𝑗𝑑) (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+𝑗(𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)
= ⋅ =
𝑧2 (𝑐+𝑗𝑑) (𝑐−𝑗𝑑) 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
A. Forms of Complex Numbers
1. Standard / Cartesian / Rectangular Form: Using polar form:
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 where: a = real part & jb = imaginary part 𝑧1 𝑟1 ∠θ1 𝑟
= = ( 1 ) ∠ (θ1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2 ∠θ2 𝑟2
2. Steinmetz / Polar Form:
𝑧 = 𝑟∠ 𝜃 where: r = magnitude / absolute value / hypotenuse of a right triangle. C.4 Conjugate of a Complex Numbers
θ = argument / direction with respect to the real axis = angle in degrees
Given Z Conjugate Z*
3. Exponential Form: a + jb a − jb
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 where: r = magnitude & θ = angle in radians r∠θ r∠−θ
r(cos θ + j sin θ) r(cos θ − jsin θ)
4. Trigonometric Form: rejθ re−jθ
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) where: r = magnitude & θ = angle in degrees
Problem 4. Evaluate: (9 + 2𝑖)(8 − 3𝑖)(5∠450 )
B. Transformation A. −394∠−1430 B. 394∠−370 C. −394∠1430 D. −394∠−370
1. Rectangular Form to Polar Form
𝑏 (7+2𝑖)(6−3𝑖)
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2; 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) Problem 5. Evaluate:
(4+3𝑖)2
𝑎
A. 1.95∠840 B. 1.95∠−960 C.−1.95∠−840 D.−1.95∠960
2. Polar to Rectangular
𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
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th 0 0
D. Equality of Complex Numbers Problem 9. Find the principal 5 root of 50(cos 150 + 𝑗 sin 150 ).
Complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 are equal if the real components of 𝑧1 and A. −1.9 − 𝑗1.1 C. 1.9 + 𝑗1.1
𝑧2 are equal and the imaginary components 𝑧1 and of 𝑧2 are equal. B. 1.9 − 𝑗1.1 D. −1.9 + 𝑗1.1

E. Power Raising of Complex Numbers F.2 Roots in Another Complex Number

1 1 𝑎−𝑗𝑏
E.1 Power in Real Numbers 𝑧 𝑧 ⋅
√𝑧1 = (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)𝑎+𝑗𝑏 √𝑧1 = (𝑟 ∠ θ)𝑎+𝑗𝑏 𝑎−𝑗𝑏
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟 ∠ θ )𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟)𝑛 ∠ θn 𝑎−𝑗𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑧 𝑗𝜃 2 2 𝑧 𝑗𝜃 2 2 −𝑗 2 2
where: n = real number √𝑧1 = (𝑟𝑒 )𝑎 +𝑏 √𝑧1 = (𝑟𝑒 )𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏

Problem 6. Evaluate: (1 + 𝑖)5 Proceed to the process of raising power in another complex number.
A. −4 − 4𝑖 B. −4 + 4𝑖 C. 4 − 4𝑖 D. 4 + 4𝑖
G. Logarithm of Complex Numbers
E.2 Power in Another Complex Numbers G.1 Natural Logarithm (ln)

𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)𝑥+𝑗𝑦 ln(𝑧) = ln (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)

𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑟 ∠ 𝜃) 𝑥+𝑗𝑦 ln(𝑧) = ln (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 )
𝑥+𝑗𝑦
𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) ln(𝑧) = ln(𝑟) + 𝑗𝜃
𝑥 𝑗𝑦 Note: use 𝜃 between the range (−𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋).
𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 )
2
𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑟) 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑥 )(𝑟) 𝑗𝑦 (𝑒 𝑗 𝜃𝑦 ) Problem 10. Evaluate: ln(2 + 𝑗3)
But: (𝑟) 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 A. 1.28 − 𝑗0.98 C. 1.28 + 𝑗0.98
𝑧1𝑧 = (𝑟) 𝑥 (𝑒 −𝜃𝑦 )(𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑗𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ) B.−1.28 − 𝑗0.98 D. −1.28 + 𝑗0.98
𝑧1𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑥 𝑒 −𝜃𝑦 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃𝑥+𝑦𝑙𝑛 𝑟)
G.2 Logarithm in Any Base
Problem 7. Evaluate: (2 + 3𝑖)2+𝑖 log 𝑧 𝑧1 = 𝑥
A. 4.865∠−173.90 C. 4.865∠−186.10 𝑧1 = 𝑧 𝑥
B. 4.865∠173.90 D. 4.865∠86.10 ln 𝑧1 = ln 𝑧 𝑥
ln 𝑧1 = 𝑥 ln 𝑧
𝑙𝑛𝑧
F. Roots of Complex Numbers 𝑥= 1
ln 𝑧
F.1 Roots in Real Number Therefore:
Using De Moivre’s Formula: ln 𝑧
log 𝑧 𝑧1 = 1 where: 𝑧1 and 𝑧 are complex numbers
The 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a non-zero complex number ln 𝑧

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟 ∠ θ H. Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers

Using Euler’s Formula:
𝑛
1
𝜃+2𝜋𝑘 𝜃+2𝜋𝑘 1
𝜃+2𝜋𝑘 1. 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
√𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos ( 𝑛
) + 𝑗 sin (
𝑛
)) = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠
𝑛 2. 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 sin 𝜃
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
3. sin 𝜃 =
where: 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … … (𝑛 − 1) 𝑗2
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
𝑘 = 0 (for principal root) 4. cos 𝜃 =
2
3
Problem 8. Find the third root of √3 − 5𝑖 . Trigonometric Identities of Sum and Difference of the Angles:
A. −1.372 − 1.165𝑖 C. −1.372 + 1.165𝑖 1. sin(𝑎 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝑎 cos 𝛽 ± sin 𝛽 cos 𝑎
B. 1.372 − 1.165𝑖 D. 1.372 + 1.165𝑖 2. cos(𝑎 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝑎 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝑎 sin 𝛽
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𝜋
Formula: Problem 11. Evaluate: cosh 𝑗
4
1. sin(𝑎 ± 𝑗𝑏) = sin 𝑎 cosh |𝑏| ± 𝑗 sinh|𝑏| cos 𝑎 A. 0.707 C. 0.5 + 𝑗0.707
2. cos(𝑎 ± 𝑗𝑏) = cos 𝑎 cosh |𝑏| ∓ 𝑗 sin 𝑎 sinh |𝑏| B.1.41 + 𝑗0.866 D. 𝑗0.707
Thus,
1. sin(𝑗𝑏) = 𝑗 sinh |𝑏| Problem 12. Evaluate: sinh(0.346 − 𝑗0.548)
2. cos(𝑗𝑏) = cosh |𝑏|
A. 0.301 − 𝑗0.552 C. 0.311 − 𝑗0.552
B. 0.552 − 𝑗0.301 D. 0.552 − 𝑗0.311
I. Inverse Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers
I.1 Inverse Sine I.2 Inverse Cosine
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
sin−1 𝑧 = −𝑗ln [𝑗𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 ] cos −1 𝑧 = −𝑗ln [𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1] A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers or variables usually enclosed in a parenthesis or a
bracket. The numbers or variables in the array are called elements or entries of the matrix.
I.3 Inverse Tangent I.4 Inverse Cotangent
1 1+𝑗𝑧 1 𝑧+𝑗
tan−1 𝑧 = ln ( ) cot −1 𝑧 = ln ( ) For a given matrix:
𝑗2 1−𝑗𝑧 𝑗2 𝑧−𝑗
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … 𝑎2𝑛
I.5 Inverse Secant I.6 Inverse Cosecant [ ⋮ ]
1±√1−𝑧 2 1±√𝑧 2 −1
sec −1
𝑧 = −𝑗ln ( ) csc −1 𝑧 = −𝑗ln ( ) 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 … 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑧 𝑧

Elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑛 are the elements of Row 1.

J. Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
Elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎21 , … 𝑎𝑚1 are the elements of Column 1.
Using Euler’s Formula:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 = A. Size of a Matrix
2 2
The size of the matrix is said to be m x n, when the matrix has m rows and n columns.
Hyperbolic Identities of Sum and Difference of the Angles:
1. sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 B. Types of Matrices
2. cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 B.1 Zero Matrix
A matrix is said to be Zero Matrix if all elements are zero.
Hyperbolic Identities in Complex Case: 0 0 0
1. sinh 𝑗𝑧 = 𝑗 sin 𝑧 Example: [0 0 0]
2. cosh 𝑗𝑧 = cos 𝑧 0 0 0
Formula:
1. sinh(𝑎 ± 𝑗𝑏) = sinh 𝑎 cos |𝑏| ± 𝑗 sin|𝑏| cosh 𝑎 B.2 Triangular Matrix
2. cosh(𝑎 ± 𝑗𝑏) = cosh 𝑎 cos |𝑏| ± 𝑗 sinh 𝑎 sin |𝑏| A matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if all its elements below or above the main diagonal
Note: Set your calculator to radian mode are zeros.
2 1 −3
K. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers Example: [0 1 2 ]
0 0 −1
1. sinh−1 𝑧 = ln [[𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 + 1]]
2. cosh−1 𝑧 = ln [[𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1]] B.3 Diagonal Matrix
1 1+𝑧 A matrix is said to be a Diagonal Matrix if all elements below and above the main diagonal
3. tanh−1 𝑧 = ln [ ] are zeros.
2 1−𝑧
4. coth −1 1
𝑧 = ln (
𝑧+1
) 6 0 0
2 𝑧−1 Example: [0 𝜋 0 ]
1±√1−𝑧 2
5. sech−1 𝑧 = ln ( ) 0 0 −1
𝑧
1±√1+𝑧 2
6. csch−1 𝑧 = ln ( )
𝑧
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B.4 Scalar Matrix Properties of Transpose:
A matrix is said to be a Scalar Matrix of all elements in the main diagonal are equal and all 1. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴 → Transpose of a transpose
elements below and above the main diagonal are zeros. 2. (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 → Transpose of a sum
3. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 → Transpose of a product
8 0 0 4. (𝐾𝐴)𝑇 = 𝐾𝐴𝑇 → Transpose of a scalar multiple
Example: [0 8 0]
0 0 8 E. Minor of an Element of a Matrix
Given an 𝑛𝑡ℎ order matrix A, the minor element 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the (𝑛 − 1) order matrix formed by
B.5 Identity Matrix
deleting the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column of matrix A. This is called the minor as 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
An Identity Matrix has elements in the main diagonal equal to one and all the elements
below and above the main diagonal are zeros
E.1 Sign Matrix of an Order in Matrix
1 0 0 The sign matrix for an order n matrix is an order n matrix where each element has the value
Example: [0 1 0] (−1)𝑖+𝑗 , where i is the row and j is the column. It looks like this:
0 0 1
+ − + − …
B.6 Square Matrix − + − + …
A matrix having the same number of rows and columns. + − + − …
− + − + …
[⋯ … … … …]
Example:
(a) 2 x 2 matrix
F. Cofactor of a Matrix
(b) 3 x 3 matrix
The cofactor of an element in a matrix, are the elements not found in the row of column of the
reference element.
C. Matrix Operations
C.1 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)1+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
Two matrices can be added or subtracted if their sizes are equal. 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 is an m x n
matrix in which 𝐶𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖,𝑗 and 𝐷 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 is an m x n matrix in which 𝑑𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖,𝑗
G. Inverse of a Matrix
for 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚, 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛.
For a square matrix A, if there exists a matrix 𝐴−1 such that 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼 we call matrix 𝐴−1 the
multiplicative inverse of a Matrix 𝐴.
C.2 Multiplication of Matrices
Procedure in evaluating in the inverse of a matrix:
In multiplying two matrices, the number of elements in a row of first matrix should be equal
1. Evaluate the determinant of the given matrix.
to the number of elements in a column of the second matrix.
2. Form the transpose matrix.
3. Evaluate the adjoint matrix from the transpose matrix.
C.3 Division of Matrices
4. Divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant of the given matrix.
There is no direct division of matrices. It can be done by using the method of Inverse Matrix.

𝐴 1 H. Determinant
= 𝐴 ( ) = 𝐴𝐵 −1 Determinant is an algebraic term expressing the sum of certain products arranged in a square
𝐵 𝐵
matrix.
From the equation, division of matrices is a product of matrix A and inverse of matrix B.
H.1 Theorems of Determinants:
D. Transpose of a Matrix 1. If all elements of any row/column of a matrix are zeros, then the value of the
The transpose of the m x n matrix is the n x m matrix 𝐴𝑇 , meaning, the rows become the determinant is zero.
columns of the given matrix. 2. A matrix and its transpose have equal determinants; that is det 𝐴𝑇 = det 𝐴.
3. If two rows/columns of a matrix are equal or proportional, the determinant is zero.
4. If two rows/columns of a matrix are interchanged, the determinant changes sign.
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5. If row/column is multiplied by the same number k, the determinant is multiplied by k. 4 5 0 1 0 0
6. If row/column is multiplied by the same by k, then add to other row/column, the value Problem 17. If 𝐴 = |6 7 3|and 𝐵 = |0 1 0|, what is 𝐴 × 𝐵?
of determinant is unchanged. 1 2 5 0 0 1

4 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 4 0 0
H.2 Order of Determinants: A. |0 7 3| B. |0 7 0| C. |6 7 3| D. |6 7 0|
Order 2 matrix (2 x 2 matrix) 0 0 5 0 0 5 1 2 5 1 2 5
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 −5
Example: [ ]
4 3 Problem 18. If 𝐴 = [−2 −1 −3] and 𝐵 = [ −7 3 −6 ], what is 𝐴 × 𝐵?
2 1 4 −19 0 −13
Order n matrix (n x n matrix)
−67 11 −56 −67 11 56
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … … … 𝑎1𝑛 A. [ 56 −13 55 ] C. [ 56 −13 55 ]
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … … … 𝑎2𝑛 −75 13 −68 −75 −13 −68
Example: 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … … … 𝑎3𝑛
. . .……… . −67 11 −56 −67 11 −56
[ 𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 … … … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 ] B. [ 56 13 55 ] D. [ 56 −13 −55]
−75 −13 68 75 13 68

1 2 3
Problem 13. Find the determinant of [−2 −1 −3]. 3 1 2
2 1 4 Problem 19. Transpose the matrix 𝐴 = |−2 −1 0 |.
0 2 −1
A. 2 B. 3 C. −2 D. −3
−1 2 0 3 1 2
2 14 3 1 A. | 0 −1 −2| C. | 1 2 −1|
1 5 −1 3 2 1 3 −2 −1 0
Problem 14. Find the determinant of [ ].
1 −2 2 −3
3 −2 0 1 3 2
3 −4 −3 −4
B. |1 −1 2| D. |−1 −2 0|
A. 326 B. 336 C. 236 D. 426 2 0 −1 2 2 −1

1 5
Problem 15. Solve for x, y, and z. Problem 20. Determine the inverse of the matrix 𝐴 = | |.
2 9
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −3
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 10 −9 5 9 5 2 5 −9 −5
A. | | B. | | C. | | D. | |
−𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4 2 −1 2 1 9 1 2 1

A. (2,1, −1) B. (2, −1, −1) C. (1,2, −1) D. (−1, −2,1)

2 3 1
Problem 16. If 𝐴 = |−1 2 4|, what is the cofactor of the second row, third column element?
0 5 7

2 3 2 3 1 7 3 1
A. | | B. − | | C. − | | D. | |
0 5 0 5 2 0 5 7